New satellite set to launch this year will make the most accurate sea level measurements yet – or so they claim – Anthony
Credits: Airbus
From NASA Goddard:
Once the state-of-the-art Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite launches in November, it will collect the most accurate data yet on sea level — a key indicator of how Earth’s warming climate is affecting the oceans, weather and coastlines. But first, engineers need to ensure that the spacecraft can survive the rigors of launch and of operating in the harsh environment of space. That’s where meticulous testing comes in.
At the end of May, engineers finished putting the spacecraft — which is being built in Germany — through a battery of tests that began in November 2019. “If it can survive all the abuse we deliberately put it through on the ground, then it’s ready for space,” said John Oswald, the mission’s deputy project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.
The Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich spacecraft is a part of the Copernicus Sentinel-6/Jason-CS (Continuity of Service) mission, a joint U.S.-European effort in which two identical satellites will be launched five years apart. The spacecraft will join the Copernicus constellation of satellites that constitutes the European Union’s Earth Observation Programme. Once in orbit, each satellite will collect sea level measurements down to the centimeter for 90% of the world’s oceans. The data will add to almost 30 years of information gathered by an uninterrupted series of joint U.S.-European satellites, creating an unprecedented — and unbroken — 40-year sea level dataset. The spacecraft will also measure the temperature and humidity of Earth’s atmosphere, which can be used to help improve weather forecasts and hurricane predictions.
These measurements are important because the oceans and atmosphere are tightly connected. “We’re changing our climate, and the clearest signal of that is the rising oceans,” said Josh Willis, the mission’s project scientist at JPL. “More than 90% of the heat trapped by greenhouse gases is going into the ocean.” That heat causes seawater to expand, accounting for about one-third of the global average of modern-day sea level rise. Meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets account for the rest.
The Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite sits in front of a testing chamber where mission team members tested whether the spacecraft could endure the loud sounds it will encounter during launch.Credits: Airbus
“For climate science, what we need to know is not just sea level today, but sea level compared to 20 years ago. We need long records to do climate science,” said Willis.
Six scientific instruments are key to that task. Two of them will work in concert to measure the distance from the satellite to the ocean’s surface. That information — combined with data from three other instruments that precisely establish the satellite’s position in orbit and a sixth that will measure vertical slices of the atmosphere for temperature and humidity — will help determine sea levels around the world.
Put Through Their Paces
To ensure that the scientific instruments will work once they get into space, engineers sent the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich to a testing facility near Munich and ran the satellite through a gauntlet starting in November 2019.
First up: the vibration test, where the engineers subjected the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite to the kinds of shaking it will experience while attached to a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket blasting into orbit. Then in December, engineers tested the spacecraft in a big vacuum chamber and exposed it to the extreme temperatures that it will encounter in space, ranging from 149 to minus 292 degrees Fahrenheit (65 to minus 180 degrees Celsius).
The next two trials took place in late April and May. The acoustics test, performed in April, made sure the satellite could withstand the loud noises that occur during launch. Engineers placed the spacecraft in a roughly 1,000-square-foot (100-square-meter) chamber outfitted with enormous speakers. Then they blasted the satellite with four 60-second bursts of sound, with the loudest peaking around 140 decibels. That’s like standing next to a jet’s engine as the plane takes off.
Finally, in the last week of May, engineers performed an electromagnetic compatibility test to ensure that the sensors and electronics on the satellite wouldn’t interfere with one another, or with the data collection. The mission uses state-of-the-art instruments to make precise measurements, so the smallest interference could compromise that data.
Normally, JPL engineers would help to conduct these tests in person, but two of the trials took place after social-distancing safety measures had been established due to the coronavirus pandemic. So team members worked out a system to support their counterparts in Germany remotely.
To account for the nine-hour time-zone difference, engineers in California pulled shifts from midnight to 10 a.m. for several weeks, consulting with colleagues in Germany through phone calls, video conferences, chat rooms and text messages. “It was confusing sometimes, keeping all the channels and groups going at the same time in the middle of the night, but I was impressed with our team,” said Oswald.
The upshot of all that effort? “The tests are complete and the preliminary results look good,” Oswald said. Team members will spend the next several weeks completing the analysis of the test results and then preparing the satellite for shipment to Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for launch this fall.
About the Mission
Copernicus Sentinel-6/Jason-CS is being jointly developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with funding support from the European Commission and support from France’s National Centre for Space Studies (CNES).
The first Sentinel-6/Jason-CS satellite that will launch was named after the former director of NASA’s Earth Science Division, Michael Freilich. It will follow the most recent U.S.-European sea level observation satellite, Jason-3, which launched in 2016 and is currently providing data.
NASA’s contributions to the Sentinel-6 mission are three of the science instrument payloads for each of the two Sentinel-6 satellites, including the Advanced Microwave Radiometer, the Global Navigation Satellite System – Radio Occultation, and the Laser Reflector Array. NASA is also contributing launch services for those satellites, ground systems supporting operation of the JPL-provided science instruments, the science data processors for two of these instruments, and support for the international Ocean Surface Topography Science Team.
To learn more about NASA’s study of sea level rise, visit:
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Just don’t get any software code from UN agencies or their contractors.
Well, if the data shows sea level rise is less than required, I’m sure we can count of Josh Willis to meticulously go through all the data and remove any data points which are causing problems.
Clearly his work removing unwanted cooler ocean temperature data from 2006 has put him in line for a stellar career in climate “science”.
go through all the data and remove any data points which are causing problems
No, that will be too much work. You can program it in.
Speaking of causing problems, it is good to know that pumping out aquifers is not a causing a problem:
“That heat causes seawater to expand, accounting for about one-third of the global average of modern-day sea level rise. Meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets account for the rest.”
Well, that’s settled then. IR backscatter is entering the oceans by miraculous means and causing them to warm (it’s not increased solar insolation). Pumping out the great Saharan and Central US Ogallala aquifers, or from the plains of India, has no effect of sea level. Perhaps that is the water that fills the increasing depth of the great ocean basins.
It is great to know we have overturned those earlier radiative and volumetric misconceptions.
/Sarc
According to Argo, the heating of the oceans has only been about 0.01C. Of course they measure this with instruments that are rated as +/- 0.5C and haven’t been recalibrated since they were launched several years ago.
NASA should’ve been DEfunded within 10 years of John Glenn riding in ISS. Instead, we’re stuck with this blob. $26 trillion in debt, it’s time to pull the plug. Edison didn’t work at a Federal Administrative Agency, but he still did great things.
The equipment is meaningless because the people who own it can not be trusted.
Average temperature is also a meaningless number since it is not a measurement — it is a statistic including lots of guesses (infilling) — and no one lives in the average temperature.
We have had mild global warming since the late 1600s — no one was harmed — the warming was good news.
Most people expect global warming to continue
but have decided, with no evidence, that future warming MUST be bad news … because they say so.
Some scientists began predicting a climate crisis in the late 1950s — but they have been wrong for 60 years.
It’s long past the time to stop.believing climate forecasts and the silly computer games presented as “proof”.
What if NASA’s new ocean satellite finds sea level rise isn’t the problem it’s touted to be? Gee, that’s easy, they’ll do the same as they did when temperatures didn’t rise like they were supposed to – “adjust” past records.
Well if that happens, clearly we’ll have to use the computer modeled sea level calculations rather than the measured ones, because they are obviously more accurate.
Or the satellite may just have a “major malfunction” a week or two after the offending data starts to pour in.
They need to have UAH monitor, record and display the data… NOT those crooks at
@NASAGISS !
Trust in Univ of Alabama Huntsville not Columbia Univ NYC.
This says it all about SLR:
https://twitter.com/Kenneth72712993/status/1272994509396287490?s=20
“They need to have UAH monitor, record and display the data… NOT those crooks at”
1. UAH does not post their raw data
2. UAH adjust data but do not release their adjustment codes.
3. Over the history of UAH, there have been numerous FIXES that have in some cases
totally reversed the trend they found.
Trust no one.
check.
If a PI refuses to release the raw data and the adjustment code, ignore their work.
That would be UAH
UAH could Adjust 2.14 until it was PI
Yes, but they double check their results against balloon data and it agrees. That is more than you can say for the others which are, by and large, flights of fancy.
Mosher, you are lying, as demonstrated by Willis further below. The question is why. Do you have the answer?
it won’t…they will find it’s 10 feet higher than they though
..and it’s worse than they though
(of course, the rest of us in the real world…that live on the ocean…have not noticed one damn thing different)
Or “recalibrate” the instrument
I seem to remember they had to recalibrate Jason 1 & 2 (or was it Topex?) a couple of times before they got the answer they wanted ?? They kept getting zero sea level rise.
Nils Axel Morner claims:
http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/sea_level_not_rising.pdf
Thanks, Ric, for reminding us of this.
Note in Morner’s first-page summary: “The raw data from the TOPEX/POSEIDON sea-level satellites, which operated from 1993-2000, shows a slight uptrend in sea level. However, after exclusion of the distorting effects of the Great El Niño Southern Oscillation of 1997/1998, a naturally-occurring event, the sea-level trend is zero.
“What if NASA’s new ocean satellite finds sea level rise isn’t the problem it’s touted to be?”
At 3mm a year(about a foot a century), it’s not the problem it’s touted to be now. So it isn’t likely that things will change. However it’s possible that the new satellite and its predecessor in five years may provide some useful insight as to why satellite sea level change estimates are consistently about 50% higher than estimates derived from tide gauges. … Or not.
The satellite has centimeter accuracy and sea rise is in mm. How exactly is this going to tell us anything in time to be useful?
They’ll what’s always been done: recalibrate it to cherry-picked tidal gauges.
If the satellite does not find rising sea levels, this will be proof that historical data is too high and needs to be lowered. In fact it will be found to be worse than we feared.
Yep, lack of evidence always proves “it” is worse than we feared! More money needed.
You mean like the BOM’s Australian Baseline Sea Level Monitoring Project
“The project is designed to monitor sea level around the coastline of Australia. The ultimate goal is to identify long period sea level changes, with particular emphasis on the enhanced greenhouse effect on sea level.”
Yes well what an embarrassing waste of taxpayer’s money . . .
So embarrassing they stopped the yearly reports in 2011
http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/projects/abslmp/abslmp.shtml#:~:text=About%20the%20Project,greenhouse%20effect%20on%20sea%20level.
Then went to “Annual climate reports” , then for 2016 “Annual climate statement”, which make no mention of sea level rise.
Hi Warren,
just happened to be passing and noticed this. I decided to follow up on Adam’s reply and there is info charted to June 2012 (format changes for July …) called ‘Sea Level Trends’ which, if I had to guess, did not look scary enough (or meet the expectations of the accelerating sea rise meme). Not doubt the Ex-CSIRO legend will be along shortly to explain why. Anyway, flat as a pancake (or similar analogy where appropriate).
Wobbled a little at the start (early ’90’s), then the algorithm managed to tune itself to kind of ‘rising’ (late ’90’s) and then in the early 2000’s started falling (significantly at some measuring stations) and has been unremarkable since 2005/2006.
My tax dollars at work.
Cheers,
Andy
Yes ‘deceleration’ has been the BOM’s worst nightmare!
The longest continuous Australasian/NZ records, Fremantle and Auckland, situated on the western and eastern periphery of the Oceania region, respectively, exhibit remarkably similar trends in the relative 20-year moving average water level time series after 1920. Both time series show a rise in mean sea level of approximately 120 mm between 1920 and 2000 with strong correlation (R2$0.93) to fitted second-order polynomial trend lines that reflect a tendency toward a general slowing in the rise of mean sea level (or deceleration) over time on the order of 0.02–0.04 mm/y2. The Fort Denison water level time series after 1940 similarly reflects a decelerating trend in sea level rise at a rate of 0.04 mm/y2based on a strongly correlated fit (R250.974) to the second-order polynomial function. This decelerating trend was also evident in the detailed analysis of 25 U.S. tide gauge records longer than 80 years in length (Dean and Houston, pers. comm.) and a general 20thcentury deceleration, driven predominantly by the negative inflexions around 1960 evident in many global records, are well noted in the literature (Douglas, 1992; Holgate, 2007; Wood-worth, 1990; Woodworth, Mene´dez, and Gehrels, pers. comm.)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232692921_Is_There_Evidence_Yet_of_Acceleration_in_Mean_Sea_Level_Rise_around_Mainland_Australia
Sorry about the scrambled math symbols; see Researchgate link for clarification.
Flat as the Nulabar Plain
No, it’s not the Nu Labour plain, its the Nullarbor plain…:-)
It’s still flat dull and mainly red tho.
Cleva Leo!
Look at the last report to see the cumulative data and why they stopped.
To answer the question posed by the title of the post …. nothing will happen. Unless the data from the satellite supports the AGW theory the results will be hidden just like the OCO satellites.
It is peculiar that the only result from OCO has been just a colorful graphic. JPL presents monthly lectures (available online) on planned future missions and results from past or ongoing missions. There is a prelaunch presentation on OCO from 2014 but nothing about results.
No worries on that score. They have a card up their sleeve called the GIA. Global Isostatic Adjustment. Supposedly the ongoing isostatic rebound from the LGM is causing the ocean floor to sink in places, which allegedly would have led to a lowering of sea level, but is overwhelmed by thermosteric expansion and ice-cap melting that gives the net SLR.
So if the GIA says sea level would have fallen by x, and the satellite measures an actual sea level rise of y, their “net” SLR will be x+y. Y is measured, but x is the result of some pretty fuzzy calculation, so can be adjusted as needed. And they usually don’t show x and y separately.
I think we can look forward to seeing a modest “worse than we thought” once the data start being downloaded and processed.
Smart Rock
In other words, there is a natural negative feedback loop that is compensating for the claimed increase in ocean volume. Thus, it becomes a non-problem that they are trying to keep alive by pointing out why the sea level isn’t rising as much as expected. An existential problem becomes an academic novelty.
So…WE are changing the climate, and the sealevel rise or even the changes in climate couldn’t possibly have anything to do with, oh, I don’t know, that we’re still recovering from the last Ice Age? Depressed Continents or tectonic plates rebounding from a load of a couple of miles of ice? Or the variations in output of good old Sol, the center of our system?
Black Rainclouds Matter.
“Black Rainclouds Matter.”
So do white ones, and pink ones !
All rainclouds matter ! ( hope that’s not being cloudist ).
OK, it is structurally wrong, a slight correction will fix it,”When NASA’s new satellite data shows that sea level rise is not a problem what new lie will they desperately cling to?” You’re welcome.
The satellite will of course make measurements (however precise or accurate those may be) of the current ocean sea level states around the world.
But you have to remember the most fundamental and basic tenet of climate scam alarmism: the Climate boogey man is always looming in future, just over the horizon based on some set of junk model outputs.
So even though this satellite, if it operates correctly, will show basically what we know from tide gauge data adjusted for the local isostasy, the oceans are rising at a global average of about 2 mm/yr to 3 mm /yr. The alarmism is always though in the distant future.
Or you will see headlines in gore-crow giant font:
‘2 MM TO 3MM A YEAR! WE’RE ALL GONNA DIE!!’
It’s all in the presentation.
That’s a 50% increase…I’m Terra-fied
Joe Snider,
Surely you mean a ‘MASSIVE RISE OF 2000000nm TO 3000000nm A YEAR! WE’RE ALL GONNA DIE!!’
Rule 6 of the alarmist handbook —
Always state actual measurements in the least usable units, or unitary designations.
Agreed – I wasn’t nearly dramatic enough.
And the tidal gauge trends have been on this steady linear rise for aroubd 150 years now.
The earth’s big thermometers (the oceans) clearly indicate the presence of a 150 year linesr warming trend. They also do not show a CO2 induced change in the long term trend, so whatever has been causing the 150 year trend overwhelms whatever might be happening due to CO2.
New instrument. New measurements. New set of data
But like all the other past updates in instrumentation, they will just keep adjusting the past data (downwards) to fit an expected trend.
And still with a 3.2cm accuracy.
http://database.eohandbook.com/database/instrumentsummary.aspx?instrumentID=1723
“More than 90% of the heat trapped by greenhouse gases is going into the ocean.”
Really? So the warming atmosphere is heating the oceans, despite being about 1000 times less dense. And they have measurements indicating that 90% of the atmospheric heating goes that way. Uh huh. Have they released these measurements for public scrutiny? Thats what I thought.
The people who write these articles aren’t scientists or engineers.
Anyway, 70% of the world is covered by ocean so it’s plausible that 70% of the energy is absorbed by the oceans already.
What puzzles me is the evaporation mechanism for moving heat from the equator to the upper atmosphere and the tropics. link It’s a/the most important driver of the climate and yet it gets relatively little credit.
We know water has about 2500 the heat capacity of air so anyone claiming the air is warming the ocean is uninformed.
1st DLR photon : I’m fed up ! Why do I have to be part of the 30% of back radiation heading for land ?
2nd DLR photon : Me too. Heating the land is so 20th century !
1st DLR photon : Hey, it’s a nice sunny day and I fancy a dip in the ocean. Why don’t we change direction.
2nd DLR photon : Can we do that ? I thought we had to travel in straight lines.
1st DLR photon : But this is Climate Science ™. You’re allowed to break the laws of physics.
2nd DLR photon : What if someone finds out ?
1st DLR photon : Don’t worry. They can’t measure the effect of downward long wave radiation on the oceans. So they make up the numbers they want with a computamibob. They already think 90% of us go to the oceans.
To heck with computer models, now we can prove global warming with satellites. Just ask Josh…
If the treatment of temperature data by weather organisations is a guide, if the sea level data is off narrative it will be adjusted and homogenised until it is “correct” Never let uncooperative data get in the way of a good narrative.
“We’re changing our climate, and the clearest signal of that is the rising oceans” so the mission “scientist” already knows the results. Science sure has changed since I got my degree. We were taught to question our assumptions and not anticipate data or results.
Maybe they got this part right. None of the stable long lived tide guages shows any acceleration so the “clearest signal” is that we are not changing the climate enough to measure.
Yes, you beat me to it. They already decided the answer.
Finding there is no problem? A snowball landing safely unmelted on the surface of the Sun would be a better bet than an expectation of an outbreak of honesty from the climate hysterics gravy train.
In other unexpected developments: the BBC decides to live up to its Charter, Michael Mann recants on his hockey stick, WWF announces Polar Bears are well and don’t hold your breath ….
If it doesn’t produce results which conform to the expected doctrine, then it will be sidelined and forgotten much like the OCO satellite data.
What’s the latest with those observations / measurements?
This is the last generated global CO2 map I could find from OCO-2 (Oct-Nov 2014). OCO-3, which uses the same instrument as OCO-2, has been bolted onto the ISS to take SAMs (Snapshot Are Maps). It seems that the global approach did not warrant much effort when it failed to produce enough climate doom so we are switching to the human scale in order to increase the pucker factor.
Thanks for this Yirgach.
Here in BC I keep a couple of full SCUBA tanks on my balcony just in case the dreaded atmospheric CO2 levels suddenly spike to “worse than we thought levels” and asphyxiate the missus & me as we sleep.
Can’t be too careful in these dangerous times of “climate CRISIS”
See https://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2017/05/12/surprising-nasas-global-visualization-in-3d-of-carbon-dioxide-in-earths-atmosphere/
https://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2015/11/04/oco-2-orbiting-carbon-observatory-2-the-mission-has-released-an-animation/
Please include WUWT in future WWW searches.
Accurate to about 1 cm?
In other words it’s going to take a decade or so until their is enough sea level rise for this thing to detect.
Incorrect. It will give us numbers right down to the tenth of a millimeter, or even better. After application of the Stokes Averaging Method, that is.
If the reading errors are statistically characterized with enough precision, it is possible to achieve much higher final resolutions than the resolution of individual readings.
I am not sure that I understand. Do you mean that by using 100 thermometers each with an accuracy of 1 degree F we can determine temperature with the accuracy of 0.01F, or maybe 0.1F?
You mean you haven’t seen Stokes Averaging do that … I have seen him try and argue exactly that a couple of times.
Assuming the measurement error is random, if you take 50 measurements of the same thing, you can average out some of the error.
The problem is that in order to do this, you have to take those 50 measurements of the same thing. In the real world, this isn’t possible.
Even calm oceans have waves. During the time that it takes, to take those 50 measurements, the ocean is going up and down, usually by more than the error you are trying to average out.
To use Stokian averaging you would need to use 50 satellites measuring 50 different places all around the world.
And those 50 measurements need to be taken over a period of hours or days.
Less that that unless you’re very good at handling tides.
When I read that statement I questioned it immediately. I do not know how their machine works but , having made my living measuring property boundaries I recognize many difficulties with that project.
What do they measure to? They cannot measure it again to test your ability to repeat because it has moved. How do they compute an average over some area and know it is “the sea level”? How do they remove inappropriate measurements or account for tidal movements? It is very interesting to me but I am really skeptical of that accuracy capability.
Not just tides. I remember seeing ocean waves higher than one inch.
CGeorge & DMA:
And how do they account for the Earth’s oblate spherical shape where the diameter
pole-to-pole is kilometers shorter than that through the equator?
Wind, tides and currents shove water around measured in meters, while the spinning watery globe is deformed by kilometers. And they want me to believe in sub-millimeter precision for their SLR calculation? I think not.
Then they will lie about the FACTS.
The head of this mission has already made it clear the ‘results’ it will achieve. Confirm climate doom.
Just run it through the Berkeley Earth algorithms and problem solved.
Did everybody catch who the lead scientist is???
“said Josh Willis, the mission’s project scientist at JPL”
That’s right, our old buddy Josh Willis. So where do we know him from? Well, SLR has been to topic of the day here at WUWT for quite some time, and Willis seems to have been at the center of some “data adjustment” episodes.
The short story:
NASA was looking at ocean temperature over the modern record, looking for warming which would cause SLR through expansion. There was not enough.
Willis fixed the problem in two steps.
1) Went back to the old XBT sensor data set. He decided that they were too warm (just like that), and “adjusted” them down. Helpful, but not enough, So…….
2) Looked at the current ARGO data. Some ARGO buoys show warming, some cooling. Well, you know that cooling can’t be right, so he tossed the cooling data (just like that), and kept the warming data.
Problem Solved!
Old timers here will instantly recognize the pattern for creating a warming trend by cooling the past, and warming the present. Apparently a time honored technique by now, in climate science.
Anyway, here is an article which explains all in good detail.
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OceanCooling
Note that this is the NASA website, and they portray all this in the most positive way.
I think any clear reading of this article shows one of:
A) A case of Confirmation Bias on steroids. Or:
B) The misfeasance/malfeasance endemic in current research.
Either way, I think this episode is a textbook example of what is wrong with Climate Science today.
Yep, there seems to be three types of results…
(1) it’s as we expected
(2) it’s worth than we thought
(3) it was the opposite of what we expected, until we adjusted the results to be in-line with what we expected
In climate “science”, too much perfidy is barely enough.
Did everybody catch who the lead scientist is???
“said Josh Willis, the mission’s project scientist at JPL”
Oh yes there’s this:
https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OceanCooling
Just like all sea level data, they will adjust it. The actual sea level in relation to land doesn’t matter to them. Nor does the actual geometric sea level height above the centre of the earth. They will present it as ocean basins keep enlarging, so if the ocean basins didn’t enlarge, sea level could have been projected to rise linearly by a (worse than we thought) foot in a century. But the models say it has to accelerate so the data doesn’t matter, and we’re all DOOMED.
“What if NASA’s new ocean satellite finds sea level rise isn’t the problem it’s touted to be?”
They will adjust the data of course!
They will look again until it does.
And again.
And again.
Here, give me that damn data!
I started searching for the question “Can the air heat the oceans?” which led me to Dr Roy Spencer’s blog then to http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_vibrational_spectrum.html.
The content in the linked web site is way (way, way) above my physics level but it makes me wonder how the numerous properties of water they describe could be programmed into the ‘models’.
I have also seen scientists talk about the weirdness of water (Ted Talks) and how it is still has many properties that are not understood. How are these properties ‘parameterized’?
Geez, John; here ya go with some NASA quality code:
If air is warmer than ocean water
warmer-than-water air will heat the water
else
cooler-than-water air will warm up the water
**************************************************************
* Programming note: the cooler-than-water thing is assuredly *
* a measurement glitch, but we’re pretty sure it warms the *
* water, no matter what *
**************************************************************
The main thing is to remember that the main thing is the main thing. And the main thing is that CO2 is NOT the cause of whatever warming is or isn’t happening. The historical record (MWP, RWP, Minoan Warm Period, GISP, Vostok data, etc.) demonstrates that warming cycles happen when CO2 CAN NOT be the cause.
“The Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich spacecraft is a part of the Copernicus Sentinel-6/Jason-CS (Continuity of Service) mission, a joint U.S.-European effort in which two identical satellites will be launched five years apart. The spacecraft will join the Copernicus constellation of satellites that constitutes the European Union’s Earth Observation Programme. Once in orbit, each satellite will collect sea level measurements down to the centimeter”
What are the fossil fuel emissions of this enterprise of the white man just so he can measure sea level down to the centimeter and what will be the climate impacts of those emissions that the black man must bear?
https://tambonthongchai.com/2020/06/11/racism-and-climate-change/
Just drop it in the Mariana Trench.
That will provide as much sea level rise as CO2 has done.