Greenland glaciers – melt due to sea current change, not air temperature

Arctic subpolar currents
Recent changes in ocean circulation in the North Atlantic are delivering larger amounts of subtropical waters to the high latitudes. A research team led by Fiamma Straneo, a physical oceanographer at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, found that subtropical waters are reaching Greenland's glaciers, driving melting and likely triggering an acceleration of ice loss. Melting ice also means more fresh water in the ocean, which could flood into the North Atlantic and disrupt a global system of currents, known as the Ocean Conveyor. (Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

From a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution News Release : Team finds subtropical waters flushing through Greenland fjord

Waters from warmer latitudes — or subtropical waters — are reaching Greenland’s glaciers, driving melting and likely triggering an acceleration of ice loss, reports a team of researchers led by Fiamma Straneo, a physical oceanographer from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).

“This is the first time we’ve seen waters this warm in any of the fjords in Greenland,” says Straneo. “The subtropical waters are flowing through the fjord very quickly, so they can transport heat and drive melting at the end of the glacier.”

Greenland’s ice sheet, which is two-miles thick and covers an area about the size of Mexico, has lost mass at an accelerated rate over the last decade.  The ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise during that time frame doubled due to increased melting and, to a greater extent, the widespread acceleration of outlet glaciers around Greenland.

While melting due to warming air temperatures is a known event, scientists are just beginning to learn more about the ocean’s impact — in particular, the influence of currents — on the ice sheet.

“Among the mechanisms that we suspected might be triggering this acceleration are recent changes in ocean circulation in the North Atlantic, which are delivering larger amounts of subtropical waters to the high latitudes,” says Straneo.  But a lack of observations and measurements from Greenland’s glaciers prior to the acceleration made it difficult to confirm.

The research team, which included colleagues from University of Maine, conducted two extensive surveys during July and September of 2008, collecting both ship-based and moored oceanographic data from Sermilik Fjord — a large glacial fjord in East Greenland. 

Sermilik Fjord, which is 100 kilometers (approximately 62 miles) long, connects Helheim Glacier with the Irminger Sea. In 2003 alone, Helheim Glacier retreated several kilometers and almost doubled its flow speed.

Deep inside the Sermilik Fjord, researchers found subtropical water as warm as 39 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius). The team also reconstructed seasonal temperatures on the shelf using data collected by 19 hooded seals tagged with satellite-linked temperature depth-recorders. The data revealed that the shelf waters warm from July to December, and that subtropical waters are present on the shelf year round.

“This is the first extensive survey of one of these fjords that shows us how these warm waters circulate and how vigorous the circulation is,” says Straneo. “Changes in the large-scale ocean circulation of the North Atlantic are propagating to the glaciers very quickly — not in a matter of years, but a matter of months. It’s a very rapid communication.”

Straneo adds that the study highlights how little is known about ocean-glacier interactions, which is a connection not currently included in climate models.

“We need more continuous observations to fully understand how they work, and to be able to better predict sea-level rise in the future,” says Straneo.

The paper was chosen for advanced online publication Feb. 14, 2010, by Nature Geosciences; it will also appear in the March 2010 printed edition of the journal. Co-authors of the work include WHOI postdoc David Sutherland (now of University of Washington), Gordon Hamilton and Leigh Stearns of the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Fraser Davidson and Garry Stenson of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Mike Hammill of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Mont-Joli, Quebec, and Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid of the Department of Birds and Mammals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. Canadian and Greenlandic colleagues contributed valuable data on the shelf, from tagged seals.

Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation, WHOI’s Ocean and Climate Change Institute Arctic Research Initiative, and NASA’s Cryosperic Sciences Program.

#

Helheim glacier

Helheim glacier

Time-lapse photographs taken every 4 minutes show calving of the front of Helheim Glacier, August 2008. In 2003 alone, Helheim Glacier retreated several kilometers and almost doubled its flow speed.

Gordon Hamilton, University of Maine

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Paul Coppin
February 17, 2010 8:50 am

“Just what DO they include in their models?”
Apparently there is only one algorithm:
5 For X=1 to RETIRE
10 Input Rnd(CO2(AGW))
15 TOTAL(C02)=TOTAL(CO2)+CO2(AGW)
20 HEAT=TOTAL(CO2)*Rnd(FUDGE)
25 If HEAT0, Sum(Sound(ALARM) + Apply(GRANT))
35 TOTAL(GRANT)=TOTAL(GRANT)+Apply(GRANT)
40 If TOTAL(GRANT)-CONFERENCE(SWANK)<0 Apply(GRANT) else Hide(HEAT)
45 If X=RETIRE Goto BAHAMAS else next X

Elmer Gantry
February 17, 2010 8:54 am

My favorite caveats!!!!…”suspected mechanisms”….”difficult to confirm”?
And, of course the obligatory career enhancing ……“We need more continuous observations to fully understand how they work, and to be able to better predict sea-level rise in the future,” says Straneo.
These guys at Woods Hole are soooo gooooood.

Caleb
February 17, 2010 8:56 am

Stephen Wilde (07:00:52) :
I sure would like to see thermohaline circulation studied more. Considering the infow is up by Greenland, and apparently is due to the melting and refreezing of ice, it seems the inflow must occur in pulses. How would these pulses be handled further downstream in the current? I wonder if there are actual waves in the thermopause. Then I wonder how these waves might effect the rate of upwelling, in areas where the thermohaline circulation comes back to the light of day.
If you find any good papers, let us all know about it.

Jon
February 17, 2010 9:16 am
February 17, 2010 9:31 am

JonesII (05:07:20) :
“vukcevic (01:37:35) : Did these changes follow geomagnetic field variations you have pointed out several times here?”
I am not convinced about direct solar input of one kind or the other. for time being I consider GMF as a reasonable proxy, rather than a driver of the climatic events.
I am currently assembling further data. For time being it is difficult to say is the GMF causing temperature changes, by having an effect on the Atlantic ocean’s currents, or the ocean currents variability has a reverse effect on the GMF. Further complication is huge geodesic anomaly in the Hudson Bay area. one of the two locations of the magnetic pole peaks, This area is the main supplier of fresh waters to Labrador Sea ( and subpolar gyre), regulating the extent of Gulf warm waters progress along the Greenland coast. For more details see part I at:
http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/41/83/04/PDF/NATA.pdf
Magnetic graph of interest:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/NA-temGMF.gif
more at: http://www.vukcevicco.uk/GandF.htm
“The warm water current branching of the North Atlantic Current and combination of the Arctic cold currents (the Hudson Strait current as the major variable) create Labrador Sea currents; this tightly governs the strength of the Subpolar gyre’s circulation, which is the engine of the heat transport across the North Atlantic Ocean.”

Robert
February 17, 2010 9:41 am

“Almost all of us skeptics at this site acknowledge that after the MWP (medieval warm period) there was an LIA (little ice age) since which time (1600’s or so) there has been a long term trend of global warming, with various cycles of warming and cooling related either to solar cycles or ocean oscillations or both superimposed. So we expect that “baseline” temps a hundred years ago may be slightly cooler than current temps (although we have also learned that upward measurement bias in temps due to siting and urbanization issues mess up the data).”
Some people acknowledge that there is a warming trend, and some (like the person who challenged me on it) do not. Once we agree that there’s a warming trend, the question is what is causing it.
While the UHI has been proposed as a cause of measured warming, the data has stamped rather heavily on that supposition:
Assessment of Urban Versus Rural In Situ Surface Temperatures in the Contiguous
United States: No Difference Found
THOMAS C. PETERSON
National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina
(Manuscript received 26 May 2002, in final form 23 February 2003)
ABSTRACT
All analyses of the impact of urban heat islands (UHIs) on in situ temperature obser vations suffer from inhomogeneities or biases in the data. These inhomogeneities make urban heat island analyses difficult and can lead to erroneous conclusions. To remove the biases caused by differences in elevation, latitude, time of observation, instrumentation, and nonstandard siting, a variety of adjustments were applied to the data. The resultant data were the most thoroughly homogenized and the homogeneity adjustments were the most rigorously evaluated and thoroughly documented of any large-scale UHI analysis to date. Using satellite night-lights–derived urban/ rural metadata, urban and rural temperatures from 289 stations in 40 clusters were compared using data from 1989 to 1991. Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures. It is postulated that this is due to micro- and local-scale impacts dominating
over the mesoscale urban heat island. Industrial sections of towns may well be significantly warmer than rural sites, but urban meteorological observations are more likely to be made within park cool islands than industrial regions.
So the UHI does not appear to be a significant source of measured warming. And obviously the satellite data shows warming as well.
As to whether this is a normal recovery from the LIA: to resolve that, there’s no getting around the hockey stick (which is to say, temperature reconstructions of the last 1,000 years). While there are a few scientists who still believe in a global MWP comparable to present warming, for the most part, the reconstructions agree that the 20th century warming is anomalous in the last thousand years.
While some people use the data on the MWP to argue for an as-yet unknown natural process causing the warming, I feel this is a non-parsimonious explanation. We know GHGs cause a greenhouse effect — that has been known for a couple of centuries, since long before any “controversy.” We know that, because of human activity, there are more of these GHGs in the atmosphere than there used to be. The most commonsensical explanation is that the GHGs and the warming are connected, not seperate, phenomena, and since we know what’s causing the elevations in GHGs, the warming is most likely the effect of that increase.

Veronica
February 17, 2010 10:05 am

Robert (22:32:14)
“So while it’s true that the heat has to come from somewhere, it comes from the same place the warm air comes from: solar energy, enhanced by the greenhouse effect.”
OR – from undersea volcanoes in the Pacific – bwhahaha!

Phillep Harding
February 17, 2010 10:13 am

“Melting ice also means more fresh water in the ocean, which could flood into the North Atlantic and disrupt a global system of currents, known as the Ocean Conveyor. (Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)”
Yeah, and the tooth fairy might leave a million dollars under my pillow.
Can they demonstrate an historic precident for such disruption, aside from the Lake Agassiz or Baltic floods?

George E. Smith
February 17, 2010 10:15 am

So I wonder what Svend Hendriksen (A Nobel Peace Prize Winning Glaciologist, who lives in Greenland) thinks about this research. I am sure he is familiar with the basic variables of this location and situation.
Svend; If you have your ears on; maybe you could give us your insight, as to what is going on up there.
George

Phillep Harding
February 17, 2010 10:27 am

vigilantfish (21:55:27) :
“Actually, I hate to play devil’s advocate here but … MSc thesis … the early 20th century fishermen, sealers and other witnesses …”
An MSc thesis is drawn from papers with either derived or first hand data, and there is a selection process involved. The fishermen and sealers provide first hand data, and they are directly concerned about where to find their money.

geo
February 17, 2010 10:28 am

Nice to know, but the question begged is “why are the ocean currents behaving differently now, and is this part of some known cycle (and of what length), or something new and different that might be related, or intensified, by global warming?”

February 17, 2010 10:30 am

Robert,
Please explain exactly how the data was homogenized by Patterson at NCDC – we are all intensely curious as to how this process is carried out… As you are doubtless aware most of us are skeptical of the processes used and the agenda of those who are performing this work.
Homogenization is a process invented for creating a stable configuration in milk, in which fat globules are evenly suspended throughout the lighter skim-milk. For those of us who have had the privilege of drinking unhomogenized milk in the past, there is a clear recognition that the raw product is very different from the homogenized version, with a lovely layer of cream that floats on top of the milk. Is the milk identical to the cream? Hardly! I suspect that the term used in Peterson’s paper to describe the manipulated data conveys a confession as to how well the results reflect the reality conveyed by the actual data record.

RobfromWI
February 17, 2010 10:59 am

Obviously wobbles, tilts, etc in the Earth’s orbit plays huge roles in what happens with climate. I just watched a show yesterday about the greening of the Sahara. Every 20K years, according to this show, the Sahara turns green. They think humans came out of Africa during one of these green times and settled in what is now desert. The lakes of the Sahara were gigantic. After time the lakes dried and the desert came back. The remaining peoples headed to the rivers and settled along the Nile, and its all history from there.

Robert
February 17, 2010 11:05 am

“Please explain exactly how the data was homogenized by Patterson at NCDC – we are all intensely curious as to how this process is carried out”
I’d suggest reading the paper — no doubt it has a methods section.
Looking at the abstract, it appears that in referring to “Homogenization” he’s talking about what the medical literature usually calls regression analysis. In lay terms, that means taking into account all the other things that can mess with temperature readings “differences in elevation, latitude, time of observation, instrumentation, and nonstandard siting,” to isolate the supposed UHI effect.
“As you are doubtless aware most of us are skeptical of the processes used and the agenda of those who are performing this work.”
I think genuine skepticism is directed at things we want to believe in — things that further your own “agenda” of discrediting the theory of AGW. The capacity to doubt your own theories, and imagine you might be wrong, is the characteristic of a truly skeptical mind. Being intensely suspicious of those that tell us things that we don’t want to hear is an example of confirmation bias, not skepticism.

February 17, 2010 11:23 am

Phillep Harding (10:27:14) :
vigilantfish (21:55:27) :
“Actually, I hate to play devil’s advocate here but … MSc thesis … the early 20th century fishermen, sealers and other witnesses …”
An MSc thesis is drawn from papers with either derived or first hand data, and there is a selection process involved. The fishermen and sealers provide first hand data, and they are directly concerned about where to find their money.
——
I should have gone to sleep last night instead of posting that comment. What happened is that it just occurred to me that some of the trolls might pounce on Stephen Goddard’s use of anecdotal information in the first response and I wanted to make a preemptive remark. However, my observation was more directed toward the comments made by other excellent critics on a prior thread rather than the way the MSc student gathered the information. There was some commentary concerning how peoples’ memories often don’t go back far enough to give their observations sufficient context, which reduced the validity of the student’s conclusions based on these observations. Your comments about the selection process entailed in producing an MSc thesis is quite right.

NickB.
February 17, 2010 11:30 am

Didn’t Bill Nye say that global warming was going to screw up the thermohaline circulation and maybe even shut down the Gulf Stream?

ZOMG… Could Bill Nye be wrong? Could 100,000 to 1 Richard Lindzen be right?

Editor
February 17, 2010 11:34 am

You gotta love the brass huevos of these folks. From the press release quoted above:

“This is the first time we’ve seen waters this warm in any of the fjords in Greenland,” says Straneo.

Well, duh, this is because you don’t have any historical data to compare it too, so of course it’s the warmest. Or as they say in their study (emphasis mine):

These findings are supportive of the ocean trigger hypothesis but not conclusive until it is shown that conditions were different prior to the last decade such that submarine melting was greatly reduced. Lack of historical data from Sermilik and other glacial fjords, however, makes it difficult to determine what conditions were like in the past.

I can only admire the audacity of the hype, though …

Robert
February 17, 2010 11:41 am

” savethesharks (23:41:23) :
Pure sophistry. Folks this is a spin artist at work.”
I know you intend this as a criticism of me, but given what follows, it reads more like a disclaimer for the rest of your post.
Reply:This is a warning to be savethesharks and Robert. Tone it down. Personal attacks on other commenters are strongly frowned upon here. And as always. I don’t care who started it. ~ ctm

Pascvaks
February 17, 2010 11:52 am

Ref – Robert (09:41:04) :
“Almost all of us skeptics at this site acknowledge that after the MWP (medieval warm period) there was an LIA (little ice age) since which time (1600’s or so) there has been a long term trend of global warming, with various cycles of warming and cooling related either to solar cycles or ocean oscillations or both superimposed. So we expect that “baseline” temps a hundred years ago may be slightly cooler than current temps (although we have also learned that upward measurement bias in temps due to siting and urbanization issues mess up the data).”
Some people acknowledge that there is a warming trend, and some (like the person who challenged me on it) do not. Once we agree that there’s a warming trend, the question is what is causing it.
____________________
From a quick review of the above, you’re NOT a troll:-) Ain’t life a beach? Chin up! Dukes Up! Spread your weight! Bend your knees! Now…SWING!

Vincent
February 17, 2010 11:53 am

Robert,
“So the UHI does not appear to be a significant source of measured warming,”
Unconvincing argument since it uses the same homogenisation that have been criticized in the CRU and GISS reconstructions. In othe words – a tautology.
Fact: Raw data from rural sites do not show a warming trend in the lower 48 states, whereas raw data from urban sites do.
“While there are a few scientists who still believe in a global MWP comparable to present warming.”
A few – like 805 Scientists from from 478 research institutions in 43 different countries contributing to a body of knowledge over 50 years in the making. In would be more accurate to point to the few scientists who don’t believe in a global MWP.
“for the most part, the reconstructions agree that the 20th century warming is anomalous in the last thousand years.”
In order to accept the evidence of a few debunked hockey stick studies while willfully ignoring the mountain of contrary evidence suggests a mind that is closed to facts.
“While some people use the data on the MWP to argue for an as-yet unknown natural process causing the warming, I feel this is a non-parsimonious explanation.”
Some people argue that because compute models cannot reproduce 20th century warming without CO2 forcing and feedbacks, then AGW must be real. I call that an argumentum ignoratium. If, as nearly everyone willing to open their eyes can see, climate has varied constantly and unfailingly on every time scale, without human caused CO2 driving it, then this “unknown” mechanism must, in fact, exist. If it existed then, then it must exist now.
The scientific method is actually pretty simple. Observations tell us that climate has varied and was warmer 1000 years ago during the MWP, the Roman warm period before that and the Minoan warm period before that. You start by trying to reject the null hypothesis – that modern warming is different from any of the others such that another explanation is required. The null hypothesis can only be rejected if the hockey stick reconstruction was real, something even Phil Jones is trying to distance himself from. That’s why the MWP was called “putative,” – it knocks a pillar out from the AGW hypothesis.

Caleb
February 17, 2010 12:07 pm

R. Gates (07:33:01) :
Before you get too excited by the record spike in UAH temperatures, please remember the record only goes back to 1979.
Also remember that the 1998 spike was followed by a nearly equal and opposite decline. (Bob Tisdale would point out the “step change,” if I said “equal and opposite” rather than “nearly equal and opposite.”)
I think the spikes and dips in the temperature record likely should be called “weather, not climate.”
There seems to be a fair amount of data suggesting a cycle of roughly 30 years warming followed by 30 years of cooling. In 10 years or so there might be some dips which could be “record setting.” This is to be expected, considering the recording of the UAH data will, at that time, only record 40 years of a 60 year cycle. 30 years from now we will have recorded a full 60 year cycle, more or less, and can see what the “trend-line” looks like.
That seems a heck of a long time to wait.
Therefore I’d like to suggest something that will make everyone happy. I suggest we all watch the daily thermometer. After the sun rises temperatures will rise, and Alarmists can all cheer like crazy. Then, in the afternoon, temperatures will sink and Skeptics can all cheer like crazy. Everyone will get to cheer, and after that we can all go to bed and sleep soundly for eight hours, and then do it all again the next day.

February 17, 2010 12:12 pm

George E. Smith (10:15:19) :
“So I wonder what Svend Hendriksen (A Nobel Peace Prize Winning Glaciologist, who lives in Greenland) thinks about this research. I am sure he is familiar with the basic variables of this location and situation.”
Mr Hendriksen appears not only be top Nobel Peace Prize Winning Glaciologist, but also interested in art controversies:
extract: Greenland Art Review © 2010
Published 14-02-2010 11:21 by S. E. Hendriksen
Was ‘Art fraudsters’ self-deceived?
If Svend Erik Olsen and Jannie From the ‘art scammers and fraudsters’, so their plan is only starting to take shape now that the trial is over. If they have a ‘plan’, then it is so advanced a few people have noticed it yet. Eastern High Court misunderstood the matter entirely, but is an excellent means for couples’ ‘future’ claim of 30 million. Sterling …
(google translation)
Med venlig hilsen
Greenland Art Review
V/ Svend Erik Hendriksen
Nobel Peace Prize 1988 (Collectively) etc
http://www.glar.gl/

Paul Vaughan
February 17, 2010 12:27 pm

This is key:
“[…] not in a matter of years, but a matter of months. It’s a very rapid communication.”

George E. Smith
February 17, 2010 1:27 pm

“”” vukcevic (12:12:08) :
George E. Smith (10:15:19) :
“So I wonder what Svend Hendriksen (A Nobel Peace Prize Winning Glaciologist, who lives in Greenland) thinks about this research. I am sure he is familiar with the basic variables of this location and situation.”
Mr Hendriksen appears not only be top Nobel Peace Prize Winning Glaciologist, but also interested in art controversies:
extract: Greenland Art Review © 2010
Published 14-02-2010 11:21 by S. E. Hendriksen
Was ‘Art fraudsters’ self-deceived?
If Svend Erik Olsen and Jannie From the ‘art scammers and fraudsters’, so their plan is only starting to take shape now that the trial is over. If they have a ‘plan’, then it is so advanced a few people have noticed it yet. Eastern High Court misunderstood the matter entirely, but is an excellent means for couples’ ‘future’ claim of 30 million. Sterling …
(google translation)
Med venlig hilsen
Greenland Art Review
V/ Svend Erik Hendriksen
Nobel Peace Prize 1988 (Collectively) etc
http://www.glar.gl/ “””
Svend is a very nice chap; and very knowledgeable about glaciers both in Greenland where he lives most of the time; but also in Antarctica. And since those polar orbit satellites fly over both, he can get pictures and stuff from either end of the earth dropped down to him when the bird goes over his place. And he lives out in the boonies, not some bustling big city with traffic lights. He can also educate us on just what those breaking up Antarctic ice shelves are really doing; and the stuff he has sent me in the past suggests they break up all the time. The piece of the most recent big fuss Wilkins break-off; has a nearby thinner piece that clearly broke up around 50 years ago; and is still recovering its former thickness.

Richard M
February 17, 2010 2:15 pm

P Gosselin (02:06:55) ,
Very interesting. I assume AW will be covering this soon as well.
I think this is more evidence of Miskolczi’s hypothesis. We know additional CO2 should trap more heat. Since the radiation is constant than either,
1) Our measurements of CO2 are in error, or
2) Something else is trapping less radiation.
Number 2) is essentially what Miskolczi’s been saying for years with his constant optical depth value.
It turns out I was thinking about plants the other day and wondering why they require less H2O when they have access to more CO2. Then it hit me. This is exactly what would happen with Miskolczi’s claim. I believe Nature is telling us something important. Could it be the reason plants evolved the capability to
utilize less H2O is because it’s not available at higher levels of CO2?