Using old NASA imagery to look at Antarctic Ice in the 1960’s

31 03 2009
What Lunar Orbiter 1 saw as it looked back at Earth on August 23, 1966. Climate studies of Earth will benefit by a look back in time thanks to decades old view from the Moon. Credit: LOIRP/NASA

What Lunar Orbiter 1 saw as it looked back at Earth on August 23, 1966. Climate studies of Earth will benefit by a look back in time thanks to decades old view from the Moon. Credit: LOIRP/NASA

From Space.com: Old Moon Images Get Modern Makeover

WOODLANDS, Texas — Think of it as a space age twist to that adage: Something old, something new…something borrowed, something blue.

Back in 1966 and 1967, NASA hurled a series of Lunar Orbiter spacecraft to the moon. Each of the five orbiters were dispatched to map the landscape in high-resolution and assist in charting where best to set down Apollo moonwalkers and open up the lunar surface to expanded human operations.

Imagery gleaned from the Lunar Orbiters over 40 years ago is now getting a 21st century makeover thanks to the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP).

By gathering the vintage hardware to playback the imagery, and then upgrading it to digital standards, researchers have yielded a strikingly fresh look at the old moon. Furthermore, LOIRP’s efforts may also lead to retrieving and beefing up video from the first human landing on the moon by Apollo 11 astronauts in July 1969.

Digital domain

Dennis Wingo, LOIRP’s team leader, detailed the group’s work in progress during last week’s 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.

Teamed with SpaceRef.com, LOIRP’s saga is one of acquiring the last surviving Ampex FR-900 machinery that can play analog image data from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. Wingo noted that the work is backed by NASA’s Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, the space agency’s Innovative Partnership Program, along with private organizations, making it possible to overhaul old equipment, digitally upgrade and clean-up the imagery via software. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 114 Comments »

Categories : sea ice, space

Tipping Point In The Media

31 03 2009

Guest Post by Steven Goddard

tipping_point

Over the last year or so I have been taking an informal survey of a key news metric – Google news searches for the term “global warming.”  A year ago, the ratio of alarmist/skeptical articles was close to 100/1.  About six months ago, the ratio was 90/10, Two months ago it was 80/20, and today it hit 50/50 for the first time – including the lead skeptical story “A Cooling Trend Toward Global Warming“.  One thing that has changed is the rise of blogs written by informed citizens, complemented by the demise of corporate newspapers which make money from keeping people continually alarmed about one thing or another.

Congratulations to Anthony and all the readers for being a big part of this.  Democracy in it’s purest form – hope and change we can all believe in.
The top two items from Google news “global warming” search today.  The distribution of all stories through the first few search pages was similar in makeup as seen below:

Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 133 Comments »

Categories : climate_change, media

Electric Utility sues New York over CO2 regulation

31 03 2009

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/bugs-bunny-debut-1.jpg

“Of course you realize, this means war!” – Bugs

War has been declared in the New York court system over global warming regulation.

Indeck Corinth L.P., which operates the Corinth Generating Station, an electric power plant in Corinth, NY, sued New York stateon January 29, 2009 claiming that the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Northeast U.S. is illegal.

Corinth Generating Station -click for interactive view- Source: Microsoft Live Earth

Corinth Generating Station -click for interactive view- Source: Microsoft Live Earth

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Rhode Island have signed on to the RGGI agreement. You can read more about it here at:  http://www.rggi.org/home

This is the simple view of RGGI from their website: Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 70 Comments »

Categories : Carbon dioxide, energy

Another record month at WUWT

31 03 2009

Love it or hate it, WUWT gets traffic.

wuwt_stats_march09

This month was 1,478,801 page views. This is up significantly from both January (1,324,097) and February (1,168,852).

As always, my sincere thanks to the many readers, commenters (even the angry ones, you know who you are ;-) ), moderators, and guest contributors that keep WUWT fresh and interesting.

- Anthony

UPDATE: Since I had a question about it, the numbers and graph above are from my internal WordPress.com traffic counter and stat system. They are actual counted pages views, not estimates like some external web traffic analysers.


Comments : 65 Comments »

Categories : Announcements

Dr. Roger Pielke Senior: support for CATO letter and advertisement

31 03 2009
Click for full PDF

Click for full PDF

From Dr. Roger Pielke Sr. Climate Science Weblog

There is a letter to the President published by the Cato Institute that headlines [thanks to ICECAPand Dr. Patrick J. Michaels to alerting us to it];

“Few challenges facing America and the world are more urgent than combating climate change.The science is beyond dispute and the facts are clear.” — PRESIDENT-ELECT BARACK OBAMA, NOVEMBER 19 , 2008
With all due respect Mr. President, that is not true.

The letter is signed by over 100 scientists.

Climate Science wants to comment on the specific statements of science in the letter which is reproduced below: Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 252 Comments »

Categories : climate_change, politics

Lindzen on negative climate feedback

30 03 2009

NEW 4/10/09: There is an update to this post, see below the “read the rest of this entry” – Anthony

Guest Post by Richard Lindzen, PhD.

Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, MIT

This essay is from an email list that I subscribe to. Dr. Lindzen has sent this along as an addendum to his address made at ICCC 2009 in New York City. I present it here for consideration. – Anthony

lindzen1Simplified Greenhouse Theory

The wavelength of visible light corresponds to the temperature of the sun’s surface (ca 6000oK). The wavelength of the heat radiation corresponds to the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere at the level from which the radiation is emitted (ca 255oK). When the earth is in equilibrium with the sun, the absorbed visible light is balanced by the emitted heat radiation.

The basic idea is that the atmosphere is roughly transparent to visible light, but, due to the presence of greenhouse substances like water vapor, clouds, and (to a much lesser extent) CO2 (which all absorb heat radiation, and hence inhibit the cooling emission), the earth is warmer than it would be in the absence of such gases.

The Perturbed Greenhouse
If one adds greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, one is adding to the ‘blanket’ that is inhibiting the emission of heat radiation (also commonly referred to as infrared radiation or long wave radiation). This causes the temperature of the earth to increase until equilibrium with the sun is reestablished.

For example, if one simply doubles the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, the temperature increase is about 1°C.

Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 487 Comments »

Categories : Science, climate_change, modeling

Earth Hour in California – Success or Bust? The CAISO Power graph tells the story.

29 03 2009

Earth Hour in California – Success or Bust?

Guest post by Russ Steele, NCWatch

At our house we set the timer to remind us to turn on all the visible out side lights.  We have multiple security lights on the garage and the barn that come on when the sun goes down. My friend George Rebane has evidence that he turned on his lights for Earth Hour at Ruminations. I should have done the same, but was working on a sea level issue in R and forgot. I am glad I set the timer to remind me to turn off the outside house lights at 9:30.

The real question is did it Earth Hour make a difference one way or the other?

Roger Sowell had a good idea, he download the the graph below from www.caiso.com, the California Independent System Operator.  CAISO is in charge of receiving power from power generating plants, and distributing the power throughout the state grid to the various end users.

earth_hour_3-28-09_caiso

California power use 3-28-09 from CAISO - Click for a larger Graphic

Now compare the graph from Saturday 3/28/09 to the one on Sunday 3/29/09 shown below, not the similar slopes during the same time period. Note that annotations were added by Anthony Watts on both graphs. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 227 Comments »

Categories : energy

Dr. Roy Spencer on publishing and climate sensitivity

29 03 2009

Set Phasers on Stun

March 29th, 2009 by Roy W. Spencer, Ph. D.

dr-roy-spencer

I’ve been receiving a steady stream of e-mails asking when our latest work on feedbacks in the climate system will be published. Since I’ve been trying to fit the material from three (previously rejected) papers into one unified paper, it has taken a bit longer than expected…but we are now very close to submission.

We’ve tentatively decided to submit to Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) rather than any of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) journals. This is because it appears that JGR editors are somewhat less concerned about a paper’s scientific conclusions supporting the policy goals of the IPCC — regulating greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, JGR’s instructions to reviewers is to not reject a paper simply because the reviewer does not agree with the paper’s scientific conclusions. More on that later.

As those who have been following our work already know, our main conclusion is that climate sensitivity has been grossly overestimated due to a mix up between cause and effect when researchers have observed how global cloud cover varies with temperature.

To use my favorite example, when researchers have observed that global cloud cover decreases with warming, they have assumed that the warming caused the cloud cover to dissipate. This would be a positive feedback since such a response by clouds would let more sunlight in and enhance the warming.

But what they have ignored is the possibility that causation is actually working in the opposite direction: That the decrease in cloud cover caused the warming…not the other way around. And as shown by Spencer and Braswell (2008 J. Climate), this can mask the true existence of negative feedback.

All 20 of the IPCC climate models now have positive cloud feedbacks, which amplify the small about of warming from extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But if cloud feedbacks in the climate system are negative, then the climate system does not particularly care how much you drive your SUV. This is an issue of obvious importance to global warming research. Even the IPCC has admitted that cloud feedbacks remain the largest source of uncertainty in predicting global warming. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 113 Comments »

Categories : Science, climate_change, modeling

Al Gore snubs Earth Hour

29 03 2009

Al Gore Leaves The Light On For Ya

From Nashvillepost.com

By Kleinheider

The “312” is his address – 312 Lynnwood Blvd. Nashville

Even during Earth Hour. President of the Tennessee Center For Policy Research Drew Johnson takes a Saturday drive by Al Gore’s during the time most environmentalists went dark:

I pulled up to Al’s house, located in the posh Belle Meade section of Nashville, at 8:48pm – right in the middle of Earth Hour. I found that the main spotlights that usually illuminate his 9,000 square foot mansion were dark, but several of the lights inside the house were on.

In fact, most of the windows were lit by the familiar blue-ish hue indicating that floor lamps and ceiling fixtures were off, but TV screens and computer monitors were hard at work. (In other words, his house looked the way most houses look about 1:45am when their inhabitants are distractedly watching “Cheaters” or “Chelsea Lately” reruns.)

The kicker, though, were the dozen or so floodlights grandly highlighting several trees and illuminating the driveway entrance of Gore’s mansion.

I [kid] you not, my friends, the savior of the environment couldn’t be bothered to turn off the gaudy lights that show off his goofy trees.

More here

Here’s a look at Al Gores Nashville mansion: Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 139 Comments »

Categories : politics, ridiculae

New feature: Quote of the Week#1

29 03 2009

Given the thousands of comments made here weekly, I’ve decided to add a new feature to WUWT: Quote of the Week. It will be posted on Sundays.

quote_of_the_week

A commenter on WUWT summed up Earth Hour in a succinct way:

I will be thinking about the 1.8 billion people on Earth who have no access to electricity, and how insane they must think we are.

From commenter “007″ on the WUWT Poll: What are you going to do for “Earth Hour”? thread.

Anyone that wants to submit a better feature logo that the simple one I cobbled together above is certainly welcome to do so. – Anthony


Comments : 60 Comments »

Categories : Announcements, Quote of the Week

North Dakota Floods Aggravated By “Global Warming”

29 03 2009

Guest post by Steven Goddard

Global warming has predictably struck again.

White said climate change caused by global warming likely is changing ice conditions and adding to the unpredictability.

Kate White is a civil engineer at the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H., and one of the nation’s leading experts on ice jams.

UPDATE: President Obama has also weighed in.
“I actually think the science around climate change is real. It is potentially devastating. … If you look at the flooding that’s going on right now in North Dakota, and you say to yourself, ‘If you see an increase of 2 degrees, what does that do, in terms of the situation there,’ that indicates the degree to which we have to take this seriously.”

From the Scientific American Blog

North Dakota's Red River Valley prepares for flooding
River ice generated by global warming in North Dakota
LA Times Photo

The Red River in Fargo, North Dakota had been expected to crest as high as 43 feet on Saturday, but instead it peaked at less than 41 feet due to freezing springtime temperatures. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 184 Comments »

Categories : climate_change, ridiculae, weather

How not to measure temperature, part 86: when in Rome, don’t do as the Romans do.

28 03 2009

This is a preliminary post to a much more detailed one coming from my friend Paolo Mezzasalma. who is doing a tour of Italy’s weather stations.

While there are significant and systemic problems with USHCN stations in the United States, there are also problems with stations worldwide. One of the problems is that a good percentage of GHCN stations are at airports. For example, Paolo sent along a photo of  the weather station  at the Ciampino Airport in Rome, Italy. It piqued my interest for obvious reasons.

rome_italy_airport_weather_station

The arrows point to three different weather stations. two are Stevenson screens, the third is an automated “ASOS” like weather station presumably used for aviation weather. Note the proximity to the parked jets and tarmac.

Paolo writes:

“You see two Stevenson screens: the official one to the East and an automatic Data Collection Platform to the West, which was added recently.”

But that’s not all, this weather station site has other heat islands nearby, like a nice semi truck parking lot. That’s always good for a warm boost. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 59 Comments »

Categories : UHI, weather_stations

CA Academy of Science AGW display apparently not very popular

28 03 2009

What are we teaching our children?

Guest post by Russ Steele, NCwatch

Ellen and I spent the day at the new California Academy of Science building yesterday and really enjoyed the experience, except for the crowds. I break out in crowds. With spring break in full force, there were hordes of children, the lines to the tropical rain forest sphere, the aquarium, bugs in 3D, and the planetarium were long. One display that did not receive much attention was the global warming, save the planet from global warming display. Or, as it was properly labeled the Ocean Warming display.

Academy of Science04
The interactive display to save the polar bear cub, by creating more ice by reducing greenhouse gases was empty the three times I passed by the booth. [A carbon] “hockey stick” was is full view. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 77 Comments »

Categories : Science, climate_change, fun_stuff

Another volcano in Alaska erupts?

28 03 2009

(h/t to Ron de Haan) This time it appears to be Mount Gareloi, something big is going on there seismically. The webicorder is going nuts.

Update: I double checked the webicorder to see if it was still operating,  and it appears to be. Still no word on the AVO website about the status of Gareloi.

UPDATE2: About an hour after I posted this, seeing nothing from AVO, I decided to call them. They answered right away and were quite surprised that anyone was watching. The scientist there said “we don’t see anything unusual on our trace” but when I pointed out the webicorder trace below, she said “ah yes it’s a noisy signal, I was looking at our internal trace, not the public one”. She also confirmed my initial speculation listed in the CAVEAT below that it was a windstorm, as evidenced by the gradual onset and lack of transients.

Don’t feel bad, even the venerable Volcano blog was initially puzzled.

gareloi_map

Above: NASA picture of Gareloi Island and map of the location from Wikipedia

Seismic station GAEA is 3.3 km (2.0 miles) from the summit of Mount Gareloi. The seismic station is operating since March 26, 2009 as power was restored to the telemetry hub in Adak.

Image last updated: March 28 2009 08:50:30gane24hr_heli

CAVEAT: This may be an eruption, it may be wind noise from a poorly secured recorder, it also may be “business as usual” for this volcano, see this: Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 26 Comments »

Categories : vulcanism

Catlin Expedition: Impaired Judgment?

28 03 2009

Guest post by Steve Goddard
Catlin Arctic Survey

Reading through the recent blog posts of the Catlin expedition, it has become apparent that they have made errors in judgment.  Team member Martin Hartley is suffering from frostbite, and hasn’t been able to sleep for nearly a week.

our sleeping bags are no longer frozen, but wet.  I’m not sure which is worse.  Martin’s is the most soggy and he’s hardly slept for 6 nights now.

The current temperature is -42C (-44F.)  The sensible course of action would be to evacuate Martin to someplace warm where he can receive proper medical attention.  Cold and lack of sleep make healing impossible and threaten his health.  I have camped in tents in -30C weather, and it is all about survival – nothing else has any meaning when you are that cold.
The wet sleeping bags are apparently the result of a poor decision.

Any seasoned expeditioner will tell you that pretty much anything is bearable, providing that one has the ability to enjoy a warm and dry night’s sleep. However, for various reasons the team chose not to take vapour barrier liners for their sleeping bags, and now with a sudden warming (up to a sultry -24 from a nippy -40 degrees Celsius) their frozen sleeping bags are just starting to feel like sorbets.

Indeed, the scientific merit of the expedition is questionable.

I made 48 snow measurements after we’d stopped walking today – the best yet.

What is the point of taking a lot of measurements at one location on the same day?  Arctic ice continuously shifts and melts or freezes, and the ice they are standing on will have moved hundreds or thousands of miles by next year.  The temperature is -42C.  No doubt the ice is getting thicker at that temperature. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 195 Comments »

Categories : sea ice

WUWT Poll: What are you going to do for “Earth Hour”?:

27 03 2009
http://www.visuallee.com/weblog/images/empire_moon.jpg

The Empire State Building will go dark Saturday evening for Earth Hour.

Earth Hour hopes to shed light on climate

By James Bruggers, USA TODAY
New York City’s Empire State Building is scheduled to go dark for one hour Saturday night.

So are the St. Louis Gateway Arch, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Eiffel Tower, Egypt’s Great Pyramid of Giza and many other iconic structures.

The lights will be going out for Earth Hour, organized by the World Wildlife Fund to draw attention to global warming, from 8:30 to 9:30 p.m. Saturday local time around the world. That’s when organizers of the event, which began in Sydney in 2007, want everyone to turn off non-essential lights.

About 2,800 cities in 83 countries — including 250 in the United States — had signed up, according to Dan Forman, a spokesman for World Wildlife Fund, an international conservation organization that boasts 1.2 million national members and close to 5 million globally.

Forman said organizers want to send a message to Congress and to global leaders working this year on climate change legislation and a treaty to limit greenhouse gas emissions blamed for global warming.

“It’s all about the symbolism,” he said. “We fully recognize that one hour does not put a dent in the climate crisis.” Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 277 Comments »

Categories : energy, fun_stuff

Ocean iron fertilization CO2 sequestration experiment a blooming failure

27 03 2009


Ocean iron fertilization. Source: Woods Hole

From the best laid plans of mice and men department.

In the late 1980’s, the late John Martin advanced the idea that carbon uptake during plankton photosynthesis in many regions of the world’s surface ocean was limited not by light or the major nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, but rather by a lack of the trace metal iron. Correlations between dust input to the ocean (which is the major source of iron) and past climate changes and CO2 levels, led Martin’s to exclaim “Give me half a tanker of iron and I’ll give you the next ice age”.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute wrote a paper about it Effects of Ocean Fertilization with Iron to Remove Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere Reported April 2004 News Release from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

From Slashdot and New Scientist:

Earlier this month,  the controversial Indian-German Lohafex expedition fertilised 300 square kilometres of the Southern Atlantic with six tonnes of dissolved iron.

Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 255 Comments »

Categories : Carbon dioxide, oceans

Dust study suggests only 30% of Atlantic temp increase due to warming climate

26 03 2009
dust_plays_larger_role

A dust storm off the coast of Morocco was imaged by NASA’s MODIS Aqua meteorological satellite on March 12, 2009. Photo: courtesy Amato Evan

(From PhysOrg.com h/t to Leif Svalgaard) — The recent warming trend in the Atlantic Ocean is largely due to reductions in airborne dust and volcanic emissions during the past 30 years, according to a new study.

A new study by UW-Madison researcher Amato Evan shows that variability of African dust storms and tropical volcanic eruptions can account for 70 percent of the warming North Atlantic Ocean temperatures observed during the past three decades. Since warmer water is a key ingredient in hurricane formation and intensity, dust and other airborne particles will play a critical role in developing a better understanding of these storms in a changing climate.

Since 1980, the tropical North Atlantic has been warming by an average of a quarter-degree Celsius (a half-degree Fahrenheit) per decade. Though this number sounds small, it can translate to big impacts on hurricanes, which thrive on warmer water, says Amato Evan, a researcher with the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies and lead author of the new study. For example, the difference between 1994, a quiet hurricane year, and 2005’s record-breaking year of storms, was just one degree Fahrenheit.

More than two-thirds of this upward trend in recent decades can be attributed to changes in African storm and tropical during that time, report Evan and his colleagues at UW-Madison and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in a new paper. Their findings will appear in an upcoming issue of the journal Science and publish online March 26. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 95 Comments »

Categories : aerosols, hurricanes, oceans

Admiration For The Catlin Explorers

26 03 2009

Guest post by Steve Goddard

Polar Bear On Thin Ice
It is easy to become cynical about the motivations of some prominent figures in the global warming movement, but there are a few people who feel passionately enough about their beliefs to put their own life on the line.  The Catlin explorers Pen Hadow, Ann Daniels and Martin Hartley are among the most dedicated.  They have endured consistent minus 40 degree weather, frostbite, polar bear encounters, frozen sleeping bags, sleepless nights and general misery in their quest to prove that the polar ice caps are warming and melting.
Over the past 24 days they have traveled 84km of their 950km journey to the North Pole, averaging 3.5km per day.  Every inch is hard fought across drifting and cracking ice.  If their average travel rate were to continue, it would take another 250 days to reach the pole – stretching into the next Arctic winter.

Below are the titles of their most recent blog posts, which hint at the unimaginable difficulties they are facing. Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 159 Comments »

Categories : Arctic, ridiculae

Galactic Cosmic Rays May Be Responsible For The Antarctic Ozone Hole

26 03 2009

NOTE: It has been pointed out to me by an email from a regular WUWT reader that some people get a different conclusion from the headline other than what I was thinking of.  So, for those who didn’t read the paper fully to the conclusion, I offer this clarification:

In the conclusions of the paper here (PDF) there is this:

Thus, the above facts (1)–(5) force one to conclude that the CR-driven electron-induced reaction is the dominant mechanism for causing the polar O3 hole.

(CR stands for Cosmic Rays) The above conclusion is what I based my title on.  The titled also merited a “may be” caveat until replication of the work is done by another scientist. Anyone reaching a different conclusion, such as one of CFC’s not being involved, is erroneous. Cosmic Rays are drivers (or some may say a catalyst) of a complex reaction involving CFC’s, resulting in ozone ‘O3‘ depletion, and that is what is referred to in the conclusion.

While I had considered changing the headline to make it clearer for those who don’t read scientific papers completely, substituting the word “responsible” with “a Catalyst”, doing so would break web links already in place, and that would appear to some that the article had been removed, when that would not be the case.

Comments are normally closed automatically after 60 days, but I’m opening them up again for a short period since there has been a change to the article.

- Anthony

The Antarctic Ozone Hole is said to be caused only by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s). According to this new study, perhaps not. (h/t to John F. Hultquist)

The Antarctic Ozone Hole Source: NASA Goddard

The Antarctic Ozone Hole. Click for larger image. Source: NASA Goddard

Here is a new paper of interest just published in Physical Review Letters.

Correlation between Cosmic Rays and Ozone Depletion

Q.-B. Lu
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

Abstract:

This Letter reports reliable satellite data in the period of 1980–2007 covering two full 11-yr cosmic ray (CR) cycles, clearly showing the correlation between CRs and ozone depletion, especially the polar ozone loss (hole) over Antarctica. The results provide strong evidence of the physical mechanism that the CR driven electron-induced reaction of halogenated molecules plays the dominant role in causing the ozone hole. Moreover, this mechanism predicts one of the severest ozone losses in 2008–2009 and probably another large hole around 2019–2020, according to the 11-yr CR cycle.

ozone_gcm_lu

Percentage variations of CR flux (solid magenta line) and annual mean total O3 measured at two Antarctic stations, Faraday/Vernadsky (in red and green).

Excerpts from the paper:

Read the rest of this entry »


Comments : 114 Comments »

Categories : Science, ozone, space

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