Interesting Post at RealClimate about Modeled Absolute Global Surface Temperatures

We recently presented and discussed modeled and observed global surface temperatures in absolute terms. See the post On the Elusive Absolute Global Mean Surface Temperature – A Model-Data Comparison. The WattsUpWithThat cross post is here. Yesterday, Willis Eschenbach at WUWT furnished EXCEL spreadsheets that included the outputs of climate model simulations of global surface temperatures in absolute terms. See Willis’s post CMIP5 Model Temperature Results in Excel.

Hot on the heels of those two posts comes a discussion at RealClimate of modeled absolute global surface temperatures, authored by Gavin Schmidt, the head of the Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS). Gavin’s post is Absolute temperatures and relative anomalies. Please read it in its entirety. I believe you’ll find it interesting. (Thanks, Gavin.)

Here are two quotes from it to get the discussion here rolling. First, Gavin Schmidt wrote (my boldface):

Second, the absolute value of the global mean temperature in a free-running coupled climate model is an emergent property of the simulation. It therefore has a spread of values across the multi-model ensemble. Showing the models’ anomalies then makes the coherence of the transient responses clearer. However, the variations in the averages of the model GMT values are quite wide, and indeed, are larger than the changes seen over the last century, and so whether this matters needs to be assessed.

Second quote (my boldface):

Most scientific discussions implicitly assume that these differences aren’t important i.e. the changes in temperature are robust to errors in the base GMT value, which is true, and perhaps more importantly, are focussed on the change of temperature anyway, since that is what impacts will be tied to. To be clear, no particular absolute global temperature provides a risk to society, it is the change in temperature compared to what we’ve been used to that matters.

See, I told you you’d find Gavin’s post interesting.

Enjoy your holidays.

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Reply to  Bob Tisdale
December 24, 2014 1:17 pm

Merry Christmas, Bob. Thank you for all your hard work.

jorgekafkazar
Reply to  Bob Tisdale
December 24, 2014 2:06 pm

Yes. Merry Christmas and many thanks for the wonderful work you’re doing, Bob.

dmacleo
Reply to  Bob Tisdale
December 24, 2014 2:33 pm

and the same back to you and everyone here.

RokShox
December 24, 2014 3:05 am

Backtrack all he wants, Gavin Schmidt has blood on his hands.

Reply to  RokShox
December 24, 2014 3:21 am

Steady on.
It’s Christmas.

Reply to  RokShox
December 24, 2014 3:43 am

“blood on his hands.”
Agreed. I also think that anytime you read his name you should cross yourself and say a Hail Mary.

Andrew
Reply to  markstoval
December 24, 2014 4:57 am

Magic spells don’t work.

Reply to  markstoval
December 24, 2014 9:41 am

It works better than your ‘back radiation’. 🙂

GaelanClark
December 24, 2014 3:33 am

What matters most “is the change in temperature compared to what we’ve been used to”…
Aaahhhhh……I see now. Because if we have become used to negative 20 during January in the High Rockies….well then, negative 2 is just too damned warm!!!

TRM
Reply to  GaelanClark
December 24, 2014 7:57 am

Except it would be more like -19.2 instead of -20 🙂

Reply to  GaelanClark
December 24, 2014 12:03 pm

“what we’ve been used to” limits one to the experience of one’s lifetime.
Which, from a the perspective of geophysical events and timelines, is an absurdly small interval.
Probably why it is used.
Merry Christmas
(and for Blackadder fans, Messy Kweznuz!)

December 24, 2014 3:35 am

However, while we can conclude that using anomalies in global mean temperature is reasonable, that conclusion does not necessarily follow for more regional temperature diagnostics or for different variables. For instance, working in anomalies is not as useful for metrics that are bounded, like rainfall.

Which is a bit of a problem if regional temperatures depend, in an any way, on rainfall.
Does this imply the models can’t replicate precipitation – thus can’t replicate cloud cover – but somehow are reasonable in predicting global mean temperature?
Curious.

Reply to  M Courtney
December 24, 2014 6:59 am

Yes, anomalies are good for downplaying lack of knowledge.

Reply to  M Courtney
December 24, 2014 9:10 am

“Does this imply the models can’t replicate precipitation – thus can’t replicate cloud cover – but somehow are reasonable in predicting global mean temperature?”
Some models do well om one and poorly on the other. That’s pretty well known to anyone who has actually looked at the data.

Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 24, 2014 9:43 am

They also have unnatural regional temps, but since it’s all mashed into a global average, most would never know that.

AndyG55
Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 24, 2014 12:51 pm

“Some models do well om one and poorly on the other.”
Accidents happen !!

jorgekafkazar
Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 24, 2014 2:08 pm

I shall meditate on the data…

Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 24, 2014 9:35 pm

Actually, climate models do very poorly regarding rainfall, and in general are unable to reproduce it with any fidelity at all. That’s pretty well known to anyone who has actually looked at the data. See e.g. Koutsoyiannis, A comparison of local and aggregated climate model outputs with observed data.
w.

Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 25, 2014 2:41 pm

Mosher writes “Some models do well om one and poorly on the other. That’s pretty well known to anyone who has actually looked at the data.”
Only a diehard believer would see that as being anything other than a fit.

William Astley
December 24, 2014 3:40 am

Gavin is hoping to keep his job when there is the house cleaning after the change in the US administration.
It will be interesting to see if the start of significant global cooling will occur prior to the change in the US administration.

ConTrari
Reply to  William Astley
December 24, 2014 6:51 am

It would be interesting to compare the degree of backtracking with the years remaining to reitrement age for certain climate scientists.

Reply to  William Astley
December 24, 2014 6:54 am

Do have the faintest idea, whatsoever, how hard it is to fire a GS employee?

DAV
Reply to  TomB
December 24, 2014 7:18 am

He doesn’t have to be fired to be removed as head of GISS. For example, he could be laterally promoted to Head of Structural Anomaly Counts (sometimes referred to as crack counters) in the Office of Basement Studies in some choice location like North Dakota.

ferdberple
Reply to  TomB
December 24, 2014 7:24 am

typically you promote them to where they can do the least harm.

Ed_B
Reply to  TomB
December 24, 2014 9:38 am

You defund the entire organization as being less than useless, ie, for being harmful to the public.

Reply to  TomB
December 24, 2014 2:27 pm

Since firing one is so arduous, they are usually transferred to a dept known to others as a “Turkey farm.”

Jim Francisco
Reply to  William Astley
December 24, 2014 8:54 am

Sounds right. Gavin may find a rapid change in income is not a good thing either.

Reply to  William Astley
December 24, 2014 1:15 pm

Their house of cards is falling apart. Arctic sea ice extent is growing and will continue growing for the next 20 to 30 years. Antarctic sea ice is growing even during the southern summer. Satellites and radiosone data showing cooling, not warming. All this is happening despite increases in CO2. To top it all off, satellite observation of CO2 does not even show large emissions of the usual suspects. And then there is the blockbuster revelation about acidification. It is all falling apart. All they have left is the propaganda and the lies.

Reply to  Alan Poirier
December 24, 2014 5:49 pm

Nice reply, Alan. Smart guys like Gavin And Trenberth see the writing on the wall today for where Earth’s temps are headed, and are positioning themselves accordingly. Just like they did 20 or so years ago.
They should be fired (IMAO)..

December 24, 2014 3:55 am

… However, the variations in the averages of the model GMT values are quite wide, and indeed, are larger than the changes seen over the last century, and so whether this matters needs to be assessed.
And the biased, politically motivated “adjustments”, “infilling”, “homogenization”, and all the rest produce a band that is even wider. It would help if we could trust the honesty of these government minions pretending to be scientists. If I could, I would fire every one of them right down to the guy who has to clean the restrooms. I would start fresh with new people and a mandate to get honest data —- and to be honest about all the problems associated with whatever data we come up with.
A Christmas message to the readers here — May God bless you and yours. ~ Mark

ConTrari
Reply to  markstoval
December 24, 2014 6:52 am

Indeed. The restrooms cleaning statistics are probably hockeysticked too.

Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 3:59 am

…no particular absolute global temperature provides a risk to society…
Er… there is a HUGE amount of credibility invested in precise temperature figures – starting with Stern. Almost ALL the ‘anti-global-warming’ proposals are stated (and funded) with a justification of the need to hold the temperature down to a particular figure – the unstated belief being that ‘pre-industrial’ climate temperatures are the ‘right’ ones.
This sentence alone completely undercuts the entire warmist manifesto.
I assume that it will be altered, or modified in some way before very long….

Otteryd
Reply to  Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 5:32 am

The sentence or the manifesto???

mpainter
Reply to  Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 7:13 am

I would like to see a follow-up on Gavin’s comment. There will be a reaction amongst the cultists. Schmidt is sure to be drummed from the ranks.

Alx
December 24, 2014 4:14 am

…it is the change in temperature compared to what we’ve been used to that matters.”

No it’s not. I was used to being younger, now I am used to being older. Italy was used to “all roads lead to Rome”, now not so much. What matters is getting used to change without using fear of change to do harm or manipulate others.
In terms of temperature, the issue is how will increasing temperatures change regional eco-systems and in turn affect people living there. The answer is nobody knows. For now get used to change, because it may be sometime before we gain control over earths climate and eco-systems.

PeterinMD
Reply to  Alx
December 24, 2014 4:48 am

We will never gain control over earth’s climate and eco-systems, unless we create a nuclear winter maybe. I think we can be better stewards to the eco-system, but control is a pipe dream. IMHO

nielszoo
Reply to  PeterinMD
December 24, 2014 8:41 am

I think the lack of any substantial effects from the hundreds of massive oil fires during Iraq’s invasion and war on Kuwait put a pretty large stake into the heart of the “nuclear winter” theories.

CC Reader
Reply to  PeterinMD
December 24, 2014 10:31 am

Have you ever heard of the acronym “EMP”. Nuclear weapons destroy cities while EMP’s “turn-off” all electronics. IMO, the primary target of nuclear weapons would be large hydro-electric facilities, military depots and maybe capital cities.

Manfred
Reply to  PeterinMD
December 24, 2014 12:45 pm

Absolutely. The present climate obsession is among other things, a Babylonian delusion of titanic magnitude. It’ll be very messy when it topples.

skorrent1
Reply to  Alx
December 24, 2014 7:40 am

“the issue is how will increasing” OR DECREASING “temperatures change regional eco-systems …” Nobody knows the direction of change either.

JohnWho
Reply to  Alx
December 24, 2014 7:46 am

Well, “in terms of temperature” the real issue is whether “we, the people” are having any discernable effect, because if not, then we simply must prepare to adjust to whatever happens.

AP
Reply to  Alx
December 24, 2014 2:15 pm

Humans are constantly underestimating the resiliancy of “ecosystems”. In my opinion the whole concept of “ecosystems” is a crock, unless you are talking about a fully closed system, which is a fantasy. Indeed, even if certain ecological characteristics of an area disappear (and most often they just regenerate, not disappear) others soon appear in their place. Some of the most industrial places on earth 100 years ago are now “protected” because of their “ecological value”. A small example: we have a disused quarry near our house. It’s now protected despite being extensively mined with no regard for environmental issues from the mid-1800s. According to the environmentalists, the endangered ecological communities are to be admired for their resilliance, being able to fully regenerate since the quarry closed in the 1980s. However in the same paragraph they proslethise to us how we must carefully protect this “fragile” environment. Both can not be true.

George McFly......I'm your density
December 24, 2014 4:15 am

Sounds to me like he is hedging his bets…

Oatley
December 24, 2014 4:20 am

Dodgy:
I was having a debate with a chap and I stopped him with a few innocent questions:
1/. Ok, what then is the target average temperature for the earth?
2/. Who are the angels among us who decide that?
3/. If it waivers, who adjudicates the man made response?
4/. What if the guys at say, 40 degrees latitude don’t like the “orders from headquarters”?
It was fun to watch the sputtering.

Reply to  Oatley
December 24, 2014 7:17 pm

I asked those questions on a modestly trafficked blog years ago when climate issues were hot. Never did get an answer.

SAMURAI
December 24, 2014 4:21 am

Gavin writes, “However, the variations in the averages of the model GMT values are quite wide, and indeed, are larger than the changes seen over the last century, and so whether this matters needs to be assessed.”
Translation: CAGW models are completely screwed, are far from reflecting reality and have ZERO predictive skill. However, we’ll keep “adjusting” climate data to keep this old hag plodding along to assure that I, and many others, have jobs for as long as possible…
Merry Christmas!

Steve from Rockwood
December 24, 2014 4:40 am

Change course slowly and others won’t notice you were originally headed in the wrong direction.
Happy Holidays!

Latitude
December 24, 2014 4:58 am

….no one will noticecomment image

Kelvin Vaughan
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 5:38 am

I see a warming of around !°F.

Rick K
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 6:24 am

Nice! I wonder if Gavin has seen that…

Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 7:09 am

Obviously, thermometers stop working properly under the influence of alcohol.

Latitude
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 7:44 am

The only way you get global warming…..is on a graph in 1/10th and 1/100th degree

nielszoo
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 8:46 am

It makes research design so much more “flexible” when the effect you wish to “prove” is an order of magnitude or two below the accuracy of your data. But then again, humans have always had a lot of fun finding patterns in random data… like the pictures the ancients found in the constellations. They will always see what they’re looking for until we start making them either do it for free or pay for the search themselves.

The Ghost Of Big Jim Cooley
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 9:29 am

I love that, Latitude, I just wish there were a similar graph in degrees c! It would be so great to send to your local Member of Parliament, here in the UK.
A plea I have made before:
Can anyone replicate this in degrees c? Pretty please, it is Xmas!

Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 9:38 am

You should have shown the chart in degrees Rankine instead.

Bill 2
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 9:51 am

Why not use Kelvin with a range of 0 to 1000? Or 0 to 1,000,000?

AndyG55
Reply to  Bill 2
December 24, 2014 12:56 pm

It makes sense to use equipment that is designed to show the normal day to day variability of temperatures in most parts of the world. ie a standard alcohol based weather temperature thermometer.

jorgekafkazar
Reply to  Latitude
December 24, 2014 2:15 pm

“WE’RE GONNA DIE! WE’RE GONNA DIE!” –“Big Al” Gore

george e. smith
Reply to  Latitude
December 27, 2014 1:15 am

Who was taking the alcohol ??

eqibno
December 24, 2014 5:11 am

No longer having Hansen as his boss is gradually having an effect, apparently. Now, if they will next take a look at all the adjustment shenanigans and start to question all forms of warming bias, there may be hope yet. Either way, a nice Christmas present and a potential New Year’s resolution. 🙂

Reply to  eqibno
December 24, 2014 10:18 am

As mentioned above, the main problem is that the global mean temperature is very much an emergent property. That means that it is a function of almost all the different aspects of the model (radiation, fluxes, ocean physics, clouds etc.), and any specific discrepancy is not obviously tied to any one cause. Indeed, since there are many feedbacks in the system, a small error somewhere can produce large effects somewhere else.

I have to agree, Hansen would never have let anyone under him admit that climate has a sensitive dependency on initial conditions; that pretty much means that any chance of making predictions over any timescale greater than trivial is about nil.

KNR
Reply to  eqibno
December 24, 2014 12:36 pm

Sorry but Gavin got the job because Dr Doom knew he be a ‘safe pair’ of hands to carry on his work in the same , dam the facts all that matters is the message , way . And another one who is basically all in on AGW that can only look forward to nothing but a worse future should ‘the cause ‘ fall.

Frank K.
December 24, 2014 5:14 am

Some physical properties and phenomena that are dependent on *** absolute *** temperature:
(1) Specific heat, viscosity, thermal conductivity of all substances (air, water, solids…).
(2) Humidity, condensation/evaporation of water.
(3) Thermal radiation heat transfer (depends on Tabsolute^4) and related physical properties.
(4) Melting, freezing, boiling point of all liquids (e.g. water).
(5) Chemical reactions and combustion processes.
Other than these (and some others I’m sure I missed), absolute temperature doesn’t matter…

Reply to  Frank K.
December 24, 2014 7:08 am

Yes, as a first approximation, just to guide policymakers on how to ruin a country.

mib8
Reply to  Frank K.
December 24, 2014 9:10 am

Except that in this case, absolute global mean temperature is not considered as an actual procedural-instrumental measurement of reality, but only “emerges from the models”. So, don’t pay any attention to actual temperature measurements, but only this artifact of the models (absolute global mean temperature) versus that artifact of the models (anomalies from some arbitrarily chosen base-line)?
Help! The fog-machines are overwhelming.

Reply to  Frank K.
December 24, 2014 9:11 am

bingo.

AndyG55
Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 24, 2014 12:58 pm

Have you been spending your time at the old ladies home again , Steve ?

December 24, 2014 5:15 am

Gavin appears to be trying to turn AGW debate into a cultural thing. It’s not about temperatures, it is about what we have become accustomed to.

Reply to  Joseph Ryan (@jmotivator)
December 24, 2014 7:10 am

Hadn’t you noticed as climatology became a social science?

Francois GM
Reply to  Joseph Ryan (@jmotivator)
December 25, 2014 4:47 pm

Exactly. This is a great example of post-modern touchy-feely science. If you feel consumerism and industrialization are bad, then science should reflect that. If you feel we’re living within a rape culture environment, science should reflect that as well. And so on …

Tom O
December 24, 2014 5:15 am

” To be clear, no particular absolute global temperature provides a risk to society, it is the change in temperature compared to what we’ve been used to that matters. ”
So what is this change that we need to be concerned with? I lived the first 40 years of my life in the State of Maine where very nearly, the average day time highs tracked the average daytime lows in Phoenix, AZ. I now line in Phoenix. The change in temperature was roughly 35 degrees F for summer highs and 55 degrees F for winter lows. Granted, that is not a world wide change, but I don’t think a 3 degree shift in temperature is going to be a crisis for most people on Earth or the animals and plants that survive here. I think the pseudo scientists believe the Earth’s ecology is far more fragile than reality. It appears that “reality,” to them, is about as transparent as their methods and data are to us.

TRM
Reply to  Tom O
December 24, 2014 8:09 am

Exactly! The absolute global temperature is no risk but the change from what “we’re used to” is? WTF?
Serious question for Gavin: Used to over what time frame? The last 12,000 years? 6000? 2000? 150?
After this year’s el-Nino petered out I’m thinking they are all in duck and cover mode for next year’s la-Nina.

Admin
December 24, 2014 5:21 am

What change in temperature?
:->

Jim G
Reply to  Eric Worrall
December 24, 2014 7:24 am

More to the point, change FROM what?

skorrent1
Reply to  Eric Worrall
December 24, 2014 7:52 am

The change in global average of the annual average of the measured local daily average, donchano! Now if we could only figure out the significance of “average temperature” …

Alan Robertson
December 24, 2014 5:26 am

What a Christmas gift to Gavin! Today’s enhanced RC daily click rate should be good for quite a few bragging rights, but oh, what an interesting site… the very next post let’s me understand that Antarctic sea ice increases don’t matter because Polar Bears don’t care and there’s even a handy link to Tamino’s site for even morre twisty- turnies as proof.

Alan Robertson
Reply to  Bob Tisdale
December 24, 2014 10:04 am

So, we’ll only quadruple their daily visitation rate, then?
Merry Christmas Bob and many thanks for the information and insights you provide.

December 24, 2014 5:28 am

“it is the change in temperature compared to what we’ve been used to that matters.”
I have done some analysis of the temperature change trends in the 42 models in the dataset. The results are interesting.
So the models are estimating monthly global mean temperatures backwards to 1861 and forwards to 2101, a period of 240 years. It seems that the CHIP5 models include 145 years of history to 2005, and 95 years of projections from 2006 onward.
Over the entire time series, the average model has a warming trend of 1.26C per century. This compares to UAH global trend of 1.38C, measured by satellites since 1979.
However, the average model over the same period as UAH shows a rate of +2.15C/cent. Moreover, for the 30 years from 2006 to 2035, the warming rate is projected at 2.28C. These estimates are in contrast to the 145 years of history in the models, where the trend shows as 0.41C per century.
Clearly, the CHIP5 models are programmed for the future to warm more than 5 times the rate as the past.
One wonders what is the evidence for such an increase in projected temperatures.

Reply to  Ron C.
December 24, 2014 7:15 am

M.M.’s hockey stick. There’s the evidence.

Jeff Alberts
Reply to  Ron C.
December 24, 2014 7:48 am

CMIP, not CHIP. Though I think CHIMP is more appropriate.

TRM
Reply to  Jeff Alberts
December 24, 2014 8:11 am

As in a monkey and a dart board? Very true.

Jeff Alberts
Reply to  Jeff Alberts
December 24, 2014 4:37 pm

Or an infinite number of monkeys coding an infinite number of computer models. Eventually one of them will come up with 6×9=42.

rd50
December 24, 2014 5:31 am

This is what we need. Finally, our Christmas Gift: No More Anomalies!

Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 5:40 am

@Oatley

1/. Ok, what then is the target average temperature for the earth?
2/. Who are the angels among us who decide that?
3/. If it waivers, who adjudicates the man made response?
4/. What if the guys at say, 40 degrees latitude don’t like the “orders from headquarters”?

He wasn’t a true disciple of the warmist church, then. The correct answers for these questions, as approved by the IPCC, are:
1 – The ‘pre-industrial temperature’ – defined to be 0.75 degC less than today, whatever today is.
2 – This is decided by Al Gore, with advice from Mike Mann, Phil Smith,William Connolley and Tamino.
3 – The correct response is specified by Lord Stern, taking advice from lead authors of the IPCC Report.
4 – If anyone doesn’t like this, their heads will be removed explosively. See 10:10.

Reply to  Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 7:18 am

Dodgy, it seems like your sarcasm switch is stuck even worst than mine!

Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 5:44 am

@RonC
…Clearly, the CHIP5 models are programmed for the future to warm more than 5 times the rate as the past.
One wonders what is the evidence for such an increase in projected temperatures….

Simple.
1 – Temperatures were predicted to increase rapidly.
2 – They haven’t, so the heat must be hiding somewhere.
3 – When this hidden heat comes out from behind the sofa, everything will get hotter much faster.
This advance on current thermodynamics theory is brought to you courtesy of Greenpeace….

Reply to  Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 7:21 am

It doesn’t have to come out; The sofa, much like the ice caps will melt down and let it out.

nielszoo
Reply to  Dodgy Geezer
December 24, 2014 9:56 am

Darn, I must have missed the “Behind the Sofa” paper… but I’m sure it passed “peer review.”

Don B
December 24, 2014 5:46 am

Was the 2 degree tipping point just thrown under the bus?

Reply to  Don B
December 24, 2014 7:22 am

Ouch!

John Peter
December 24, 2014 5:48 am

I thought this chap Heller over at stevengoddard.wordpress.com has been beating the drum on absolute temps rather than anomalies all along and got the thumbs down from Mosher & Co. A slow movement towards absolutes as the 6th January approaches & 114th Congress commences with Inhofe in ascendancy.

Reply to  John Peter
December 24, 2014 9:15 am

wrong.
1. At berkeley we work in absolute temperature.
2. given hellers average approach, he must use anomalies or he will get the wrong answer.
Whether you use anomalies is tied to your METHOD.
Some methods, like Hellers, REQUIRE anomalies.
Other methods, like ours, do NOT require anomalies.
Simply: if you want to average temperatures like heller does, you first must create anomalies otherwise
you will get a biasedd result. However, if you want to estimate the temperature field, then you dont use anomalies.

CC Reader
Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 24, 2014 10:49 am

How does BEST differ from the followings?
Another problem arises if people try and combine the (uncertain) absolute values with the (less uncertain) anomalies to create a seemingly precise absolute temperature time series. Recently a WMO press release seemed to suggest that the 2014 temperatures were 14.00ºC plus the 0.57ºC anomaly. Given the different uncertainties though, adding these two numbers is misleading – since the errors on 14.57ºC would be ±0.5ºC as well, making the a bit of a mockery of the last couple of significant figures. – See more at: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2014/12/absolute-temperatures-and-relative-anomalies/#.dpuf

Rienk
Reply to  Steven Mosher
December 26, 2014 4:02 am

wrong.
You cannot get a field from point sources unless…. and then you’ll have to use….

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