Guest Opinion: Dr. Tim Ball
When you put the claims of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in perspective, you get a very different picture that defies logic. I decided to do this because of their recent hysterical claims in Special Report 15 (SR-15) designed to frighten and bully the world into completely unnecessary and enormously expensive environmental and energy policies. Charles Steele summarized their claims and proposed policies in his article, “Climate Doom Ahead? Think Twice,”
“…we have only twelve years to avert climate catastrophe and calls for a fundamental transformation of society and end to the use of fossil fuels. Endorsing it is a critical step towards adopting it, and adopting it would change virtually every element of civil society as we know it today.”
Steele notes that,
“It’s less a scientific report and more a political platform, driven by ideology, not science.”
I agree. Even some members of the IPCC admit it is not about climate but involves an excuse for ideological actions such as a transfer of wealth. However, the majority of the IPCC and its proponents would disagree. They would claim the concern and demand for action are based on science set out in the AR5 Working Group I Report, The Physical Science Basis. Well, let’s examine what they say.
My comments in regular type follow the IPCC claims in italics.
1. Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history. Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts on human and natural systems. {1}
The first sentence is a non-sequitur and represents a classic form of introduction to deception. Human influence is not clear because human production of CO2 is within the error of the estimates of two major natural sources, the oceans, and rotting vegetation. You cannot separate human production from the noise of non-human production and variability. Obviously, anthropogenic emissions are the highest in history. If you have a constantly increasing level, the highest levels are the most recent. The second sentence is unprovable. If you don’t know the baseline, that is the impact of climate change before the human impact, then you cannot determine any trend. Consider just one example. There is more total forest in the world than existed in the past. America has more trees than existed 100 years ago. How do they know? Besides, it depends on what time in the past you choose. For example, there are many more than existed 20,000 years ago at the peak of the last glacial period.
2. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen. {1.1}
This is another form of introduction to a deception that starts with a false premise. Even a brief look at any historical climate record shows equivocal and even greater periods of warming than those between 1950 and 2018. Just look at the Antarctic ice core record from Petit et al.
Remember, they subjected this curve to a 70-year smoothing, so much of the variability was eliminated. Despite that, there is great variability over short periods. Then consider the Central England Temperature curve from 1659-2018. There is nothing extraordinary in the 359-year record when compared to the 68 years from 1950.
The IPCC assert with 95% certainty that 95% of the temperature increase since 1950 is due to human CO2. The problem is if that is true then the record cold temperatures occurring now cannot occur. If the IPCC claim is correct the only way such record cold can occur is if the CO2 level decreased. However, it is the IPCC who tell us it continues to increase.
The fallacy of the IPCC claims is in the continual changes of temperature that occur every day. The Sun rises, and the temperature begins to increase as the solar angle increases. There is no increase in CO2, just as there is no decrease when temperatures begin to decline as the Sun sets. If CO2 is the dominant factor in temperature increase as the IPCC claim, then it should be a major influence on the daily temperature, but there is no such evidence.
As usual, the mainstream media reports that 2018 is the sixth warmest year on record even before the year is over. This is not surprising or significant because the highest temperatures must occur at the end of a warming period. The most reasonable period to consider for this warming trend is from the nadir of the Little Ice Age in the 1680s or over the last 338 years.
The media reported on front pages all over the world the IPCC 2001 Report that drove the world into warming hysteria because they said temperatures rose 0.6°C in approximately 120 years – an increase not possible without human CO2. Why aren’t they reporting with equal vigor that in just two years from February 2016 to February 2018 the global average temperatures fell by 0.56°C? If the IPCC claim about the dominant role of CO2 post-1950 is correct, then that warming simply cannot happen.
3. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era, driven largely by economic and population growth, and are now higher than ever. This has led to atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. {1.2, 1.3.1}
Here is another typical form of introduction designed to set the stage for the falsehood that follows by making a statement that appears absolute because of its unjustified certainty. They neglect to say they limited the ‘greenhouse gases’ to CO2, which is approximately 4% of the total. Yes, human greenhouse gas emissions are higher than ever, but you cannot substantiate the claim of their impact if you don’t know how much water vapor, the most important and abundant greenhouse gas by far, there is, or how it varies over time. The claim that levels of carbon dioxide and methane are unprecedented in the last 800,000 years is only true if you ignore the severe problems and limitations of the ice core measures and ignore the 90,000 19th century CO2 readings that show much higher levels. It is not true if you extend the record back to 280 million or 600 million years then the levels are among the lowest. All of this is only valid in their claims if you assume that a CO2 increase causes a temperature increase. However, that is not true in any of the records. Indeed, the lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature in the geologic record contradicts their claim more dramatically. The Ordovician Ice Age, approximately 432 million years ago, occurred when CO2 levels were over 4000 parts per million.
4. In recent decades, changes in climate have caused impacts on natural and human systems on all continents and across the oceans. Impacts are due to observed climate change, irrespective of its cause, indicating the sensitivity of natural and human systems to changing climate. {1.3.2}
This is another classic introduction that appears authoritative, but in fact, is what the English call “Stating the bleeding obvious.” In all decades throughout Earth’s 4.5-billion-year history, climate change caused impacts on natural systems. It is disingenuous and wrong to separate human systems because we are part of the natural system. This is another example of the false assumption that humans are not natural that I wrote about before. The entire comment is an insult to the intelligence. It is a statement of environmental platitudes that says absolutely nothing – in other words, it is purely political. Despite that, production of the IPCC Reports costs millions, and the unnecessary policies, based solely on their falsehoods, cost trillions.
The saddest part of all is a horrible irony. All this waste of time and money to create a lie and inflict completely unnecessary policies at great cost, pain, and damage, is only possible because of successful and wealthy economies based on burning fossil fuels. Paradoxically, the IPCC acknowledges this by saying the less successful economies need financial help to succeed. What do the less successful economies want? The ability to burn fossil fuels. These are the insane actions of politically misguided, ideologues with tunnel vision. It is time to stop the insanity.
Relatively hot. CO2 rising, temperatures not:
http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/gistemp/from:1935/to:1975/plot/gistemp/from:1935/to:1975/trend
CO2 concentration rate of change is still tracking temperature anomaly. We are not in the driver’s seat.
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/derivative/mean:12/from:1979/plot/uah/offset:0.6/scale:0.22
dC02/dt detrends the data. The derivative remove the actual trend. Besides, it’s the absolute level of CO2, not it’s rate of change that produces the GHG effect. Try again Bart.
There is still a trend in dC02/dt. Emissions also have a trend. There is little to no room for it.
It is hypothesized that the absolute level modulates temperature, as the IR absorbance properties of CO2 cannot be denied. However, this is only a top level effect, and the Earth’s regulatory system has many feedbacks. There is no fundamental requirement that the aggregate impact of rising CO2 concentration in a given climate state must produce surface warming.
And, in fact, the aggregate response cannot be significantly positive, because it would produce an unstable, positive feedback loop that would not be stabilized even by T^4 radiation. We have the relationship above, which indicates that temperatures drive concentration. If concentration also drives temperature, then a temperature rise produces rising CO2, which produces rising temperature, which produces rising CO2, and so on ad infinitum.
Other feedbacks can ameliorate the instability, but not quickly, as is indicated by the above relationship. The upshot is, aggregate climate sensitivity to CO2 concentration is not significant. If it were, the system would have reached a saturation level eons ago, and we would not be here.
See below for more.
You are thick.
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dCO2/dt detrends the data
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Here take a look:
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/derivative/mean:12/from:1979/plot/esrl-co2/mean:12/from:1979/offset:-380
When you detrend the data, you remove the first order effects of it’s absolute value, and your derivative puts the focus on second order (noise) in the data set.
No, I am not missing anything. You are. Think on it.
dCO2/dt detrends the data.
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So simple.
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/derivative/mean:12/from:1979/plot/esrl-co2/mean:12/from:1979/offset:-350
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Slope of red line (your dCO2/dt) is zero
Green line slope is from actual data.
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Taking the derivative removes the trend. The actual value of that slope is missing from your derivative.
This is immaterial, Steve. There is still a trend in dCO2/dt, and it matches the trend in temperature anomaly.
It is absolutely material, because you are using dCO2/dt in your equation, and therefore your relationship ignores the trend in CO2. Just because there is a trend in dCO2/dt doesn’t absolve you of throwing away the trend in measured concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Since you throw away this trend , your equation says nothing about the effect that CO2 has on temperature. In fact your graphic doesn’t even tell us which quantity is independent, and which is dependent.
“There is still a trend in dCO2/dt, and it matches the trend in temperature anomaly.”
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Nope, they are different
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http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/derivative/mean:12/from:1979/trend/plot/uah6/offset:0.6/scale:0.22/trend
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But of course you could jigger your arbitrary scale factor of 0.22, to make them align more closely. But then, all you are doing is mucking with your curve fitting parameters.
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http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/derivative/mean:12/from:1979/trend/plot/uah6/offset:0.6/scale:0.24/trend
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You better go back to the drawing board and try for something better.
No matter how you change either the offset or the scale, you can’t make the slopes of the two trend lines match Bartemis, so your statement that they match is false.
No, Steve. These are stochastic time series, and the trend lines are stochastic entities. They do not have to match perfectly, just well enough.
You have entered the phase of making up excuses to deny what your eyes can plainly see. It’s always the first step. In time, you may or may not graduate beyond it.
BTW, this:
“No matter how you change either the offset or the scale, you can’t make the slopes of the two trend lines match…”
is just silly. Of course you can.
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/mean:12/from:1979/derivative/plot/uah6/scale:0.175/offset:0.146/plot/esrl-co2/mean:12/from:1979/derivative/trend/plot/uah6/scale:0.175/offset:0.146/trend
One word: Overshoot. Good article…reason and logic may yet win the day, but Climate Change is not the real problem, only a symptom of Overshoot: Too much energy expended extracting resources, manufacturing, consumption and increasing the population. We have Overshot Earth’s capacity to carry human beings, or soon will. Should the Climate Change scare fail to cripple civilization Overshoot is lurking the the heart and mind of every enviromental extremist and every morl person. Not my opinion, but do a search for “Why Climate Change Isn’t Our Biggest Environmental Problem, and Why Technology Won’t Save Us”. The media and politicians will make the transition seamlessly. Imagine a world with no nation-states, only third world societies, no traditional families, millions neutered at birth. War is good, disease is better. Suicide, abortion, euthanasia encouraged. Mankind excluded from nature. We can heal Mother Earth. That’s the goal, the dream.
Edit: morl = moral. Need to add: An egalitarian world with, of course, some more equal than others. I suspect all religions will be disallowed.
Dr. Ball: “Human influence is not clear because human production of CO2 is within the error of the estimates of two major natural sources, the oceans, and rotting vegetation. You cannot separate human production from the noise of non-human production and variability”.
Ice cores have shown nearly constant CO2 of 280 ppm in the atmosphere for more than 100 centuries. Was it merely by chance that CO2 has risen by 130 ppm in the two centuries since the Industrial Revolution? A period when we burned enough fossil fuel to raise CO2 by 250 ppm?
This is nonsense. Let’s hope that the rest of the post is better.
“Ice cores have shown nearly constant CO2 of 280 ppm in the atmosphere for more than 100 centuries.”
The ice cores are not and cannot be validated. Other proxies indicate different results. The ice cores are chosen because they give results that support the narrative. But, they are not established truth.
In fact, there is a fundamental disconnect in the narrative. Rock steady concentration for centuries would indicate high bandwidth regulation. Yet, for the level to be so sensitive to our inputs, regulation would have to be extremely low bandwidth. One cannot have both high and low regtulatory bandwidth. It is one or the other.
“Was it merely by chance that CO2 has risen by 130 ppm in the two centuries since the Industrial Revolution?”
Yes. This is a post hoc ergo propter hoc logical fallacy.
“A period when we burned enough fossil fuel to raise CO2 by 250 ppm? “
Do you weigh as much as the sum total of mass you have ingested since birth? Is the water level in a lake equal to the total volume of water that has flowed into it?
Of course not. These are dissipative systems, and the levels attained strike a balance between inflows and outflows. In such a system, the contribution of relative sources to the overall balance depends upon the linearity of the feedback that establishes the balance. For a linear feedback, the perturbation is 1:1, and any additional input cannot contribute proportionately more to the output than its proportion of the input.
It is widely believed that the ratio of natural inputs to anthropogenic sources is on the order of perhaps 30:1. With a linear balance, if natural inputs maintain a level of 300 ppm, human inputs could add only as much as 300/30 = 10 ppm additional.
In order for human inputs to contribute an additional 100 ppm, a ratio of 4:1, there would have to be a very strong nonlinearity indeed, and the system would be super-sensitive to additional inputs. Such sensitivity is not only highly unlikely, but again, contradicts the ice core narrative.
In actual fact, atmospheric CO2 concentration evolves such that the rate of change matches the temperature anomaly:
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/derivative/mean:12/from:1979/plot/uah/offset:0.6/scale:0.22
Causality is necessarily in the direction of temperature anomaly to rate of change, because positing that the rate of change of CO2 drives temperature anomaly leads to absurd conclusions – in that case, we could pump CO2 up to whatever level we please, and once we stopped, the temperature anomaly would revert to its initial value, regardless of concentration.
The match occurs in both the short term variation, and the long term trend. Human inputs also have a trend. Adding them in would require rescaling the temperature dependent term to make room, but that would create a mismatch with the short term variation. The upshot is, there is little to no room for human inputs to have a significant impact.
In fact, CO2 concentration has been diverging from the emissions since the advent of the temperature “pause”. In this plot, we see that emissions increased by some 43% from 2002-2014, yet the rate of change of atmospheric concentration didn’t budge.
Such an outcome is perfectly consistent with all conservation laws. I outline a way into which such a dynamic could come about here.
Bartemis wrote: “The ice cores are not and cannot be validated.”
Ice cores are validated by the consistency of the results that have been obtained. Analysis of dozens of ice cores has told the same story: Snow deposited in the last 100 centuries (except the last two centuries) has turned into ice that contains 275+/-5 ppm of CO2 in the air trapped inside the ice. That is 100 ppm less than in the air today. If current air were contaminating the analysis, then the results would be very different. However, once you go deep enough to reach deposits from the last ice age, CO2 goes down. And the uppermost layers deposited in the early years of the industrial age show more than 275 ppm of CO2. (Analytical chemists always include lots of control samples to ensure that their instruments are functioning properly, especially with precious samples.)
If you look at the Grand Canyon, you can visibly see lots of layers of deposits because they have different colors. If they didn’t have different colors, you could analyze samples and see where one layer started and another stopped. If you drilled a well nearby and visually inspect or chemically analyze the material that came out, you would discover the same layers. Geologists don’t need visual evidence from a Grand Canyon to know what layers lie under the ground. As one moves from location to location geologists find different layers. However, no matter where on the planet we drill into ice – Greenland, Antarctica, Himalayan and Andes glaciers – we find the same story, a long period with 275 ppm of CO2. In some places we can clearly see the beginning of an increase in CO2 from the early years of the industrial revolution and in some places we can see back to the last ice age. Only in Antarctica can we go further back.
Dating the age of the ice core layers is easy near the top and more challenging as the ice is distorted by pressure from above. The ice itself contains isotopic proxies for temperature. Dating the age of the air trapped inside the ice is more challenging, since the compaction of snow into ice that prevents gas diffusion takes many decade in Greenland and centuries in drier Antarctica. But limited controversies over dating don’t change the BIG PICTURE about how CO2 has changed, just the timing of temperature change and CO2 change.
We can see the evidence of man’s emission of CO2 in many ways: 1) The rise that has been tracked and Mauna Loa and other sites since the 1960. 2) The rise in CO2 in the top layers of ice cores. 3) The change in the amount of C14 in these samples. Those 19th century samples ARE inconsistent with the current understanding of changing CO2 – but you would make equally confusing measurements today contradicting the conclusion CO2 is around 400 ppm if you didn’t make your measurement at carefully controlled locations. You breath out 4000 ppm of CO2 and plants take it up, but only in sunlight. Even on Mauna Loa during daytime there are fluctuations in the amount of CO2 in the air swept up the mountain over the vegetation during daytime. The data you see is obtained at night from descending air masses.
To understand the flux of CO2 between atmosphere, ocean and land reservoirs requires very sophisticated analysis using multi-compartment models and taking into account changing pH. I’ve dabbled with the problem and know this isn’t a field for amateurs or discussion at a blog post. It takes 1000 years for ocean currents to redistribute human emissions into the deep oceans, so emissions from the past century are nowhere near equilibrium. Short-term changes in temperature only effect the amount of CO2 in the mixed layer (top 50 m) of the ocean.
If you accept quantum mechanics (which governs the interactions between radiation and GHGs), then rising GHGs will slow the rate of radiative cooling to space. Conservation of energy means this radiative imbalance will cause warming. Observing this warming is challenging on a planet with chaotic ocean and air currents that produce phenomena like ENSO that can warm the planet almost 0.3 degC in six months and cool it 0.3 degC in the next six months is difficult, especially when we have little information about slower processes like the AMO and PDO. Proof that GHGs cause warming comes from QM and COE. The 0.85 degC of warming observed in the past half-century is consistent with highly uncertain expectations of warming (70% confidence interval of 1.5-4.5 K of warming per doubling of CO2).
It is idiotic would look at the Figure you linked for 2002-2014 and say it PROVES CO2 emissions don’t accumulate in the atmosphere or cause warming. Someone has simply cherry-picked the very noisy signal for rising CO2 from an unrepresentative period (the Pause), taken the derivative and smoothed it. The graph below shows the big picture. CO2 emissions have doubled since 1975 and tripled since 1960.
“Ice cores are validated by the consistency of the results that have been obtained.”
No. Consistency between bad proxies only shows they are equally bad. You need independent corroboration.
“Conservation of energy means this radiative imbalance will cause warming.”
No, it means the dynamics will be perturbed. It does not say that, in the aggregate including all feedbacks, there will be significant, or even any, warming.
Feedback dynamics are not intuitive. If you do not have significant experience with feedback loops, your intuition is likely to lead you astray.
“CO2 emissions have doubled since 1975 and tripled since 1960. “
And, this tiny perturbation to the natural flows has been almost full absorbed by the sinks. The net result is overwhelmingly dictated by temperatures, as the rate of change is proportional to the temperature anomaly in both the long and the short term.
Bartemis:
The isotopic variation (2-H and 18-O) are proxies for temperature. The CO2 in the air trapped inside the ice is real CO2 itself, not a PROXY for anything! Either the air in the ice was trapped when snow compacted to ice or it has found a way into the ice over the millennia since the ice formed. Unless you can devise a rational hypothesis where all other skeptics have failed, there is no way air could seep into hundreds of meters of ice and leave a constant 280 ppm of CO2 in most layers, but not in the deepest ones or shallowest ones. Or oscillate between 180 to 280 ppm in the oldest ice cores from Antarctica.
Conservation of energy means that an object that received more energy than it loses must be storing the difference as internal internal energy. In other words, it will warm. Heat capacity tell us how much energy is needed to raise temperature 1 degC. No ifs, ands, buts, caveats, feedbacks, dynamics, or loops. Warming.
A warmer planet will emit more LWR to space and may reflect less or more SWR. If our planet emits or reflects 1 extra W/m2 for every degK it warms, then it will need to warm about 3.6 K to correct the imbalance created by a slowdown in radiative cooling to space from 2XCO2. In that case, the planet will warm to a new steady state 3.6 K warmer. If our planet emits or reflects an addition 2 W/m2 for every K of warming, the new steady state will be only 1.8 K warmer. If 3 W/m2/K; 1.2 K of warming. 4W/m2/K; 0.9 K of warming. And so on. 10 W/m2/K; 0.36 K of warming. Note, you never reach zero warming. A graybody at 288 degK and with emissivity of 0.61 emits 3.3 W/m2 more radiation for every degK it warms.
Yes, feedbacks determine whether the planet emits or reflect an addition 1, 2, 3, 4, or 10 W/m2 per degK of warming. BUT FIRST, conservation of energy demands that a slowdown in radiative cooling produce SOME non-zero amount of warming. The climate feedback parameter (additional W/m2 emitted or reflected per degK of warming) only controls how much warming will be needed to eliminate the radiative imbalance that is causing warming.
The planet reflects about 100 W/m2 of SWR back to space, but only 50 W/m2 is reflected by clouds. So, if you want to a climate feedback parameter of 10 W/m2/K, you need at least 7 W/m2/K of cloud SWR feedback or about a 14%/K increase in reflection of SWR by clouds per degK of warming. That would mean there were almost no clouds during the ice ages. Absurd. +1 W/m2/K of cloud SWR feedback would be a 2%/K increase in reflection. More reasonable, but then the planet will behave at best about like a graybody and warm 1 degK after a doubling of CO2.
Only half of anthropogenic emission of CO2 has been absorbed by sinks. A 1000 years from now, the deep ocean will have absorbed about 85% of our emissions, but transport into the deep ocean is slow.
During the ice ages, the colder ocean can hold more CO2 and ice cores show atmospheric CO2 drops 100 ppm – about 20 ppm per degK of cooling. The 1 degK of warming we have experienced might have resulted in the emission of 20 ppm – if it didn’t take 1000 years for water deep in the ocean to reach the surface, warm and emit that 20 ppm.
Dr. Ball tells us: “The claim that levels of carbon dioxide and methane are unprecedented in the last 800,000 years is only true if you ignore the severe problems and limitations of the ice core measures and ignore the 90,000 19th century CO2 readings that show much higher levels.”
What Dr. Ball doesn’t tell us is where those measurements were taken? In a laboratory heated by a coal burning fire? Professor Keeler carefully placed his instruments on the top of Mauna Loa so he could sample CO2 in the air far from sources and sinks for CO2. The top is 13,500 feet above sea level where tropical winds bring in fresh air every day from about 1000 miles away. Measurements are only made at night, when land cooling faster than ocean produces descending air masses that originate thousands of feet above the top of the mountain. Why does Dr. Ball think CO2 measurements from undocumented and uncontrolled locations should have any meaning relative to Keeler measurements. Exhaled air contains about 4000 ppm of CO2. For all we know, those 19th measurements could have been biased by researcher’s breathing.
Ice cores also contain samples of air far from sources and sinks for CO2 that was trapped long ago. Measurements are very stable back until the end of the Little Ice Age, when CO2 levels suddenly fall according to dozens of ice cores that have been analyzed. Either there is a massive conspiracy to fool the public about changes in CO2 or the consensus view is correct. Unless Dr. Ball has some proof that the samples collected in the 19th century were collected in an manner intended to be representative of the bulk atmosphere, then the values are meaningless.
Furthermore, we can be fairly sure that those 19th century samples analyzed for CO2 weren’t representative of the atmosphere as a whole. It has taken a massive industrial effort for 50 years to mine and burn enough fossil fuel to raise CO2 in the bulk atmosphere by about 50 ppm. Those 19th century measurements show changes of more than 50 ppm within a single year! Where is all of the CO2 come from in such a short period of time? Meanwhile. ice cores show much smaller changes for more than 100 centuries from natural fluctuations.
The conclusion is obvious. Those 90,000 measurements of CO2 in the air couldn’t have be a representative sample of the bulk atmosphere – what we carefully measure today and what is found in ice cores. These old measurements are meaningless.
This is hand waving rationalization.
Bartemis: The air around you right now may not be anywhere near 410 ppm. Look at this data from a cornfield from a prominent skeptic and skeptical blog.
http://joannenova.com.au/2013/09/plants-suck-half-the-co2-out-of-the-air-around-them-before-lunchtime-each-day/
The scientists who measured CO2 in the atmosphere in the atmosphere were not trying to determine how much CO2 was in the entire atmosphere by analyzing sample representative of the whole atmosphere. Or, if that was their intention, they failed to obtain truly representative samples.
Or see this post from another skeptic showing how much CO2 varies depending on where you measure it.
http://www.ferdinand-engelbeen.be/klimaat/co2_measurements.html
Dr. Ball has been around climate skeptics for a long time. Either he is aware that local CO2 concentration varies widely (today and in the 19th century) and deliberately trying to deceive you. Or he is suffering from confirmation bias and unable to assimilate information that contradicts his deeply held beliefs about climate change. Confirmation bias is a huge problem in today’s world, where everyone is exposed to a narrow range of the media, social media and the internet. As best I can tell from looking at a number of sources (including Bock’s(?) paper), CO2 varies widely LOCALLY in the real world. Good luck figuring out who to believe.
Frank: I haven’t said the other proxies are accurate. I do not know if they are or not. I could hem and haw, and rationalize things one way or another, but that would not establish truth.
My point is that there is no way to verify the ice cores. There is no corroborating evidence in the distant past. As such, at best that data can only be considered provisional. It does not have the force of modern, direct measurements which tell us that the rate of change of CO2 concentration is tracking temperature anomaly.
Bartemis: What corroborating evidence do you want?! For the top layers of an ice core in Greenland, you can see and count the visible layers. At the top is compacted snow with air between the particles that allows some diffusion. Below the firn, pressure has obviously converted snow into solid ice with visible bubbles inside. Still with clearly visible annual layers. You can be sure air isn’t diffusing into that ice, because it contains 280 ppm of CO2, not today’s 400 ppm. Nor is 280 ppm the result of some averaging process, because it remains 280 ppm until you reach the depth where snow was deposited before the Holocene where CO2 starts falling towards 180 ppm. This happens in all ice cores around the world that go deep enough. In Antarctica, as you know, you can see at least four glacial/interglacial cycles in the deepest cores.
Have a look: See the layers? See the bubbles? How can many, but not, all layers have bubbles with 280 ppm of CO2, if that wasn’t the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere a when a layer of snow turned to ice?
This comment is juvenile. You might as well pose “Bartemis is a big poo-poo head.” Meh.
Richard: Even “brick walls” deserve an opportunity to learn. Confirmation bias makes it very hard for humans (including me) to assimilate information that contradicts their deeply held beliefs that have been acquired in poorly informed corners of social media and the internet. We are all “brick walls” to some extent and being forced to confront challenging and disturbing information is the only way we can learn. The idea that citizens can learn is central to democracy.
Projection much? The moat in mine eye…
Do you guys have anything substantive?
This has been answered.
Do you really want to continue displaying your butthurt to everyone with these catty replies? It’s not a good look, and it’s diminishing whatever gravitas you may have thought you had, not enhancing it.
The IPCC assert with 95% certainty that 95% of the temperature increase since 1950 is due to human CO2.
This is not true, they assert with 95% confidence that the majority of the temperature increase since 1950 is due to anthropogenic causes. The majority. Never said 95%, and even less so with 95% certainty.
How much are they saying with their ‘majority’ 95% confidence? 51%…60%….75%?
It is so obviously a hoax and yet we seem helpless to stop them.
All in good time as it’s their prescriptions that are beginning to see them undone at an increasing rate. Questioning what motivated their failed prescriptions will naturally follow from the fallout from that.
Let’s face it these are people who’ve been trying desperately to disprove a fundamental axiom of engineering, namely that you can’t build a reliable system from unreliable componentry with national power grids. Even if they work it out the only sanctuary for these unreliables charlatans is electrochemical storage when the history of mankind’s ability to store energy is pitiful, except in the form of calories and pumping water uphill. They’re now facing yellow vests or yellowcake but that’s Hobson’s Choice for them.
A lot of smart (brain washed ) young people keen on spending other people’s money chasing a non- problem.
As I commented more than ten years ago, everybody can read a thermometer. Everyone can can suffer the terrible effects of burgeoning winter. Winter is Coming. Winter can not be argued with or spun.