Climate skeptics in Paris branded as "criminals" – wanted posters go up in the city

‘Wanted’ campaign targets Climate Criminals at Paris summit

Avaaz publishes dossier on dirty energy lobbyists at Paris talks, calls for ministers to boycott lobbyists

morano-wanted
Marc Morano poses with his wanted poster on the streets of Paris

The seven most insidious fossil fuel lobbyists in Paris to weaken attempts to agree a global climate deal have been named and shamed as ‘climate criminals’ in a dossier published by the global citizens movement Avaaz.

The group, which spearheaded last weekend’s climate marches which saw 785,000 people take to the streets globally, posted over a thousand ‘Wanted’ posters outside 5-star hotels in the French capital on Monday morning. The poster highlighting the seven most notorious dirty energy lobbyists unearthed from the list of more than 50,000 delegates at summit.

On Monday morning,  Avaaz ‘Climate Cops’ will hand out flyers outside key Metro stations leading to the Le Bourget with photos of the lobbyists, who are expected to ramp up their efforts to derail a deal when ministers arrive this week to negotiate the deal.

Emma Ruby-Sachs, Acting Executive-Director of Avaaz says: “These lobbyists have come to Paris to sabotage a global deal for ambitious climate action, despite over 3.6 million citizens around the world calling for 100% clean energy. Ministers must listen to their people, not polluters, and refuse meetings with climate criminals who want to derail a deal the whole world wants.”

Each of the seven named lobbyists is renowned for their backroom dealings to to stop the transition to clean energy and push the interests of dirty fossil fuels. Some have resorted to harassing climate scientists and even calling for them to be ‘publicly flogged’.

The lobbyists include:

  • Benjamin Sporton, head of the World Coal Association
  • Fiona Wild, representative of mining-giant BHP Billiton
  • Marc Morano, whose trademark activity is to publish the email addresses of climate scientists to expose them to hate mail.
  • Myron Ebell, director of US think tank Competitive Enterprise Institute known for receiving money from ExxonMobil
  • Chris Horner, funded by the coal industry and known for “harassing” climate scientists in order to access to their email
  • Bjorn Lomborg, previously backed by funders with links to the Koch brothers, he’s most known as the ‘delayer in chief’ when it comes to climate
  • James Taylor, senior fellow at climate denial lobby group Heartland Institute

 

Examples of lobbyists’ far-reaching influence within climate meetings include The World Coal Association setting up shop next to the COP19 summit in Warsaw in 2013 to convince negotiators to embrace coal as a solution to climate change.

This resulted in the Warsaw Communiqué promoting clean coal, which has been deemed as “a myth” by National Geographic. At the COP17 in Durban in 2011, the Carbon Capture and Storage Association (comprised of major fossil fuel and power companies) successfully lobbied for carbon credits for new coal plants.

With global warming a clear scientific reality, the world has become increasingly intolerant of the fossil fuel industry’s attempts to undermine climate science and climate legislation. The campaign comes off the back of recent cases cracking down on “climate criminals,” including the investigation into Exxon for allegedly lying to the public about the risk of climate change.

The dossier is published as part of Avaaz’s 100% Clean campaign, which has been backed by more than 3.6 million people.


 

Source: https://secure.avaaz.org/act/media.php?press_id=684

Posters: https://secure.avaaz.org/en/climate_criminals/

Marc Morano made a statement by email:

Marc Morano, publisher of Climate Depot and producer of new ‘Climate Hustle’ film having its red carpet debut tonight in Paris: Climate Hustle tonight at the Cinéma du Panthéon at 7:30 PM.   
Morano statement: “Since the ‘wanted’ posters for me are all over Paris, I have relocated to a secure undisclosed location. I hope my trip to Paris for ‘Climate Hustle’ red carpet premiere will go better than JFKs trip to Dallas.”

UPDATE: Another photo showing the wanted posters:

The “Wanted”-style posters went up in Paris late on Sunday. Credit Avaaz
The “Wanted”-style posters went up in Paris late on Sunday. Credit Avaaz

From the New York Times:

Environmental activists pasted more than 1,000 “Wanted” posters outside luxury hotels here overnight, calling seven people who have ties to the fossil fuel industry or are skeptics of climate change “criminals.” The activists also distributed flyers with photographs of the seven.

“These lobbyists have come to Paris to sabotage a global deal for ambitious climate action,” said Emma Ruby-Sachs, acting executive director of Avaaz, the activist group that organized the stunt. “Ministers must listen to their people, not polluters, and refuse meetings with climate criminals who want to derail a deal the whole world wants,” she added.

Mr. Morano sent back a photograph of himself, looking mock-terrified, crouching next to one of the “Wanted” posters that had been posted in the Eighth Arrondissement.

“The posters are an exercise in silliness,” Mr. Morano said. “Climate skeptics are here promoting open debate and arguing to allow dissent. The idea that any alternative views amount to a ‘criminal’ perspective is obscene.”

 

Mr. Taylor, of the Heartland Institute, said in an email: “It is a shame that people must experience such vitriol and harassment when they make scientific arguments supported by scientific data. If such attacks must be made, however, I am glad it was my face that appeared on their posters. I will always be proud to stand up for free and open discourse and ultimate truth.”

The Heartland Institute is hosting a climate change conference of its own on Monday, at the Hotel California here. It posted on Twitter: “Eco-left activists put ‘Wanted’ posters outside our event space last night. We are not intimidated.”

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Walt D.
December 7, 2015 4:13 pm

Richard:
Here is the link to the article by George Reisman that I referred to:
https://mises.org/library/why-nazism-was-socialism-and-why-socialism-totalitarian

December 7, 2015 4:18 pm

despite over 3.6 million citizens around the world calling for 100% clean energy

And who is against clean energy? And it should be noted that CO2 is clean.

Reply to  Werner Brozek
December 7, 2015 4:51 pm

+1 … a disciplined mind

jsuther2013
December 7, 2015 4:28 pm

A further thought based upon a post above. Rank the 52 cards (four aces, four kings etc) based upon magnitude of carbon emissions. And the Top spot is?….Ace of spades: Gore? Suzuki must be up there too.

pat
December 7, 2015 4:34 pm

Twitter: Climate Depot
lots on ‘Climate Hustle’ Red Carpet Premiere …
Tweet: Liberal Guilt Trip: I trust @ClimateDepot will be thanking all the climate activists who provided such valuable publicity…
Tweet: Andy Revkin (NYT) Marc @climatedepot doesn’t look worried. Indeed, @avaaz campaign helps promote him…
PLUS
#ClimateHustle premiere was a huge success! #AllHail @ClimateDepot #FTW!…
The paparazzi at the @CFACT Climate Hustle premiere in Paris tonight.
https://twitter.com/climatedepot
7 Dec: NYT: A Stunt by Environmental Activists Targets Climate Doubters
Those who made the group’s list are: ETC
All seven were asked by The New York Times to respond to the stunt and allegations; four responded to the emails…
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/a-stunt-by-environmental-activists-targets-climate-skeptics

December 7, 2015 4:39 pm

“The World Coal Association setting up shop next to the COP19 summit in Warsaw in 2013 to convince negotiators to embrace coal as a solution to climate change. This resulted in the Warsaw Communiqué promoting clean coal,..”
This is total BS! Poland has huge coal reserves and with or without lobbying, no one is going to shut Poland’s coal down. They still run coal fired steam locomotives in Poland and good on them for hanging tough. They know that access to cheap reliable fuel is essential for human survival. I can see a day coming when Eastern Europe has had enough of the Kumbaya stupidity of Western Europe and starts to re-erect the iron curtain. The planet will be fine. It’s the EU that is headed for oblivion. What I hate to see is the UK, Germany and Nederlands succumbing to this neo Marxbrothers political ebola.
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/polands-old-steam-trains-still-on-track-1969727.html

H.R.
December 7, 2015 4:43 pm

Dang! I didn’t make the list. :o(
Maybe I’ll be on it next year at COP22, where there will be a breakthrough agreement on where to meet for COP23.

François GM
Reply to  H.R.
December 7, 2015 4:52 pm

Yes, you can bet that there will be many other “last chance” conferences.

dp
December 7, 2015 5:25 pm

Because everything the lefts do is symbolic this childish act us as utterly ineffective as the entire carbon trading scheme would be for climate management. All petulance, no bite. Except that the world is now in the control of rogue leadership that is unresponsive to the desires of the people and the laws of the lands they represent, we’ve won.

Reply to  dp
December 7, 2015 5:39 pm

“Except that the world is now in the control of rogue leadership that is unresponsive to the desires of the people”
Be careful, you’ll scare the children.
Things are still good in Knuteville. Definitely not happy about the ruse and messing with the reliability of power so we are now the proud owner of independence.
http://apelectric.com/generators/air-cooled-generators-6-22kw/kohler-air-cooled-generators/kohler-12resvl-100lc12-12kw-generator-with-100a-12-circuit-transfer-switch/?gclid=CKfTtoCQy8kCFYKVgQodcbAITw

Walter Sobchak
December 7, 2015 5:27 pm

I am really upset. I wanted to be on one of those posters. Those sons of female canines left me out.
Oh, the humanity!

George Steiner
December 7, 2015 5:47 pm

Unless my arithmetic has failed me 3.6 million in about 6 billion is about 0.06 %. To quote the famous French socialist politician ” they make a lot of noise, shout and scream and think they are in the majority”.

Tom Graney
December 7, 2015 7:19 pm

Jeez, Anthony, you didn’t make the list. That’s gotta hurt.

Dawtgtomis
Reply to  Tom Graney
December 8, 2015 6:44 am

That’s because those “big oil” folks aren’t funding him and he can’t afford the trip expenses himself.
If the petroleum industry really was backing the skeptics, this struggle to get the truth exposed would have been over years ago.

Grey Lensman
December 7, 2015 7:34 pm

Sorry its off topic, but I am debating hurricane intensity and cannot find when they changed giving tropical storms numbers to names. Anybody help. Seems google does not know.

cerescokid
Reply to  Grey Lensman
December 8, 2015 1:45 am

I don’t know how to link on my phone but Wikipedia had history of tropical cyclone naming and tropical cyclone naming. NOAA Hurricane Center had a little history. It seems naming has been around for a very long time. Wikipedia also has history
of Atlantic hurricane warnings.

Grey Lensman
Reply to  cerescokid
December 8, 2015 2:29 am

I was bought up knowing that hurricanes were named. Tropical storms had a numerical designation. When they reached hurricane strength they received a name. I recall a big fuss when it was decided to name tropical storms. It is important when discussing the number of named storms.

Editor
Reply to  Grey Lensman
December 8, 2015 5:04 am

Sometime in the 1940s, IIRC. Google has lists of hurricanes by years, just do a binary search and you should be able to find the right year. Maybe 1947? I think NJ had a “hurricane of ’46”.

Grey Lensman
Reply to  Ric Werme
December 8, 2015 6:15 am

I am sure that until a couple of years ago, hurricanes were named and tropical storms were not. i recall the fuss when the change was made. It feels like i have fallen into a parallel universe. So it would be nice to get the facts straightened out. Sorry to be a pest but what better place to ask?

Editor
Reply to  Ric Werme
December 8, 2015 7:25 pm

Tropical depressions are numbered, not named. Tropical storms (35 mph+ or so) are named, and that carries into hurricane (75+ mph) status.

powersbe
Reply to  Ric Werme
December 8, 2015 7:46 pm

Ric, nobody is disputing that. The point is that Storms have only recently been named.
The question was and remains in what year did they shift from numbering storms to naming them? From your previous post it is obvious you don’t know. It wasn’t as far back as the 40’s.

powersbe
Reply to  Grey Lensman
December 8, 2015 10:34 am

I recently ask a similar question on a different posted article regarding hurricanes. And it appears to be an unrecorded mystery by the primary press.
You are correct. This naming of “Storms” is fairly recent (not to be confused with calling hurricanes, “tropical cyclones” or “typhoons” which is just semantics used on different parts the globe) . What Grey is referring to is the natural progression of a tropical depression into a tropical storm (winds 73 to 149 MPH) to a tropical Hurricane.(winds 150 mph on up as they elevated in severity and obtain increasing category enumerations up to CAT 5 or 6.
It seems to me that naming “storms” coincides with the shift in emphasis by “Warmists” form Warming to Climate Change in the last decade And attaching hereto un-conflate-able weather to climate.
I recall reading about a NOAA prediction for hurricanes that fell embarrassingly short of reality and it was trumpeted by skeptics. Prior to the next hurricane season they decided to give Tropical “Storms” names.to up the appearance of severity and provide the Media puppets content ammo.
Two years ago they named a Tropical “Depression” out of confidence that it would progress into a “storm” only to see it fizzle out the next day. Nonetheless the kept the name and added it to their seasonal totals.
Worthy of note: Cerescokid, take any information obtained on Wikipedia with a grain of salt if it deals with politically charged issues such as Anthropogenic Global Warm…ah, they really meant Climate Change all along. Wiki is very entrenched in the Catastrophic end of days scenario.

Grey Lensman
Reply to  powersbe
December 8, 2015 7:59 pm

Thank you Powersbe,Thats my point. If only Hurricanes were named storms, adding mere tropical storms to the numbers now falsely inflates the numbers. Thus current season is listed as 15 named storms (very bad) yet only 4 were hurricanes. (very good , cant have that). Looking for the answer, i was struck by the facts that according to sources it never happened. So what gives?

powersbe
Reply to  Grey Lensman
December 9, 2015 11:16 am

i don’t think that the keepers of the CAGW keys at NASA, NOAA et.al, allowed this change to be widely disseminated.by the press on purpose.
Logiclogiclogic posted a comment that includes a link to the “Failures of Global Warming” I would refer you number 31 on the list and their “need to know” secretive approach to their science. There are a lot questions about their methods and data handling.
Switching from naming hurricanes only to including the naming of Tropical Storms significantly ups their numbers “of named storms” as the primary media likes to report and aids their end of days drumbeat fear tactic. A lot of CAGW reporting is subliminal as this is.
Research using google has been a effort in futility it directs you to tropical “cyclone” links and links to the beginning of their naming of hurricanes but apparently there is no publication of the transition to include tropical storms to the naming protocol but it is a very recent transition that only began since we entered the 21st century.
Hey we went for X to triple X “named Storms” in one year. And then they predict double digit “Hurricanes” pre-season and get to report double digit “named storms” at season end. Win Win for the Alarmists.

jim
December 7, 2015 7:39 pm

Great UNWANTED poster was successful in removing an alarmist from office.
http://tinyurl.com/unwantedL-D
Lehan lost yet is now back on a local city council pushing this sort of GIGO.
http://www.oregonmetro.gov/climate-smart-strategy

Peter
December 7, 2015 10:15 pm

So Avaaz is worried that if ministers hear an alternative viewpoint they may decide not to support the global warming alarmist rhetoric.
That suggests that Avaaz is not very confident of the strength of the anthropogenic global warming argument.
Makes me keen to hear the alternative alternative more. And Avaaz should perhaps move to China where I gather that alternative viewpoints are not tolerated.

pat
December 7, 2015 11:57 pm

8 Dec: Sydney Morning Herald: Peter Hannam: Paris UN Climate Conference 2015: Tony Abbott was brought down by the UN, Christopher Monckton says
Former prime minister Tony Abbott was brought down because of his anti-global-warming views and would have pushed back against plans to form a world government at the Paris climate summit if still in the job.
These are the views of leading sceptic Christopher Monckton who, in an interview with Fairfax Media, also said Australian institutions such as the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO were being examined by “a formidable team of scientists and lawyers” for possible fraud over manipulating their climate data..
The comments came during a day-long conference held by climate sceptic groups at the elegant Hotel California, just off the Champs-Elysees in Paris…
“[Mr Abbott] had seen through this global warming thing for what it was,” Lord Monckton said. “It’s a very nasty totalitarian attempt to set up a kind of global system of governance.”…
(Fairfax Media is a global partner of the UN Foundation)
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/un-climate-conference/paris-un-climate-conference-2015-tony-abbott-was-brought-down-by-the-un-christopher-monckton-says-20151207-glhtco.html
below: beginning at 8mins30secs, mild-mannerered Benny Peiser very effective on Aljazeera’s Counting the Cost (aired again today), despite having to follow Jennifer Morgan and deal with the host, Kamahl Santamaria’s misunderstanding of what “binding” means at COP21:
5 Dec: Aljazeera Counting the Cost: COP21: Constructive conference or a waste of time?
We explore whether the world will finally agree to a meaningful and binding agreement on carbon emissions.
On this week’s Counting the Cost we show you the effects of climate change around the world, and hear all sides of the argument.
Jennifer Morgan, the director of the Climate Program at the World Resources Institute, joins Counting the Cost to discuss whether a deal can be reached.
***Benny Peiser, the director of the Global Warming Policy Forum and a critic of the conventional view on global warming, addresses the relevance of such a summit.
Finally, we speak to Atiq Rahman, an environmentalist at the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies…
http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/countingthecost/2015/12/cop21-climate-change-paris-waste-time-151205101515049.html

Patrick MJD
Reply to  pat
December 8, 2015 3:15 am

Hannam at the SMH now no longer allows comments on his articles because he has been debunked so many times it’s rather sad.

MangoChutney
December 8, 2015 12:23 am

3,600,000 people want 100% clean energy whilst
1,300,000,000 people want any electricity,
2,600,000,000 people want clean cooking energy, and
3,221,400,000 people (the rest of us) want these idiots to grow up and start acting responsibly towards the vast majority of people in the world who don’t have access to safe, secure energy supplies.
(I know is an extrapolation too far, but if it’s good enough for the climate scare idiots, then it’s good enough for this idiot)
And don’t get me started on clean water!

pat
December 8, 2015 1:50 am

criminally insane!!!
8 Dec: AP: The Latest: Kerry mocks climate change doubters
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry is mocking climate change doubters who downplay the effect of rising sea levels.
Speaking to a U.N. Foundation meeting in Paris on the health of the world’s oceans, Kerry took his criticism a step further Tuesday, saying the refusal to recognize the threat is “insane” and “insulting to everything we learned in high school about science.”
“We have people who still deny this: Members of the flat earth society who seem to believe that the ocean rise won’t be a problem because the water will just spill over the edge,” Kerry said to appreciative laughter from the audience that included U.N. Foundation founder Ted Turner…
http://news.yahoo.com/latest-vatican-hosts-photo-light-show-nature-082057322.html

December 8, 2015 3:37 am

There are people who earn fortunes through lobbying for fossil fuels, and there are people who stack up good money via campaigning against climate change. Climate change has nothing to do with either, if it exists.

simple-touriste
Reply to  artmoscow
December 8, 2015 6:07 am

Why would anyone lobby for cheap lightweight transportable chemical energy?
It lobbies for itself.

Reply to  simple-touriste
December 8, 2015 6:18 am

It sure does, as a dream, along with interstellar travel. I didn’t mean that climate change protest is about lobbying for cheap-whatever-energy. I meant this protest is about lobbying for money to fund the protest.

Editor
December 8, 2015 5:11 am

Stupid (I’m not much of a Marc Morano fan):

Morano statement: “Since the ‘wanted’ posters for me are all over Paris, I have relocated to a secure undisclosed location. I hope my trip to Paris for ‘Climate Hustle’ red carpet premiere will go better than JFKs trip to Dallas.”

Better:

“The posters are an exercise in silliness,” Mr. Morano said. ‘Climate skeptics are here promoting open debate and arguing to allow dissent. The idea that any alternative views amount to a ‘criminal’ perspective is obscene.”

What they should have done is print some “palm cards” with the poster image on one side, but with “Wanted” crossed off and “Available” in red (or whatever EU friendly color would be good) under it. Then the back side could be the list of talking points they want to emphasize.

December 8, 2015 6:42 am

I guess putting up signs saying “I’m wanted. I’m so happy to be wanted” above the signs would just be rude.

Dawtgtomis
Reply to  Reality check
December 8, 2015 6:53 am

Is anything actually ‘rude’ in Paris?
I mean, more so than the normal demeanor?

Dawtgtomis
December 8, 2015 7:00 am

It seems the skeptics in Paris are traveling the Tarkio road:

Severian
December 8, 2015 9:17 am

Come Winston, mustn’t be late for the Two Minutes Hate, old Emanuel Goldstein, er, Koch isn’t going to demonize himself now is he?
[We assume to 1984? .mod]

Dawtgtomis
December 8, 2015 10:08 am

I bet if Penn & Teller are in Paris right now, they’ll probably be added to the list of outlaws.

Dawtgtomis
December 8, 2015 10:19 am

This all leaves me wondering if the parisian public will be too fearful to attend the movie as these kooks might call for mass arrests (or worse). I think it should have premiered simultaneously in multiple western capital cities, but since it’s clearly not funded by big corporate interests, the money was not available.

markl
Reply to  Dawtgtomis
December 8, 2015 11:02 am

Dawtgtomis commented: “…This all leaves me wondering if the parisian public will be too fearful to attend the movie …”
I’m sure it will be available online so we can count the views……

LarryFine
December 8, 2015 11:03 am

They missed one criminal. He may be long dead, but at least they could dig him up, convict him and then throw his bones into a swift river somewhere (swollen by Global Warming floods, no doubt).
And what, some might ask, could he possibly be guilty of? Setting a bad example for youth by standing up for the truth in the face of official government scientists and their pet theory.
For shame, Galileo!
http://mrnussbaum.com/images/galileo.jpg

Janice Moore
Reply to  LarryFine
December 8, 2015 7:49 pm

In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.

Galileo Galilei

LarryFine
Reply to  Janice Moore
December 10, 2015 6:53 am

Perfect!

Reply to  LarryFine
December 9, 2015 1:50 pm

The following shows Galileo’s defiance even after the Roman Inquistion’s treatment of him.

{Note: below from Paul Johnson’s book ‘A History of Christianity’ (1976), Johnson also noted ‘See G. de Santillana,’The Crime of Galileo’ (Chicago, 1955); and C.A. Ronan, ‘Galileo’ (London, 1974)”}
“During the 1633 Roman Inquisition of Galileo and his paper ‘‘Dialogue of the Two Great World Systems’’, Galileo made a full submission; ‘‘. . . with sincere heart and unfeigned faith I abjure, curse and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies’’.
After his official submission Galileo wrote a note in the margin of his own copy of his paper ‘‘Dialogue of the Two Great World Systems’’:

Galileo wrote, ‘’In the matter of introducing novelties. And who can doubt that it will lead to the worst disorders when minds created free by God are compelled to submit slavishly to an outside will? When we are told to deny our senses and subject them to the whim of others? When people of whatsoever competence are made judges over experts and are granted authority to treat them as they please? These are the novelties which are apt to bring about the ruin of commonwealth and the subversion of the state.’’

John

Janice Moore
Reply to  John Whitman
December 9, 2015 2:05 pm

Excellent quote, Mr. Whitman (bears repeating — with emphasis):

When people of whatsoever competence are made judges over experts … .

Timely commentary on the IPCC, et. al..

Reply to  John Whitman
December 9, 2015 2:39 pm

Powerful

In the matter of introducing novelties. And who can doubt that it will lead to the worst disorders when minds created free by God are compelled to submit slavishly to an outside will? When we are told to deny our senses and subject them to the whim of others? When people of whatsoever competence are made judges over experts and are granted authority to treat them as they please? These are the novelties which are apt to bring about the ruin of commonwealth and the subversion of the state

December 10, 2015 1:00 am

Luke December 7, 2015 at 11:09 am
There was, indeed a socialistic wing around the Strasser brothers and SA leader Roehm in the NSDAP, the Nazi party. But during the so-called Roehm Putsch (or Roehm plot) one of the Strasser brothers and Roehm and, in addition, many SA commanders were murdered by Himmler’s SS. These SS troups also murdered the German Reichswehr Generals von Bredow and von Schleicher, a former chancellor of the German Reich, and his wife. During that time the SS was a part of the SA, i.e., Himmler was responsible for killing his commander Roehm. The weapons were delivered by the German Reichswehr.
After that plot, there was no socialistic wing in the NSDAP. Thus, Richard Courtney is right in this matter. However, Hitlerism cannot be considered as a form of fascism. In Italy, the home of fascism, there was not only Mussolini, but also the Grand Council of Fascism, a main body of Mussolini’s fascist government. In 1943, for instance, this Grand Council voted against Mussolini. He was dismissed and arrested. Eventually, Mussolini became the head of a puppet government of a state in northern Italy established by the Germans..
Under Hitler, the German state was already completely destroyed in 1938. The Weimar constitution was rejected. There were a lot of states within the state, only ruled by Hitler’s will. If Hitler had been killed in 1938, during that time no rule did exist for electing a successor.