Towards a theory of climate

By Christopher Monckton of Brenchley

I have just had the honor of listening to Professor Murry Salby giving a lecture on climate. He had addressed the Numptorium in Holyrood earlier in the day, to the bafflement of the fourteenth-raters who populate Edinburgh’s daft wee parliament. In the evening, among friends, he gave one of the most outstanding talks I have heard.

Professor Salby has also addressed the Parliament of Eunuchs in Westminster. Unfortunately he did not get the opportunity to talk to our real masters, the unelected Kommissars of the European tyranny-by-clerk.

The Faceless Ones whose trembling, liver-spotted hands guide the European hulk of state unerringly towards the bottom were among the first and most naively enthusiastic true-believers in the New Superstition that is global warming. They could have benefited from a scientific education from the Professor.

His lecture, a simplified version of his earlier talk in Hamburg that was the real reason why spiteful profiteers of doom at Macquarie “University” maliciously canceled his non-refundable ticket home so that he could not attend the kangaroo court that dismissed him, was a first-class exercise in logical deduction.

He had written every word of it, elegantly. He delivered it at a measured pace so that everyone could follow. He unfolded his central case step by step, verifying each step by showing how his theoretical conclusions matched the real-world evidence.

In a normal world with mainstream news media devoted to looking at all subjects from every direction (as Confucius used to put it), Murry Salby’s explosive conclusion that temperature change drives CO2 concentration change and not the other way about would have made headlines. As it is, scarce a word has been published anywhere.

You may well ask what I might have asked: given that the RSS satellite data now show a zero global warming trend for 17 full years, and yet CO2 concentration has been rising almost in a straight line throughout, is it any more justifiable to say that temperature change causes CO2 change than it is to say that CO2 change causes temperature change?

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The Professor headed that one off at the pass. During his talk he said it was not global temperature simpliciter but the time-integral of global temperature that determined CO2 concentration change, and did so to a correlation coefficient of around 0.9.

I had first heard of Murry Salby’s work from Dick Lindzen over a drink at a regional government conference we were addressing in Colombia three years ago. I readily agreed with Dick’s conclusion that if we were causing neither temperature change nor even CO2 concentration change the global warming scare was finished.

I began then to wonder whether the world could now throw off the absurdities of climate extremism and develop a sensible theory of climate.

In pursuit of this possibility, I told Professor Salby I was going to ask two questions. He said I could ask just one. So I asked one question in two parts.

First, I asked whether the rapid, exponential decay in carbon-14 over the six decades following the atmospheric nuclear bomb tests had any bearing on his research. He said that the decay curve for carbon-14 indicated a mean CO2 atmospheric residence time far below the several hundred years assumed in certain quarters. It supports Dick Lindzen’s estimate of a 40-year residence time, not the IPCC’s imagined 50-200 years.

Secondly, I asked whether Professor Salby had studied what drove global temperature change. He said he had not gotten to that part of the story yet.

In the past year, I said, four separate groups haf contacted me to say they were able to reproduce global temperature change to a high correlation coefficient by considering it as a function of – and, accordingly, dependent upon – the time-integral of total solar irradiance.

If these four groups are correct, and if Professor Salby is also correct, one can begin to sketch out a respectable theory of climate.

The time-integral of total solar irradiance determines changes in global mean surface temperature. Henrik Svensmark’s cosmic-ray amplification, which now has considerable support in the literature, may help to explain the mechanism.

In turn, the time integral of absolute global mean temperature determines the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Here, the mechanism will owe much to Henry’s Law, which mandates that a warmer ocean can carry less CO2 than a colder ocean. I have never seen an attempt at a quantitative analysis of that relationship in this debate, and should be grateful if any of Anthony’s readers can point me to one.

The increased CO2 concentration as the world warms may well act as a feedback amplifying the warming, and perhaps our own CO2 emissions make a small contribution. But we are not the main cause of warmer weather, and certainly not the sole cause.

For the climate, all the world’s a stage. But, if the theory of climate that is emerging in samizdat lectures such as that of Professor Salby is correct, we are mere bit-part players, who strut and fret our hour upon the stage and then are heard no more.

The shrieking hype with which the mainstream news media bigged up Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda, ruthlessly exploiting lost lives in their increasingly desperate search for evidence – any evidence – as ex-post-facto justification for their decades of fawning, head-banging acquiescence in the greatest fraud in history shows that they have begun to realize that their attempt at politicizing science itself is failing.

Whether they like it or not, typhoons are acts of God, not of Man.

I asked Professor Salby whether there was enough information in the temperature record to allow him to predict the future evolution of atmospheric CO2 concentration. He said he could not do that.

However, one of the groups working on the dependence of global temperature change on the time-integral of total solar irradiance makes a startling prediction: that we are in for a drop of half a Celsius degree in the next five years.

When I made a glancing reference to that research in an earlier posting, the propagandist John Abraham sneeringly offered me a $1000 bet that the fall in global temperature would not happen.

I did not respond to this characteristically jejune offer. A theory of climate is a hypothesis yet to be verified by observation, experiment and measurement. It is not yet a theorem definitively demonstrated. Explaining the difference to climate communists is likely to prove impossible. To them the Party Line, whatever it is, must be right even if it be wrong.

The group that dares to say it expects an imminent fall in global mean surface temperature does so with great courage, and in the Einsteinian spirit of describing at the outset a test by which its hypothesis may be verified.

Whether that group proves right or wrong, its approach is as consistent with the scientific method as the offering of childish bets is inconsistent with it. In science, all bets are off. As al-Haytham used to say, check and check and check again. He was not talking about checks in settlement of silly wagers.

In due course Professor Salby will publish in the reviewed literature his research on the time-integral of temperature as the driver of CO2 concentration change. So, too, I hope, will the groups working on the time-integral of total solar irradiance as the driver of temperature change.

In the meantime, I hope that those who predict a sharp, near-term fall in global temperature are wrong. Cold is a far bigger killer than warmth. Not that the climate communists of the mainstream media will ever tell you that.

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November 11, 2013 11:08 am

Let’s leave God out of this please, Christopher!:] Nature will suffice.
Also Carbon is not the issue. Many forget that CO2 was 10 times higher than at present during the height of the last worldwide glaciation and lags behind warming anyway as Bart just reminded us.

Windchasers
November 11, 2013 11:09 am

Bart says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:00 am
Nope. Un will decrease when you take away Ea. They are inextricably coupled.
I think you’re making the mistake of thinking that the equation is describing constants. It’s not. For the purpose of this discussion, C, En, Ea, and Un are all black-box functions with regard to time, and that doesn’t change the conclusion we’ve drawn at all.
Even if En/Ea/Un all depend on each other, or on time, or on the price of tea in China, the equation still holds, and the increase in C must have come from Ea. The following will always be true:
C – Ea = En – Un
(Well, neglecting Ua, etc., which is a perfectly fine approximation for now). We’re not even talking that much about Un, but about (En-Un), which is the important part.
The increase in atmospheric CO2 has come from humans. There’s no way around that, since we’ve emitted it faster than it’s been absorbed by natural systems.

milodonharlani
November 11, 2013 11:12 am

David G says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:08 am
I assume you’re referring to the Ordovician glaciation, during which CO2 levels were indeed much higher than now, possibly more than ten times. Although higher than now during the subsequent Carboniferous-Permian glaciation, which lasted much longer, they weren’t ten times higher.

richardscourtney
November 11, 2013 11:13 am

dikranmarsupial:
I take severe exception to your post at November 11, 2013 at 9:23 am.
At November 11, 2013 at 5:58 am you made an assertion.
At November 11, 2013 at 6:09 am I explained why your assertion is false.
At November 11, 2013 at 6:24 am you claimed I had said other than did.
At November 11, 2013 at 6:39 am I pointed out your misrepresentation.
At November 11, 2013 at 6:51 am I explained the importance of my point.
At November 11, 2013 at 9:23 am you AGAIN misrepresent what I wrote!
And you have the gall to accuse
Vince Causey iterates – and provides another explanation of – my point in his post at November 11, 2013 at 10:41 am.
I cannot be more clear than my post at November 11, 2013 at 6:51 am. To save you the trouble of finding it, I copy the significant part of it to here

The issue is that it is not possible to determine a ‘known’ from two ‘unknowns’.
As illustration I cite the famous Drake equation which purports to estimate the number of alien civilisations in our galaxy. Wicki gives this good explanation of it
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation
The Drake equation seems ‘sciencey’ but it is meaningless because it consists of unquantified parameters.
The ‘mass balance argument’ seems seems ‘sciencey’ in the same way but it is similarly meaningless because it consists of unquantified parameters.

Richard

November 11, 2013 11:15 am

Bart says:
November 11, 2013 at 10:59 am
It’s really that simple, guys. Un is a function of En as well as Ea. You cannot speculate on what the mass balance would be in the absence of Ea without also changing Un.
This is a feedback sink. Un adjusts to both En AND Ea.

Which makes that you must increase En a threefold to match the threefold increase of Ea over the past 50 years (a sevenfold if it comes from the deep oceans), IF and only IF En is the cause of the increase in the atmosphere. Which isn’t seen in any proxy or direct measurement…

Bart
November 11, 2013 11:15 am

Windchasers says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:09 am
“The following will always be true:
C – Ea = En – Un”

But, if you take away Ea, if you stop the anthropogenic input, it is not still true that
C = En – Un
Un will now change. It will decrease. It is coupled to Ea.
The question is not are the natural sinks greater than the natural inputs? The question is, would the natural sinks be greater than the natural inputs IF THE ANTHROPOGENIC INPUT WERE TO CEASE?.

November 11, 2013 11:21 am

“The question is, would the natural sinks be greater than the natural inputs IF THE ANTHROPOGENIC INPUT WERE TO CEASE?.”
If human sources ceased the energised local and regional sinks would decline similarly.
Meanwhile the change in oceanic absorption capability would go on unaffected.
You would see exactly the same increase over time but you would no longer be able to blame humans for it.
Bart said:
“It is so simple. How can these guys not be getting it?”
Because they don’t want to.

Bart
November 11, 2013 11:22 am

Windchasers says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:09 am
I must go. All of what I have stated is mathematically demonstrated at the comment above. Equation #4 is a statement of the observation that the observed rise is roughly 1/2 of Ea.
As I show, the actual contribution of Ea to C can still be tiny. It all depends on the feedback factor p.
This is trivial. This is obvious. The mass balance argument does not establish attribution for the rise in CO2 to human inputs.

Windchasers
November 11, 2013 11:29 am

Bart says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:15 am
But, if you take away Ea, if you stop the anthropogenic input, it is not still true that
C = En – Un

No, it’s definitely true – though that should have been C’, not C, sorry. If you take away the anthropogenic emissions, all of the change in atmospheric CO2 that remains is due to natural emissions/sinks. This is true regardless of whether En or Un change with time.
If there weren’t humans around, all changes in CO2 come from natural sources. That seems obvious, no?

Vince Causey
November 11, 2013 11:29 am

“The point that you are missing is that the reason that En is less than Un is because of anthropogenic emissions. Prior to the industrial revolution, Ea was more or less zero and atmospheric CO2 was reasonably constant at about 280ppmv, which means that En and Un must have been in approximate equilibrium.”
Do we really know if atmospheric co2 levels were constant? Some scientists believe that ice core samples are flawed because co2 leaks out over time leading to a bias to the low side. Also, Beck has shown that past measurements were anything but constant.
Does Henry’s law indeed predict that one half of the increase in co2 will be absorbed in the oceans rather than say 1/3 or all of it? Would increases in Northwest forest growth also lead to Co2 being absorbed? If so, that is a change in Un instigated by changes in land use and not Ea.
What seems simple at first ain’t necessarily so.

Windchasers
November 11, 2013 11:35 am

Here, I can put this argument another way:
C’ = Ea + Nn
(Nn is “net natural”; the total, global sum of natural CO2 sources and sinks over a period of time. Nn = En – Un).
Over any given period of time, Nn must be greater than zero, equal to zero, or less than zero. In other words, the total natural source/sink must be emitting CO2, doing nothing, or absorbing CO2. It cannot – on net – be both absorbing and emitting CO2. That’s nonsense. A number cannot be both greater than and less than zero.
So:
C’ – Ea = Nn
We know that C’ has been positive over recent years, and that Ea > C’, which means Nn must be negative during that time. That means that on net, the natural systems have been absorbing CO2, and that humans are responsible for the increase in CO2.
It’s just arithmetic, that’s all.

richardscourtney
November 11, 2013 11:36 am

Ferdinand Engelbeen:
Thankyou for your reply to me at November 11, 2013 at 10:39 am.
You make two assertions; i.e.

Any reduction in pH form (deep) oceanic origin will release CO2 from the ocean surface into the atmosphere, but at the same time that will reduce the total carbon (CO2 + bicarbonate + carbonate) in the ocean surface. But we see the reverse: the total carbon increases.
Moreover, the 13C/12C ratio of the ocean surface decreases in lockstep with the decrease in the atmosphere and the area weighted CO2 partial pressure difference between the atmosphere and oceans is 7 microatm higher in the atmosphere. Which shows that more CO2 is going from the atmosphere into the ocean surfaces than reverse…

We have gone over this repeatedly.
The measurements of sea surface layer carbon are so sparse and so variable that no valid conclusions can be drawn. However, if it is true that “the total carbon increases” in the sea surface layer then so what? At issue is a change to the equilibrium between the CO2 concentrations in the air and the ocean surface layer. The pH change induces a change to that equilibrium by increasing the CO2 in the air, and that does not imply that the CO2 in the sea surface layer must decrease. There is an order of magnitude more CO2 pumped in and out of the oceans each year than is emitted to the air as anthropogenic CO2. A change to the equilibrium could result in less CO2 being sequestered by the ocean than is released by the ocean so the CO2 in the air would rise but the CO2 in the ocean need not fall.
Perhaps the 13C/12C ratio of the ocean surface does decrease and this would be consistent with its being a result of “more CO2 is going from the atmosphere into the ocean surfaces than reverse”, but again so what? If the ratio is going to change then there is an even chance that it would decrease or increase. And, again, the measurements are so sparse and so variable that no valid conclusions can be drawn. Importantly, there is an addition of anthropogenic CO2 to the air. And the CO2 in the air is pumped in and out of the sea surface layer by the seasonal variation, so there is a net flux of anthropogenic CO2 into the sea surface layer as the anthropogenic CO2 mixes with the air and mixes with the CO2 in the sea surface layer. But that says nothing about why the equilibrium between the CO2 concentrations in the air and the ocean surface layer is changing.
Richard

November 11, 2013 11:36 am

Greg Goodman says:
Ulric Lyons: “Global mean temperature is immaterial, the depth of cold shots into the temperate zone are purely dependent on short term solar forcing of Arctic air pressure.”
I’m inclined to that way of thinking , at least as a significant factor. Can you point to proof of that statement?
===================================
Record negative Arctic Oscillation conditions, and very low temperatures even by late Maunder standards, e.g.Dec 2010 and March 2013.
http://climexp.knmi.nl/data/tcet.dat
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/monthly.ao.index.b50.current.ascii.table

Windchasers
November 11, 2013 11:43 am

Bart says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:15 am
The question is not are the natural sinks greater than the natural inputs? The question is, would the natural sinks be greater than the natural inputs IF THE ANTHROPOGENIC INPUT WERE TO CEASE?.
Right now? Definitely yes. The natural sinks do not care where the CO2 comes from, whether from humans or not, and the natural sinks are already greater than the natural inputs. We can expect this to continue, and if humans stopped emitting CO2, atmospheric CO2 would drop, at least for a while.

richardscourtney
November 11, 2013 11:46 am

Windchasers:
At November 11, 2013 at 11:09 am you say

The increase in atmospheric CO2 has come from humans. There’s no way around that, since we’ve emitted it faster than it’s been absorbed by natural systems.

Nonsense! That is argument by assertion and it is not true.
For one example of why it is not true please see my above post at November 11, 2013 at 5:52 am. This link jumps to it.
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/11/10/towards-a-theory-of-climate/#comment-1471966
Richard

dikranmarsupial
November 11, 2013 11:48 am

Vince Causey wrote: “Do we really know if atmospheric co2 levels were constant? Some scientists believe that ice core samples are flawed because co2 leaks out over time leading to a bias to the low side.”
These issues are known to the scientists who work on the ice core data and are taken into account. I am no expert on this, perhaps Ferdinand would like to discuss this point.
“Also, Beck has shown that past measurements were anything but constant.”
Becks analysis was fundamentally flawed by the fact that his measurements were of surface CO2, often in towns, so the measurements weren’t representative of the bulk atmosphere. It would not be physically plausible for CO2 levels in the bulk atmosphere to change as rapidly as Becks results suggest. ISTR there was a comment paper publsihed in response to Becks article that explains the flaws, but I haven’t read it for a while.
“Does Henry’s law indeed predict that one half of the increase in co2 will be absorbed in the oceans rather than say 1/3 or all of it?”
No, the constants need to be determined from observations, and you need a full model of the carbon cycle to determine the effects on atmospheric CO2.
“Would increases in Northwest forest growth also lead to Co2 being absorbed? If so, that is a change in Un instigated by changes in land use and not Ea.”
Ea includes land use changes and forest growth is included in Un.
“What seems simple at first ain’t necessarily so”
Yes, simple explanations like the mass balance argument, or the simplified first order model of the carbon cycle found in my journal paper. However if you want to perform a worthwhile quantative analysis you need a full model of the carbon cycle which includes more of the physics, which is what carbon cycle researchers actually do.
The mass balance argument ought to be enough to establish that En < Un, from which point common sense should be enough to conclude that the natural environment is opposing the rise in atmospheric CO2 (as one would expect from a peturbed dynamic system that was previously in approximate equilibrium) rather than causing it. Why it is doing so is a more involved question.

November 11, 2013 11:50 am

Vince Causey says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:29 am
Do we really know if atmospheric co2 levels were constant? Some scientists believe that ice core samples are flawed because co2 leaks out over time leading to a bias to the low side.
Those scientists are wrong: if ice cores show 180-300 ppmv and the outside air is 360-380 ppmv during drilling, extraction, relaxation and measurements, then any net migration would be from the outside to the inside, not reverse. Thus leading to too high levels, not too low…
Does Henry’s law indeed predict that one half of the increase in co2 will be absorbed in the oceans rather than say 1/3 or all of it? Would increases in Northwest forest growth also lead to Co2 being absorbed? If so, that is a change in Un instigated by changes in land use and not Ea.
That the absorption rate is about halve the human emissions is pure coincidence: it is a combination of a relative modest removal rate (currently about 40 years half life time) and a slightly quadratic increase in human emissions and therefore a slightly quadratic increase in the atmosphere over time. The latter is what pushes CO2 into the oceans (and plant alveoles…).The increase in the atmosphere and the total emissions over time are quite constant in ratio over time.
But if human emissions should increase less and les and shouldn’t increase anymore, that would give a decline in rate of change and eventually a new equilibrium in the atmosphere where human emissions and sinks are equal.
Land use changes in general are included in Ea but currently are negative: more forests are destroyed than replanted…

Pamela Gray
November 11, 2013 11:52 am

I just love the handles.
We have our dickenmarsupials, a reverse Fumperdinck Engelbert, and plain ol’ names. The handles are almost as much fun to read as the comments. I love this site.

Windchasers
November 11, 2013 11:54 am

richardscourtney says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:46 am
Windchasers:
At November 11, 2013 at 11:09 am you say

The increase in atmospheric CO2 has come from humans. There’s no way around that, since we’ve emitted it faster than it’s been absorbed by natural systems.

Nonsense! That is argument by assertion and it is not true.
Nope. It’s simple math, as shown above, and again here:
C’ = Ea + Nn
We have a good handle on both C’ and Ea, which means we know Nn, the total natural contribution to CO2. And again, Nn obviously cannot be both positive and negative over a given period of time. It’s mathematically impossible.
I read over your post, but I think you’re wrong about how flexible/robust the natural sinks are. Otherwise – why would the atmospheric CO2 be increasing?

Bart
November 11, 2013 12:04 pm

Windchasers says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:35 am
“Right now? Definitely yes.”
Obviously a flippant response.
No. Backwards in time to the beginning. Or, after steady state has been achieved, if you prefer. No reliance on transient response.
If you take away the anthropogenic inputs completely, is the natural sinking of CO2 still greater than the natural input? That is the question which must be answered in the affirmative to establish human culpability.
It cannot be answered solely on the basis of the “mass balance” argument you have proffered. Therefore, the argument is trivial and meaningless.
“We can expect this to continue, and if humans stopped emitting CO2, atmospheric CO2 would drop, at least for a while.”
And, after that “while”? I think your subconscious is trying to tell you something.
dikranmarsupial says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:48 am
“The mass balance argument ought to be enough to establish that En L.T. Un…”
A trivial, meaningless conclusion.
“…from which point common sense should be enough to conclude…”
Common sense is notoriously bad in reaching conclusions based on insufficient evidence. Common sense told us that the Sun revolved around the Earth, and that leeches could cure sickness.

November 11, 2013 12:05 pm

Windchasers says:
“Otherwise – why would the atmospheric CO2 be increasing?”
The decline in global average surface wind speed since the 1950’s?
http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/10/5041/2013/bgd-10-5041-2013.html

Bart
November 11, 2013 12:06 pm

Windchasers says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:54 am
“Otherwise – why would the atmospheric CO2 be increasing?”
You are begging the question. Stephen Wilde has given you a scenario in which this occurs.

dikranmarsupial
November 11, 2013 12:08 pm

Bart, writes:
==========================================================================
dikranmarsupial says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:48 am
“The mass balance argument ought to be enough to establish that En L.T. Un…”
A trivial, meaningless conclusion.
==========================================================================
Does that mean that you agree that total annual emissions from all natural sources is less than total annual uptake by all natural sinks and has been since at least the start of the Mauna Loa records of atmospheric CO2? An unambiguous “yes” or “no” would be appreciated, just for the record.

November 11, 2013 12:12 pm

@windchasers
you actually are chasing wind…
you are not following the thread but just jumping in on the end
go back to start\
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/11/10/towards-a-theory-of-climate/#comment-1471619

Bart
November 11, 2013 12:12 pm

Windchasers says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:29 am
“If there weren’t humans around, all changes in CO2 come from natural sources. That seems obvious, no?”
But, the natural sinks would shrink without human inputs driving them.
Windchasers says:
November 11, 2013 at 11:35 am
“That means that on net, the natural systems have been absorbing CO2…
So what?
“…and that humans are responsible for the increase in CO2.”
Non sequitur.

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