Himalayan warming – pulling another thread from IPCC’s fragile tapestry.

Himalayas from Space - Image: NASA

Guest post by Marc Hendrickx

The case for dangerous man made global warming hangs on the wall like a frayed medieval tapestry. By pulling just one loose thread the whole thing starts to unravel. We pulled one of those threads recently…

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) was recently caught making a mistake in a report on melting ice on Mount Everest. The ABC claimed that “Studies show temperatures are rising faster at Mount Everest than in the rest of South Asia.” When ABC were requested to provide details of the “Studies” they cited Table 10.2 from  IPCC’s AR4 Working Group 2 report. However, contrary to ABC’s claims this table showed that the area of fastest rising temperature in South Asia was Sri Lanka, not the Himalaya (and hence not Mt Everest). ABC’s gaffe however served to highlight a few errors made by the IPCC.  It turns out the IPCC incorrectly cited references that backed up the Himalayan temperature trends in Table 10.2, citing two conference papers and one peer reviewed paper that related to precipitation, not temperature (also covered in Table 10.2). Additionally references to support the high Sri Lankan temperatures appear to be from conference papers not from peer reviewed journal articles-(Follow references in Table 10.2).

After some digging the original work on the Himalayan temperature trends was found to be:

Shrestha, Arun B.; Wake, Cameron P.; Mayewski, Paul A.; Dibb, Jack E., 1999. Maximum Temperature Trends in the Himalaya and Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based on Temperature Records from Nepal for the Period 1971–94. Journal of Climate, 9/1/99, Vol. 12 Issue 9 pp:2775-2786.

It’s odd that the IPCC could not find more recent to back up its claims of rapid warming in the Himalaya in AR4. Readers may re-call the IPCC has a tainted record in reporting climate change  in the Himalaya having been caught out using “grey literature” to back claims that Himalayan glaciers would disappear by 2035. These have now been shown to be false and the IPCC has issued a correction.

IPCC’s trend of 0.09º C.yr-1 for the Himalaya cited in Table 10.2 comes from Table 2 of Shrestha et al., 1999. This presents the regional mean temperature trends for the period 1977-1994 (just 17 years) based on a Kriging analysis. This is a geostatistical method of filling data gaps, great when you are calculating the extent of an ore body with loads of drill hole information but not so good when the data are limited, as is the case here. For the Himalaya, the IPCC also cherry pick the highest seasonal value, the figure for winter (0.09º C.yr-1). The annual figure given by Shrestha et al., 1999 is less: 0.057º C.yr-1.

But that’s not the end of the story; let’s look at the paper by Shrestha et al, 1999 in more detail. It provides an analysis of maximum temperature data from 49 stations in Nepal.

The abstract states:

Analyses of maximum temperature data from 49 stations in Nepal for the period 1971–94 reveal warming trends after 1977 ranging from 0.06 to 0.12C yr-1 in most of the Middle Mountain and Himalayan regions, while the Siwalik and Terai (southern plains) regions show warming trends less than 0.03C yr-1. The subset of records (14 stations) extending back to the early 1960s suggests that the recent warming trends were preceded by similar widespread cooling trends. Distributions of seasonal and annual temperature trends show high rates of warming in the high-elevation regions of the country (Middle Mountains and Himalaya), while low warming or even cooling trends were found in the southern regions. This is attributed to the sensitivity of mountainous regions to climate changes. The seasonal temperature trends and spatial distribution of temperature trends also highlight the influence of monsoon circulation.

The Kathmandu record, the longest in Nepal (1921–94), shows features similar to temperature trends in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting links between regional trends and global scale phenomena. However, the magnitudes of trends are much enhanced in the Kathmandu as well as in the all-Nepal records. The authors’ analyses suggest that contributions of urbanization and local land use/cover changes to the all-Nepal record are minimal and that the all-Nepal record provides an accurate record of temperature variations across the entire region.

The time covered for the bulk of stations does not cover a single climate cycle so it’s hard to get excited about the results and we assume someone, somewhere will provide an update to extend the analysis to the present. Of the stations selected for the analysis only 5 stations with records dating from or before the mid 1960s were located in the Himalayan Region: Jiri (elevation-2003m), Okhaldunga (elevation-1720m), Chialsa (elevation-2770m), Chainpur (elevation-1329m), and Taplejung (elevation-1732m). Shrestha et al., 1999 define the Himalaya region in their figure 1 reproduced below.

Figure 1 from Shrestha et al., 1999

The location of the stations is shown in the following image from Google Earth, note they are all concentrated in the very eastern part of Nepal (click to enlarge), with none in the western Himalaya, none west of Long 86.23. The vast bulk of the Himalaya is empty of real data.

Location of weather stations in Nepal with records extending back to the early 1960s (based on Shrestha et al., 1999 Table 1). - click to enlarge

The temperature trends (Max/Min) for weather stations with records extending back to the early 1960s are shown in Figure 2 of the paper (reproduced below with a red H next to the 5 Himalayan stations-click to enlarge).

Figure 2 from Shrestha et al., 1999.

We extracted figures for the Himalayan stations and reproduce them in the chart below. It also shows the trend cited by the IPCC of 0.09º C.yr-1 in red.

Temperature trends for the Himalaya region from Shrestha et al., 1999. red line indicates IPCC trend for Himalaya quoted in Table 10.2 AR4 WGII report. UPDATED 8/7/10 3:30PM PST

It’s quite clear the trends of the actual data across the entire record do not support the figures produced in Shrestha’s Kriging analysis, which is limited to 1977-1994. The temperature trends for the Himalayan stations are as follows:

Station Max ºC.yr-1 Min ºC.yr-1
Jiri 0.063 -0.044
Okhaldunga 0.0016 0.0045
Chialsa 0.039 0.066
Chainpur 0.013 -0.0094
Taplejung -0.0057 0.0036
Average 0.022 0.0041

These trends, based on the reported station data, are much lower than the trends reported by Shrestha et al., 1999 and do not appear in any way unprecedented or alarming. The absence of data in the Western Himalaya invalidates the Kriging Analysis (you can’t interpolate into a data void), combine this with the crime of cherry picking recent trends to confuse weather with climate and a big part of the IPCC’s fragile tapestry of dangerous man made global warming suddenly falls through your fingers. All thanks to a loose thread revealed by the ABC.

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Jimbo
August 7, 2010 9:41 am

Hu McCulloch says:
August 7, 2010 at 6:18 am
They also make a point of affirming that they stand by their original conclusions despite this lapse in “procedures.”
————-
And despite the error being pointed out to the IPCC by glaciologists with experience of the Himalayas. – “Voodoo science” someone called it. By the way NASA were also caught by a sharp eyed person who found 2035 for complete meltdown which they later removed. :o)

Enneagram
August 7, 2010 9:47 am

That, I am sure, it is happening because of all the heat produced by the XXX novels made by “Patchy”(A.K.A “Tantric doberman”) 🙂

Enneagram
August 7, 2010 9:49 am

Seriously, the question is: What is the average temperature 5,000 meters above sea level?
Then, how do you explain supposed “melting down”?

KPO
August 7, 2010 10:39 am

Amino Acids in Meteorites says:
…”29 years is not useful for determining long term climate.
1000′s or 100,000′s of years is what is needed.” But – but we don’t have 1000’s of years. Global warming will not strike us the day after tomorrow, but two days before the day after tomorrow…. which is…. OMG!! run for your lives. Seriously, I will even go with the notion that the earth is warming slowly, but they mustn’t try sell me that they can detect it to tenths and hundredths of a degree – given the shoddy/uncertain state of the data – bollocks.

John from CA
August 7, 2010 10:40 am

I wouldn’t hold my breath for ABC News, this piece is as biased as it gets.
ABC News Video
Friday, August 6, 2010
Is Extreme Heat Evidence of Global Warming?
IS IT Global Warming?

http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/extreme-heat-evidence-global-warming-climate-change-hottest-summer-year-ever-11346254
Q: Has Global Warming finally arrived?
Richard Somerville (climate scientist) says “It has arrived…we’ve been predicting them [extreme weather patterns] for years and they are here”.
Deke Arndt from National Climate Data Center discusses the temperature trends (1880 to the present).

Icarus
August 7, 2010 10:40 am

Amino Acids in Meteorites says:

The data set in the study you comment on is not useful in determining long term trend. This using of sort term time periods for determining ‘global warming’ has to stop. 29 years is not useful for determining long term climate.
1000′s or 100,000′s of years is what is needed.

That is clearly not true. What would happen to the much-celebrated Mediaeval Warm Period and Little Ice Age if we just drew a straight line trend through the last couple of thousand years of temperature data? What would happen to the last ice age if we used trend lines of hundreds of thousands of years? They would just disappear. That is not ‘determining long term climate’, it’s erasing it. The Earth does have inherent lags due to thermal inertia of the oceans etc., but periods of several decades are long enough to reveal substantial and significant changes in climate, especially in response to the relatively large forcings human activity has been responsible for.

Fred
August 7, 2010 10:43 am

“gray literature”
Definition: Scary agitprop invented by the transnational environmental industries used to raise funds, distort arguments and further the cause of the faux environmentalists eco-grifter activities.

August 7, 2010 10:59 am

[Thanx, typo fixed. ~dbs, mod.]
Reply: Fixed. ~ ctm

Okay, my turn :
The absence of data in the Western Himalaya invalidates the Kriging Analysis (you can’t interpolate into a data void),
No, but you can extrapolate into a data void.
Mike
humble grammar n*zi 🙂

Ed Caryl
August 7, 2010 11:06 am

“Grey literature”
IPCC would use comic books if they found some that fit their agenda!

toby
August 7, 2010 11:08 am

It is hard to argue with the video evidence:

REPLY: Yes but video is not science. Would prefer a video report from an NGO (the Asia society) then? -A

Rhys Jaggar
August 7, 2010 11:36 am

I wonder whether oceanic cycles a la PDO affect decadal monsoon strength?
If so, perhaps 30 years of less strong monsoons may be correlated with glacial retreat?

Amino Acids in Meteorites
August 7, 2010 11:58 am

Icarus says:
August 7, 2010 at 10:40 am
especially in response to the relatively large forcings human activity has been responsible for.
Since you claim it is clear then you must have clear evidence. But no one has evidence it is caused by man. There is only evidence it is caused by Nature and by the sun.
You say it is clearly man. So prove it.

August 7, 2010 11:59 am

toby: August 7, 2010 at 11:08 am
It is hard to argue with the video evidence
I’ll see your video evidence and raise with video evidence:
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9zGrKLCMSo&hl=en_US&fs=1]

richard telford
August 7, 2010 12:36 pm

Doug in Seattle says:
August 7, 2010 at 7:47 am
Please evidence your claim that the rules on grey literature were changed before IPCC AR4. The current rules on treating non-peer reviewed literature are at http://ipcc.ch/pdf/ipcc-principles/ipcc-principles-appendix-a.pdf
Those in force during AR3 are at http://web.archive.org/web/20000816183409/www.ipcc.ch/about/app-a.pdf
and are little different.
I don’t have access to the rules for AR1 or AR2, but since both reports cite non-peer reviewed literature, it is implausible that their use was forbidden.
The allegation that there is, or has been, a ban on IPCC using grey literature is a [SNIP]
[Strike one. ~dbs, mod.]

Peter Whale
August 7, 2010 12:38 pm

Richard Telford did once know the answer to his question “Remind me, who invented the rule that the IPCC should not use grey literature?” For he asked to be reminded. How forgetful can someone be?

tty
August 7, 2010 12:52 pm

“No, but you can extrapolate into a data void.”
Kriging is a technique for interpolation, not extrapolation.

jorgekafkazar
August 7, 2010 1:07 pm

Snowlover123 says: “How many times have we debunked the lies of the pro-AGWers?”
The propaganda will continue until we prevent them from spending our taxes on falsehoods.

Esther Cook
August 7, 2010 1:17 pm

Whether the glaciers are melting or not, whether man had anything to do with it or not, is NOT the ultimate point.
The point is what will happen to LIVING things as a result–especially mammals and man.
We would benefit if there was warming. You find the most life in the tropics. You find a higher winter-death in people than summer death (and the alarmists would increase summer deaths by depriving us of air conditioning) when deaths-by-month are graphed.
I want to see more research into the health effects of small increases of carbon dioxide, but all I can find are less than a dozen studies–suggesting that even enormous increases of 50X CO (2) would be beneficial.

Cliff
August 7, 2010 1:34 pm

Stephen said: “This is fascinating stuff Because its unlikely to deviate much any more as it refrezes
http://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icecover.uk.php
all bets are off! I wonder what Steve Goddard is thinking now? Would be nice to see a magnified close up soon! (wait another day or two… LOL)”
The graph looks like a sine wave to me, proving whether its regional or planet wide weather and climate operate in cycles. Like seasons – hot at the top, cold at the bottom then back to warm again. Or when my ex-wife asks for money – happy at he top if I have it, angry at the bottom when I don’t. lol
I think the planet is self-regulatory whether man is here or not. Four and a half billion years kinda proves that.

Hu McCulloch
August 7, 2010 2:01 pm

tty says:
August 7, 2010 at 12:52 pm
“No, but you can extrapolate into a data void.”
Kriging is a technique for interpolation, not extrapolation.

Kriging lets you interpolate or extrapolate, though of course the precision of an interpolation will be a lot higher than that of an extrapolation.
The valley of Nepal is a lot closer to the Himalayas than is say New Mexico, so I don’t see it as particularly egregious to use Nepal temperatures as indicators of Himalayan temperatures, in the absence of anything better.

Hu McCulloch
August 7, 2010 2:12 pm

Jimbo says:
August 7, 2010 at 8:02 am
Gary Mount says:
August 7, 2010 at 2:23 am
Greenpeace India still has an article claiming the disappearance of the Himalayan Glaciers by 2035.
http://www.greenpeace.org/india/blog/the-grey-himalayas
——–
Not exactly, they actually say:

Reports say the Ganga which comes out of the Himalayas from the Gangotri glacier will become a seasonal river flowing only in the monsoons by 2035! While I worry about the far future of what my children will see (cause I don’t plan to have any, anytime soon), the people presently who live by the Ganga depend on it for their livelihood and water source – what will happen to them? What’s happening to them now?

But it is precisely the IPCC-endorsed disappearance of Gangotri and all other Himalayan glaciers by 2035 that implies that after that date there will only be monsoon runoff.
Although the IPCC has admitted a procedural error in making this claim without a reference to the peer-reviewed literature, it has not admitted that the claim itself is wrong, and in fact has emphasized that it stands by its alarmist projections.
So Greenpeace India is just going by the “authoritative” IPCC.
So there! 😉

Icarus
August 7, 2010 2:36 pm

Amino Acids in Meteorites says:
August 7, 2010 at 11:58 am
Icarus says:
August 7, 2010 at 10:40 am
“…especially in response to the relatively large forcings human activity has been responsible for.”
Since you claim it is clear then you must have clear evidence. But no one has evidence it is caused by man. There is only evidence it is caused by Nature and by the sun.

I’ll have a stab at it then:
Human activity has increased atmospheric CO2 by ~100ppm since pre-industrial times. We know this from straightforward calculations of historic fossil fuel use (how much coal, oil etc. we’ve burned) and from isotopic analysis of the atmospheric CO2 (fossil fuels have been in the ground for millions of years and therefore have a characteristic and detectable isotopic signature).
This additional ~100ppm of CO2, together with other human influences (both warming and cooling), amounts to a net anthropogenic forcing of ~1.6W/m² since the pre-industrial – IPCC figure from AR4.
Fast feedback climate sensitivity is around 0.75°C/W/m² – i.e. over a few decades, each additional W/m² of climate forcing will lead to around 0.75°C of global warming. Hence the current anthropogenic forcing should result in around 1.6 * 0.75 = 1.2°C of short-term warming.
The increased atmospheric CO2 from human activity should result in a top-of-atmosphere radiative imbalance (i.e. an enhanced greenhouse effect). This has been detected both by satellite measurements of reduced longwave radiation to space (Harries 2001) and by ground-based detection of increased downward longwave radiation (Wang 2009). Hence the Earth is warming up, as expected.
This enhanced anthropogenic greenhouse effect has so far produced around 0.7°C of global warming with a further 0.5°C in the pipeline (it takes decades for the climate system – primarily the oceans – to warm up enough for outgoing longwave radiation to increase and once again balance incoming solar radiation).
So, anthropogenic global warming is predicted by the straightforward physics of greenhouse gases and confirmed by experimental evidence from satellites and ground-based observations.
The evidence is very strong for the magnitude of changes in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and also very strong for the forcing which would result from such changes – it’s simply not credible that we could increase atmospheric CO2 without causing the forcing associated with that increase, as this is just basic physics.
Anyone suggesting that the warming of recent decades was due to some natural phenomenon (e.g. the sun) would have to also explain what happened to the anthropogenic radiative forcing which we know must exist. They would have to show that it was counteracted by yet another natural phenomenon which somehow masked its effects – i.e. a putative positive natural forcing entirely counteracted by a putative negative natural forcing, leaving just the anthropogenic forcing to cause the currently observed global warming… but of course that would be the same as agreeing that the anthropogenic forcing is causing the warming anyway. Otherwise, you have to resort to denying the basic physics of greenhouse gases, which is a nonsense since it can be proven in simple laboratory experiments.

August 7, 2010 2:49 pm

Some comments
Onion (August 7, 2010 at 4:17 am)
Of the 49 stations used. 6 are from the Himalaya. The remaining station is “Jumla” located 29.28, 82.17. Shrestha eta 199 provide no further information on this station.
Onion August 7, 2010 at 4:42 am
“So I think the IPCC are referencing the trans-Himalayan figure for the 0.09C” then why not state trans-Himalaya rather than “Himalaya” as indicated. As Shrestha et al., 1999 show in their figure 1 these are quite separate regions.
Hu McCulloch August 7, 2010 at 6:18 am
Thanks for the comment on IPCC admission of their “procedural error”. One of the features of bureaucracy is an inability to admit mistakes.
richard telford and Dusty
”The trend line on the last graph on this page purports to have a gradient of 0.09C. It doesn’t. The line has a gradient about 25% higher. (0.09C/yr would give 3.15C after 35 years, not 4C)”
Thanks for pointing this out. I will provide a corrected version to Anthony.

bob paglee
August 7, 2010 3:10 pm

Earth’s climate has been changing for millions of years and continues to do so. Here on the East coast we have been sweltering with 90 deg days for many weeks, while the West coast is shivering — even a heating contractor is having a far busier summer than normal. Is it due to an extremely fast transition from El Nino to La Nina? Global cooling concerns, anyone in far-out SF?
Here’s the whole story copied from today’s Wall Street Journal:
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
SAN FRANCISCO—While much of the U.S. is sweltering, the West Coast is experiencing one of its coolest summers in decades, putting a damper on everything from air-conditioning services to attendance at water parks.
The cool-down has stretched from Southern California to Alaska. The high temperature in Anchorage has reached just 73 degrees so far this summer, compared with 81 degrees last year. Portland, Ore., has seen only four days of 90 degrees or higher temperatures, compared with its usual seven or eight days at those levels by now, National Weather Service officials say.
Famously cool San Francisco had its coldest July since 1971, with high temperatures hovering around 63.2 degrees, 3.3 degrees below average, according to the National Weather Service. At Los Angeles International Airport, July’s average high was 70.5 degrees, 4.8 degrees below historic norms. With ocean temperatures as much as 10 degrees cooler than normal, Southern California’s famous beaches have been less crowded.
Southern California often experiences “June gloom,” a period of cool, damp weather in late spring and early summer. But this year, “the June gloom has been going on all summer,” said Leith Emery, owner of PV Surf Camp in Palos Verdes Estates. Mr. Emery said he has canceled four weeks of afternoon sessions so far this summer after three-quarters of his students dropped out.
In San Jose, Calif., where the average high temperature of 78.8 degrees in July was the coolest in 52 years, calls to service air-conditioning equipment have dropped 50% so far this summer for Valley Heating, Cooling & Electrical, owner Cindy Faulkner said.
“Normally on a good day, we get at least 30 to 50 calls in summer, but today so far we’ve taken four,” Ms. Faulkner said recently. Valley recently reduced its head count by three employees. “It’s definitely a struggle,” Ms. Faulkner said.
Attendance has been flat at three Raging Waters parks in California, despite new attractions and an improving economy, according to James Judy, vice president of operations for Palace Entertainment, a unit of Britain’s Candover Investments PLC that runs the water parks. Palace’s nine East Coast water parks were reporting stronger attendance this summer, he said.
“It’s definitely not the summer we were hoping for in California,” Mr. Judy said.
Meteorologists attribute the low temperatures partly to a trough of low pressure parking cooler air along much of the West Coast for months. That has created a thicker-than-normal marine layer, an air mass that develops over a body of water amid a temperature inversion, with stronger winds to bring the frigid air onshore, said Warren Blier, a weather-service science officer in Monterey, Calif.
Mr. Blier said the mirror image of that weather pattern is a high-pressure trough that has parked warm air over the East Coast.
“We don’t have a good understanding of why the trough is persisting here,” Mr. Blier said. “It probably has something to do with global distribution of sea-surface temperatures.”
One theory is that there has been an unusually fast transition from an El Niño condition, which features warmer waters in the equatorial Pacific, to a La Niña condition, with cooler waters. Meteorologists have credited El Niño for bringing a wet year to California after three years of drought. La Niña typically ushers in drier weather for California, but forecasting models so far are unclear what this winter will bring.
There are some pluses to being unseasonably cool. Alfresco Heating in Novato, Calif., is going out on four to five calls a day to install or service heating equipment, compared with the two to three calls it normally handles in July, said service manager Deanna Hoppin.
“This is normally one of the slowest times of the year, but now it has become one of the busiest,” Ms. Hoppin said.

Amino Acids in Meteorites
August 7, 2010 3:52 pm

Human activity has increased atmospheric CO2 by ~100ppm since pre-industrial times.
This is not proof. It is conflation. The price of chocolate has also gone up in that time. Chocolate causes global warming.