'Missing heat' in the Atlantic – It doesn't work like that

Guest essay by David Archibald

President Obama didn’t start the war on coal. That war had its origins back in the 1970s. The nuclear industry joined the fray in 1982 with the establishment of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge, part of the U.S. Department of Energy. The CDIAC collects data on carbon dioxide concentrations around the planet and conducts experiments with pre-ordained outcomes. By that I mean growing plants in elevated carbon dioxide concentrations to study the effects of that on growth rates but at the same time adding ozone so that the growth would be stunted. Not everything the CDIAC is completely useless though.

The pause in global temperature rise might cause a loss of faith in the global warming faithfully so the priests of the movement are required to provide an explanation. The explanation they have come up with is that the missing heat is hiding in the depth of the Altantic Ocean and will one day leap out at us when we are least expecting it. This is an illustration of the heat gone AWOL:

 

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The illustration shows heat plunging into the depths as far as 1,500 metres. The oceans don’t work like that. Most of the heat energy of sunlight is absorbed in the first few centimetres of the ocean’s surface. Waves mix the water near the surface layer such that the temperature may be relatively uniform in the top 100 metres. Below that there is almost no mixing and no vertical movement of water.

This is where the CDIAC comes in handy. Following is a map of CDIAC voyages in the Atlantic Ocean:

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And this is the temperature profile of A16 from almost 60°S to near Iceland, a distance of over 13,000 km.:

 

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It shows how the Antarctic is a giant refrigerator for the planet. The dark blue in the bottom left is cold water below 1°C plunges near Antarctica and ponds in the deep ocean right up to the equator. The CDIAC voyages also record carbon dioxide data of course. This is the carbon dioxide and total alkalinity profile for A20, to the west of the A16 voyage:

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Once again, most variation is near surface while the bulk of the ocean is effectively homogenous.

We didn’t need the CDIAC data to debunk claims of missing heat in the ocean depths but it is good to have empirical data. The CDIAC is well past its use-by date though. Apart from the unnecessary cost, it was conceived for a dark purpose under President Carter. The United States will need all the energy it can get soon enough.


 

David Archibald, a Visiting Fellow at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., is the author of Twilight of Abundance: Why Life in the 21st Century Will Be Nasty, Brutish, and Short (Regnery, 2014).

Reference:

Science 22 August 2014: Vol. 345 no. 6199 pp. 860-861 DOI: 10.1126/science.345.6199.860

Is Atlantic holding Earth’s missing heat?

Eli Kintisch

Armchair detectives might call it the case of Earth’s missing heat: Why have average global surface air temperatures remained essentially steady since 2000, even as greenhouse gases have continued to accumulate in the atmosphere? The suspects include changes in atmospheric water vapor, a strong greenhouse gas, or the noxious sunshade of haze emanating from factories. Others believe the culprit is the mighty Pacific Ocean, which has been sending vast slugs of cold bottom water to the surface. But two fresh investigations finger a new suspect: the Atlantic Ocean. One study, in this issue of Science, presents sea temperature data implying that most of the missing heat has been stored deep in the Atlantic. The other, published online in Nature Climate Change, suggests a warming Atlantic is abetting the Pacific by driving wind patterns that help that ocean cool the atmosphere. But some climate specialists remain skeptical. In a third recent paper, also published online in Nature Climate Change, other researchers argue that the Pacific remains the kingpin. One reason some scientists remain convinced the Pacific is behind the hiatus is a measured speedup in trade winds that drive a massive upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific. But there, too, the Atlantic may be responsible, modeling experiments suggest. A consensus about what has put global warming on pause may be years away, but one scientist says the recent papers confirm that Earth’s warming has continued during the hiatus, at least in the ocean depths, if not in the air.

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Matt G
August 25, 2014 3:52 pm

SonicsGuy August 24, 2014 at 7:30 pm
Matt G August 25, 2014 at 2:41 pm
“That is less than one profile per 2% surface ocean coverage.”
If you think that’s bad enough (which it is) for coverage below 1000m I forgot to add most of those are only in 4-6 very small regions of the worlds oceans before 1990’s. Many thousands of miles of ocean especially in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian don’t have a single one. The area without a single one is larger than the planets land mass.

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 3:54 pm

richardscourtney quoted:
“Contrary to some misunderstandings, Arrhenius does not explicitly suggest in this paper that the burning of fossil fuels will cause global warming,”
Having established the warming potential of carbonic acid in the atmosphere, Arrhenius writes, in the last section of his 1996 paper”
“Even though the number given were on account of inexact or uncertain assumptions erroneous to the extent of 50 per cent. or more, the comparison instituted is of very great interest, as it proves that the most important of all the processes by means of which carbonic acid has been removed from the atmosphere in all times, namely the chemical weathering of siliceous minerals, is of the same order of magnitude as a process of contrary effect, which is caused by the industrial development of our time, and which must be conceived of as being of a temporary nature.”

August 25, 2014 4:12 pm

In the argument that was posted by Mr. Courtney on Aug. 24 at 2:59 pm I find the claim that “…climate sensitivity is less than 1.0°C for a doubling of CO2 equivalent.” As I understand it, this claim is not falsifiable. If so, it is not a valid premise to Mr. Courtney’s argument.

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 4:14 pm

richardscourtney says:
” A recently proposed “alternate tool” presented on a blog is interesting but is NOT a metric which has replaced global average surface temperature anomaly (GASTA).”
Seems you didn’t read closely enough, as the authors referred to work in “Pielke (2003, 2008)”:
In Physics Today 2008, Roger Pielke Sr wrote:
“…my collaborators and I have shown that global average surface-temperature changes are not particularly useful for assessing the broad range of human influences on climate.
“Global warming (or global cooling) can be more accurately quantified in terms of accumulation (or loss) of heat in the Earth system as measured in joules…. ”
“The ocean, of course, is the largest reservoir of this heat change. Thus, the Earth’s heat budget observations, within the limits of their representativeness and accuracy, provide an observational contraint on the actual global average radiative forcing. The value of ocean heat content at any time documents the accumulated heat content and its change since the laste assessment….”
“…Moreover, because the surface temperature is a massless two-dimensional global field while heat content involves mass, the use of surface temperature as a monitor of climate change is not accurate for evaluating heat storage changes.”
https://pielkeclimatesci.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/r-334.pdf

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 4:18 pm

Terry Oldberg says:
“In the argument that was posted by Mr. Courtney on Aug. 24 at 2:59 pm I find the claim that “…climate sensitivity is less than 1.0°C for a doubling of CO2 equivalent.” As I understand it, this claim is not falsifiable.”
1) Paleoclimate data can be used to calculate the surface’s sensitivity to CO2. They gives values that, within uncertainites, are the same. If they hadn’t, that would have been a falsifiation.
2) so what?

Reply to  SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 4:32 pm

SonicsGuy:
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to clarify.
I think your reference is the use of paleoclimate data plus Bayesian parameter estimation in constructing a posterior probability density function over the climate sensitivity. This process of construction is illogical.
The process assumes the unique existence of a non-informative prior probability density. However, it is easy to prove non-informative prior PDFs to be of infinite number violating non-contradiction. Non-contradiction is one of the classical laws of thought.

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 4:22 pm

Matt G says
“This link below shows the number of temperature profiles per month below 1000m.
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/godas_parameter.pl
Sorry, but your link did not work for me — all I get is a blank page.

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 4:27 pm

richardscourtney says:
“A variation of 0.8 degrees is NOT evidence that the system has changed because such variations have happened before.”
There are logic and symantic problems with this statement.
Logically, climate change doesn’t just happen. Climate changes when it’s caused to change. Energy is conserved. The climate system doesn’t warm of cool without causes.
Semantially, you use the word “variation.” That’s a synonym of “change.”
Beyond that, 0.8 C is about 1/10th the warming from a glacial to interglacial period. I think anyone would conclude that 10% of ice age is, indeed, a significant changes.

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 4:31 pm

richardscourtney says:
“A variation of 0.8 degrees is NOT evidence that the system has changed because such variations have happened before.”.
..
Place an ice cube in a container in a -.0.2 degree C environment
Raise the environmental temp by 0.8 degrees C to +0.6 degrees.

The system will VISIBLY change, and I’m sure this sort of thing has “happened before”

Bart
August 25, 2014 4:32 pm

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 at 2:52 pm
“I’d say there’s a slight acceleration.”
Cherry picked intervals of differing lengths, different measuring systems, no link provided. There is no observable acceleration.
Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 at 3:14 pm
“You know, that old “dy/dx” first derivative.”
No, the old least squares numerical fit, which is an FIR filtering operation with greater rejection of higher frequency variability over longer timelines. Are you trying to fool us, or yourself?

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 4:44 pm

Bart
August 25, 2014 at 4:32 pm

Today, sea level is rising at 3.2 mm/year

It wasn’t rising that fast in the 20th century.

August 25, 2014 4:48 pm

In my most recent post, please change “is the use” to “is to the use” in the second sentence.

Bart
August 25, 2014 4:53 pm

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 at 4:44 pm
“It wasn’t rising that fast in the 20th century.”
Yes, it was, at specific times over comparable timelines. Faster, in fact, at mid-century.
It has a significant cyclical component to it, just like global temperatures. You are comparing the result over an upswing of the cycle with a result over a longer interval which quashes the cycle. I say again, are you trying to fool us, or yourself?

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 5:07 pm

Bart
August 25, 2014 at 4:53 pm
“in fact, at mid-century.”

However….in your own words…..
..
“Cherry picked intervals of differing lengths,”

Bart
August 25, 2014 5:14 pm

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 at 5:07 pm
Hardly. Fixing it to look at comparable length intervals. Either get serious about this or go away.

phlogiston
August 25, 2014 5:59 pm

SonicsGuy on August 25, 2014 at 4:27 pm

Logically, climate change doesn’t just happen. Climate changes when it’s caused to change. Energy is conserved. The climate system doesn’t warm of cool without causes.
Logically your statement means that you believe that Tung and Chen 2014 is wrong. This paper claims that multidecadal changes in ocean cold downwelling and other circulation processes can redistribute heat vertically in the ocean, leading to corresponding changes in global surface temperatures. Specifically they attribute the recent warming “pause” to a couple of decades of co2 warming being by coincidence exactly cancelled by equal cooling from ocean vertical mixing. Further, they show that vertical ocean mixing changes or oscillates on a multidecadal timescale, raising hopes that surface warming might resume within a decade or two.
How is it possible for you not to understand the implication of this? T&C2014 have shown correctly what has been know for decades, that varying patyerns of vertical ocean mixing can cause climate temperature variation or if you like “climate change” on decadal up to millenial timescales. Two key aspects of this ocean driven climate change are:
(1) It is NATURAL (dont you just love that word?!) not involving any human agency and
(2) It does not need any change in the total heat in the climate system (which means essentially in the ocean). That’s what redistribution means. There is enough heat in the oceans, combined with complex patterns of varying vertical mixing, to allow significant up and down swings in global temperature with ZERO CHANGE in the heat energy in the system.
(I’m not saying there is or can not be change in total energy – just that with the total amount of heat in the ocean such change would take some time. )
Now if one accepts this (i.e. accepts the discipline of oceanography), then, again, how is it possible for you not to see the implication that, under the dominant influence of ocean vertical mixing, climate can be expected to be always changing with no human influence and not requiring any change in ocean i. e. climate energy? In the light of this can you see what it looks like to say something like: “logically [sic] climate cannot change unless something forces it by changing the amount of heat in the system”. The implication being that that “something” can only be co2.
You cant have your cake and eat it.
Either accept T&C2014 that oceans can eat global warming, as the warmist media are doing who are crawling all over T&C2014, and accept the implication that continual climate change driven by vertical ocean mixing is normal, without the need for any change in total heat.
Or reject T&C2014 in order to be able to continue to make statements like the one quoted at the top that logically climate cant changed without an external thermal forcing.
Make your choice.

Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 6:51 pm

Bart
August 25, 2014 at 5:14 pm
….
” get serious about this”

Try this…
..
Historical data (in mm/yr)
SLR Err (years) References
2.8 ±0.8 1993-2009 Church & White (2011)
1.7 ±0.2 1900-2009 Church & White (2011)
1.9 ±0.4 1961-2009 Church & White (2011)
1.43 ±0.14 1881-1980 Barnett (1984)
2.27 ±0.23 1930-1980 Barnett (1984)
1.2 ±0.3 1880-1982 Gornitz and Lebedeff (1987)
2.4 ±0.9 1920-1970 Peltier and Tushingham (1989)
1.75 ±0.13 1900-1979 Trupin and Wahr (1990)
1.7 ±0.5 Nakiboglu and Lambeck (1991)
1.8 ±0.1 1880-1980 Douglas (1991)
1.62 ±0.38 1807-1988 Unal and Ghil (1995)
….
….
Current rates
Colorado Univ 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/yr
AVISO 3.3 ± 0.6 mm/yr
CSIRO 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/yr
NASA GSFC 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/yr
NOAA 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/yr
(ref http://sealevel.colorado.edu/ )

Reply to  Edward Richardson
August 25, 2014 8:24 pm

In studying control systems engineering, I’ve discovered the principle that the controllability of a system is dependent upon identification of that variable whose value is being controlled. In Mr. Richardson’s post of Aug. 25 at 6:51 pm he seems to favor regulation of the sea level. That’s a worthy candidate but for the fact that governments have already decided to regulate the global surface temperature. How to regulate the latter is a different problem than the one of how to regulate the former.

phlogiston
August 25, 2014 7:39 pm

Edward Richardson on August 25, 2014 at 6:51 pm
Your “current” rates are inflated by two things, 1: recovery from La Nina and precipitation return to the sea, 2: yet another isostatic adjustment.
“Current” is too short and does not mean much. The reality shown by Envisat and other sources is decelerating sea level rise.
Nice try.

george e. smith
August 25, 2014 7:53 pm

Well I agree, “heat” (noun) tends not to go into the oceans, except where it contacts land. “Heat” needs stuff, in order to propagate.
But solar spectrum radiant energy can penetrate to some depth in the oceans. My handy dandy Infrared Handbook (US Navy text) says the 1/e (37% t) depth for the solar spectrum peak (at sea level air mass 1.5) is 100 meters. So 99% attenuation in 500 meters.
BUT !! not ALL of that radiant energy gets wasted as heat throughout that depth. A whole lot of it turns into plankton, and fishes, and mammals too. So there is no missing heat, we never made it.
Now the atmospheric isotropic LWIR emissions can hit the ocean, but they all get absorbed in the top 50 microns ow water, not centimeters. So to a great extent, they just promote increased evaporation, and don’t really add much to the ocean heat. If anything, they are a negative feedback effect, because that puts more water into the atmosphere to stop more solar spectrum energy from reaching the ocean.
Why is this process not understood by everyone, and specially by those who actually work in the climate field. Well at least, they get grant money to work. So what are they learning, instead of ocean energy dynamics ??

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 8:14 pm

phlogiston says:
“Specifically they attribute the recent warming “pause” to a couple of decades of co2 warming being by coincidence exactly cancelled by equal cooling from ocean vertical mixing.”
No, that’s wrong. The ocean isn’t cooling, it’s warming. It’s gaining heat. And some of that heat is going to depth. It’s quite a simple picture, really.

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 8:18 pm

Terry Oldberg wrote:
“I think your reference is the use of paleoclimate data plus Bayesian parameter estimation in constructing a posterior probability density function over the climate sensitivity.”
No. I mean comparing the warming from temperature proxies to the GHG proxies.
You seem to believe science is done via strict logical rules. No one who has ever done any science thinks that.

Reply to  SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 9:16 pm

SonicsGuy:
While “science” is not necessarily done via strict logical rules, it is possible to do so. When this is not done people unnecessarily starve, experience pain, die, lose their capital or suffer additional ghastly consequences. The ethical approach, then, is to follow strict logical rules in the performance of research. This is what I do despite pressure to do otherwise.

August 25, 2014 8:30 pm

The statement that “there is almost no mixing and no vertical movement of water” is inconsistent with what is known as the meridional overturning circulation. This is driven by density differences governed by temperature AND salinity. 
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140821-global-warming-hiatus-climate-change-ocean-science/
“It’s important to note that a pause in rising temperatures doesn’t mean global warming isn’t happening, writes Gerald Meehl, a senior scientist at NCAR, in an email. “Global warming hasn’t stopped, it has temporarily shifted to the subsurface ocean,” says Meehl, who first proposed that the Atlantic Ocean was storing some of the missing heat.”
“The frightening part,” Tung says, is “it’s going to warm just as fast as the last three decades of the 20th century, which was the fastest warming we’ve seen.” Only now, we’ll be starting from a higher average surface temperature than before.”
The radiative imbalance is still showing that the climate system is adding more heat energy than it is losing. The ice mass at both poles are still diminishing without pause, and accelerating. When surface temperatures were adjusted for known natural processes like ENSO and volcanic activity in the last 30 years, there was no pause observed in the mean global temperature increase due to the GHG component. Now climate scientists are identifying the additional heat sinks through measurement.
It looks like the heat that did not influence the SAT in the last 15 years, went into the subsurface oceans and was expended in melting ice. There are economic consequences to melting ice. And these consequences are not based on the outcome of a semantic argument about what a ‘pause’ is. According to some, global warming ‘pauses’ every winter. It is not enough to assert that the increasing global heat (in ocean or in air) is part of a ‘natural’ cycle unless that cycle or forcing is characterized, quantified and compared to GHG forcing.
For the above reasons, I am not yet persuaded that anthropogenic global warming has ceased because its effects are still measured and there is no indication of reversal. I challenge anyone to refute any of the claims without an ad hominem, speculative or conspiracist response.

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 8:58 pm

Matt G wrote:
“Notice the oceans should have 2.45 times more temperature profiles, just to have an equal coverage of observations.”
There’s no “should” — only what’s been and the associated uncertainties. Water temperatures are much more stable than air temperatures — the latter varies greatly every day, with every burst of wind, with every season. The ocean does not.
Climate science isn’t an experimental science. So scientists take the data they can get, which is never what they want, and do the best they can with it. So they include uncertainties with every calculation. If you look at graph 6 (with error bars) on this page
http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/index1.html
you see that the error bars are substantial, especially before 1990, when they reach 50% and more.
Scientists have spent an enormous amount of time and effort gathering ocean data and documenting its quality:
NOAA Atlas NESDIS 72
WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2013
http://data.nodc.noaa.gov/woa/WOD/DOC/wod_intro.pdf

SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 9:39 pm

Terry Oldberg says:
“While “science” is not necessarily done via strict logical rules, it is possible to do so.”
No it is not — the proof being that no no one has ever done it. Science is done by people, who advance it any way they can — guessing, borrowing ideas, trying every angle until something works. Logic has a role, but it’s hardly a governing one. As Paul Feyerabend wrote, ” Science is an essentially anarchic enterprise: theoretical anarchism is more humanitarian and more likely to encourage progress than its law-and-order alternatives.”
“When this is not done people unnecessarily starve, experience pain, die, lose their capital or suffer additional ghastly consequences.”
No, they don’t — it is, in fact, science — done imperfectly, helter skelter, scientists clawing their way forward by any possible means — that has fed the billions of people in the world for about two centuries now, and especially in the last century. And will in this one. The Green Revolution didn’t come about by applying laws of logic — it came about by enormous trial and error, accidental discoveries, hunches, tricks, and plain hard work. Some logic, once the rules were deduced, but not so much, really — and it usually comes after the discovery, not before it.
“The ethical approach, then, is to follow strict logical rules in the performance of research.”
That’s absurd. Ethics is not limited to logic — Max Planck was completely ethical when he came up with the Planck Law, but his method wasn’t logic — he guessed. Neils Bohr was ethical when he made up the Bohr model, taking a guess at the structure of the atom. (He was wrong, but it was still a very good guess, and an advancement.) Pauli made up spin, but not by logic — he just took a guess about a fourth quantum number, and only then used logic and rationality to see its consequences — and a lot of intuition, too. But certainly not the type of logic you’re trying to throw around here.

Reply to  SonicsGuy
August 25, 2014 10:04 pm

SonicsGuy:
Thank you for taking the time to respond. In the articles at http://judithcurry.com/2010/11/22/principles-of-reasoning-part-i-abstraction/, http://judithcurry.com/2010/11/25/the-principles-of-reasoning-part-ii-solving-the-problem-of-induction/ and http://judithcurry.com/2011/02/15/the-principles-of-reasoning-part-iii-logic-and-climatology/ I argue to the contrary that science has sometimes been done by logical rules. Usually it has not been done in this way but rather by the use of heuristics replacing logical rules.

August 25, 2014 9:48 pm

SonicsGuy:
Thank you for your reponse of Aug. 25 at 8:18 pm. I’m unclear on how one would compare the warming from temperature proxies to the GHG proxies or the relevance of said comparison. Please clarify.

phlogiston
August 25, 2014 11:00 pm

SonicsGuy August 25, 2014 at 8:14 pm
phlogiston says:
“Specifically they attribute the recent warming “pause” to a couple of decades of co2 warming being by coincidence exactly cancelled by equal cooling from ocean vertical mixing.”
No, that’s wrong. The ocean isn’t cooling, it’s warming. It’s gaining heat. And some of that heat is going to depth. It’s quite a simple picture, really.
Please try to get the point – ocean “forcing” of climate is from redistribution. The ocean as a whole can be (slowly) warming or cooling or staying the same, its not important. Climate warming from the ocean does not require the ocean as a whole to be warming. Likewise for cooling.
And if you accept T&C2014 (their plagiarism of established oceanography) then the argument “nothing else we can think of can change the climate except co2” goes out of the window.
Think about the ocean.

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