Towards a theory of climate

By Christopher Monckton of Brenchley

I have just had the honor of listening to Professor Murry Salby giving a lecture on climate. He had addressed the Numptorium in Holyrood earlier in the day, to the bafflement of the fourteenth-raters who populate Edinburgh’s daft wee parliament. In the evening, among friends, he gave one of the most outstanding talks I have heard.

Professor Salby has also addressed the Parliament of Eunuchs in Westminster. Unfortunately he did not get the opportunity to talk to our real masters, the unelected Kommissars of the European tyranny-by-clerk.

The Faceless Ones whose trembling, liver-spotted hands guide the European hulk of state unerringly towards the bottom were among the first and most naively enthusiastic true-believers in the New Superstition that is global warming. They could have benefited from a scientific education from the Professor.

His lecture, a simplified version of his earlier talk in Hamburg that was the real reason why spiteful profiteers of doom at Macquarie “University” maliciously canceled his non-refundable ticket home so that he could not attend the kangaroo court that dismissed him, was a first-class exercise in logical deduction.

He had written every word of it, elegantly. He delivered it at a measured pace so that everyone could follow. He unfolded his central case step by step, verifying each step by showing how his theoretical conclusions matched the real-world evidence.

In a normal world with mainstream news media devoted to looking at all subjects from every direction (as Confucius used to put it), Murry Salby’s explosive conclusion that temperature change drives CO2 concentration change and not the other way about would have made headlines. As it is, scarce a word has been published anywhere.

You may well ask what I might have asked: given that the RSS satellite data now show a zero global warming trend for 17 full years, and yet CO2 concentration has been rising almost in a straight line throughout, is it any more justifiable to say that temperature change causes CO2 change than it is to say that CO2 change causes temperature change?

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The Professor headed that one off at the pass. During his talk he said it was not global temperature simpliciter but the time-integral of global temperature that determined CO2 concentration change, and did so to a correlation coefficient of around 0.9.

I had first heard of Murry Salby’s work from Dick Lindzen over a drink at a regional government conference we were addressing in Colombia three years ago. I readily agreed with Dick’s conclusion that if we were causing neither temperature change nor even CO2 concentration change the global warming scare was finished.

I began then to wonder whether the world could now throw off the absurdities of climate extremism and develop a sensible theory of climate.

In pursuit of this possibility, I told Professor Salby I was going to ask two questions. He said I could ask just one. So I asked one question in two parts.

First, I asked whether the rapid, exponential decay in carbon-14 over the six decades following the atmospheric nuclear bomb tests had any bearing on his research. He said that the decay curve for carbon-14 indicated a mean CO2 atmospheric residence time far below the several hundred years assumed in certain quarters. It supports Dick Lindzen’s estimate of a 40-year residence time, not the IPCC’s imagined 50-200 years.

Secondly, I asked whether Professor Salby had studied what drove global temperature change. He said he had not gotten to that part of the story yet.

In the past year, I said, four separate groups haf contacted me to say they were able to reproduce global temperature change to a high correlation coefficient by considering it as a function of – and, accordingly, dependent upon – the time-integral of total solar irradiance.

If these four groups are correct, and if Professor Salby is also correct, one can begin to sketch out a respectable theory of climate.

The time-integral of total solar irradiance determines changes in global mean surface temperature. Henrik Svensmark’s cosmic-ray amplification, which now has considerable support in the literature, may help to explain the mechanism.

In turn, the time integral of absolute global mean temperature determines the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Here, the mechanism will owe much to Henry’s Law, which mandates that a warmer ocean can carry less CO2 than a colder ocean. I have never seen an attempt at a quantitative analysis of that relationship in this debate, and should be grateful if any of Anthony’s readers can point me to one.

The increased CO2 concentration as the world warms may well act as a feedback amplifying the warming, and perhaps our own CO2 emissions make a small contribution. But we are not the main cause of warmer weather, and certainly not the sole cause.

For the climate, all the world’s a stage. But, if the theory of climate that is emerging in samizdat lectures such as that of Professor Salby is correct, we are mere bit-part players, who strut and fret our hour upon the stage and then are heard no more.

The shrieking hype with which the mainstream news media bigged up Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda, ruthlessly exploiting lost lives in their increasingly desperate search for evidence – any evidence – as ex-post-facto justification for their decades of fawning, head-banging acquiescence in the greatest fraud in history shows that they have begun to realize that their attempt at politicizing science itself is failing.

Whether they like it or not, typhoons are acts of God, not of Man.

I asked Professor Salby whether there was enough information in the temperature record to allow him to predict the future evolution of atmospheric CO2 concentration. He said he could not do that.

However, one of the groups working on the dependence of global temperature change on the time-integral of total solar irradiance makes a startling prediction: that we are in for a drop of half a Celsius degree in the next five years.

When I made a glancing reference to that research in an earlier posting, the propagandist John Abraham sneeringly offered me a $1000 bet that the fall in global temperature would not happen.

I did not respond to this characteristically jejune offer. A theory of climate is a hypothesis yet to be verified by observation, experiment and measurement. It is not yet a theorem definitively demonstrated. Explaining the difference to climate communists is likely to prove impossible. To them the Party Line, whatever it is, must be right even if it be wrong.

The group that dares to say it expects an imminent fall in global mean surface temperature does so with great courage, and in the Einsteinian spirit of describing at the outset a test by which its hypothesis may be verified.

Whether that group proves right or wrong, its approach is as consistent with the scientific method as the offering of childish bets is inconsistent with it. In science, all bets are off. As al-Haytham used to say, check and check and check again. He was not talking about checks in settlement of silly wagers.

In due course Professor Salby will publish in the reviewed literature his research on the time-integral of temperature as the driver of CO2 concentration change. So, too, I hope, will the groups working on the time-integral of total solar irradiance as the driver of temperature change.

In the meantime, I hope that those who predict a sharp, near-term fall in global temperature are wrong. Cold is a far bigger killer than warmth. Not that the climate communists of the mainstream media will ever tell you that.

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November 10, 2013 3:30 am

Marvellous stuff from the Noble Lord as usual. On the subject of betting, I suggest that the only way one can get a drama green to make a prediction is by the implication inherent in a wager and sceptics should employ this method, within their means, to winkle warmists out of their holes.

son of mulder
November 10, 2013 3:31 am

I’m struggling with how Henry’s law, a warming ocean and the decrease in alkalinity of seawater fit together.

Chris Wright
November 10, 2013 3:54 am

I think Salby’s theory is very interesting, but I am a little – shall we say – sceptical.
So, is there observational evidence, e.g. in the ice cores, that supports the theory?
The ice cores clearly show that CO2 follows temperature, but this is over thousands of years. As the mechanism has a delay of around 800 years (oceans absorbing/emitting CO2) it only works over thousands of years, and could not explain the modern CO2 increase, which has happened over 100 years.
So is there evidence in the ice cores or elsewhere of CO2 rises being caused by temperature rises on the scale of a century or so? How about the MWP and Roman warm periods? If they don’t show any rises on this scale then it’s unlikely the theory could explain the 20th century CO2 rise.
Having said that, it would be wonderful if he were right. It would mean that not only the temperature rise was natural, but the very thing blamed for the rise was also natural.
Chris

Gareth Phillips
November 10, 2013 3:59 am

“Unfortunately he did not get the opportunity to talk to our real masters, the unelected Kommissars of the European tyranny-by-clerk”
——————————————————————————————————
And who elected you Monckton to the House of Lords to which you assert to be a member? At least ‘ Edinburgh’s daft wee parliament’ was elected by the people of Scotland who may irritate you by longer being seen as an English Lords property, but who have a right to a democratic process. Stick to climate comments , otherwise the words ‘glasshouse’ and ‘throwing stones’ tends to spring to mind when you use this site to roll out your right wing landed gentry view of the world.

November 10, 2013 4:06 am

I am in agreement with the predicted cooling as sun cycle 24 progresses and 25 is flat as predicted. I wish it were not to be, just hope this isn’t the end of the Holocene I see as the earth is a roller coaster car now over the 1998 sun peak. When the AMO goes cold will should see major crop failures.

Laws of Nature
November 10, 2013 4:06 am

Hi there,
I keep on hearing about the alkalinity change of the seawater.. could someone give me a citation on that? (I found plenty of the change of the alkalinity for the surface seawater)
Best regards,
LoN

November 10, 2013 4:06 am

“If these four groups are correct, and if Professor Salby is also correct, one can begin to sketch out a respectable theory of climate.”
I think they are correct and have taken an initial stab at how it could all fit together whilst obeying the basic laws of physics.
Note that this is a conceptual rather than quantitative description but good enough as a starting point for further investigation:
1) Solar activity increases, reducing ozone amounts above the tropopause especially above the poles.
2) The stratosphere cools. The number of chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere increases due to the increased solar effects with faster destruction of ozone.
3) The tropopause rises, especially above the poles altering the equator to pole height gradient.
4) The polar high pressure cells shrink and weaken accompanied by increasingly positive Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations.
5) The air circulation systems in both hemispheres move poleward and the ITCZ moves further north of the equator as the speed of the hydrological cycle increases due to the cooler stratosphere increasing the temperature differential between stratosphere and surface.
6) The main cloud bands move more poleward to regions where solar insolation is less intense and total global albedo declines via a reduction in global cloud cover due to shorter lines of air mass mixing.
7) More solar energy reaches the surface and in particular the oceans as the subtropical high pressure cells expand.
8) Less rain falls on ocean surfaces allowing them to warm more.
9) Solar energy input to the oceans increases but not all is returned to the air. A portion enters the thermohaline circulation to embark on a journey of 1000 to 1500 years. A pulse of slightly warmer water has entered the ocean circulation.
10) The strength of warming El Nino events increases relative to cooling La Nina events and the atmosphere warms.
11) Solar activity passes its peak and starts to decline.
12) Ozone levels start to recover. The stratosphere warms.
13) The tropopause falls, especially above the poles altering the equator to pole height gradient.
14) The polar high pressure cells expand and intensify producing increasingly negative Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations.
15) The air circulation systems in both hemispheres move back equatorward and the ITCZ moves nearer the equator as the speed of the hydrological cycle decreases due to the warming stratosphere reducing the temperature differential between stratosphere and surface.
16) The main cloud bands move more equatorward to regions where insolation is more intense and total global albedo increases once more due to longer lines of air mass mixing.
17) Less solar energy reaches the surface and in particular the oceans as the subtropical high pressure cells contract.
18) More rain falls on ocean surfaces further cooling them.
19) Solar energy input to the oceans decreases
20) The strength of warming El Nino events decreases relative to cooling La Nina events and the atmosphere cools.
21) It should be borne in mind that internal ocean oscillations substantially modulate the solar induced effects by inducing a similar atmospheric response but from the bottom up (and primarily from the equator) sometimes offsetting and sometimes compounding the top down (and primarily from the poles) solar effects but over multi-decadal periods of time the solar influence becomes clear enough in the historical records. The entire history of climate change is simply a record of the constant interplay between the top down solar and bottom up oceanic influences with any contribution from our emissions being indistinguishable from zero.
We saw the climate zones shift latitudinally as much as 1000 miles in certain regions between the Mediaeval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. It would surprise me if our emissions have shifted them by as much as a mile.

Cheshirered
November 10, 2013 4:18 am

One of the alarmists main supporting actors to AGW is ocean acidification. Another is warming oceans. (They’ve tried to pin Haiyan on warmer seas.) However, if CO2 is somehow causing warmer oceans as well as ocean acidification, then there’s a clash of opposites.
Warmer oceans hold less CO2…but ocean CO2 is increasing and thus causing acidification?
Which is it? Warming oceans and lower sea-levels of CO2, or cooler oceans and CO2-driven acidification? Do tell, warmists. Eh?! Contradictions abound.
PS…’Numptorium’. Lovely. 🙂

AlecM
November 10, 2013 4:19 am

Well said your Lordship; CO2-AGW is pretty near zero because of something totally missed by Climate Alchemists; ditto the Methane Bomb. It’s all to do with the negative feedback from clouds.
Cloud and ice albedo increase is likely very soon; the real GHE. -0.5 K in 5 years is feasible. So is -1.5 K in 35 years. Trouble is, Carl Sagan got his aerosol optical physics wrong and that begat the claim that the GHE is lapse rate**. Then the alchemists made a whole load of mistakes getting the ‘positive feedback’ cheat going. The real AGW is polluted clouds have lower albedo.
I sympathise with the alchemists because unlike engineers like me, they were misled by MODTRAN. This predicts OLR quite well but they didn’t understand that the 16 deg C surface radiation field boundary condition is that in equilibrium with OLR = 238.5 W/m^2 for the present OLR spectral distribution, no matter whether the heat is convected or radiated.
Any new equilibrium has a different OLR spectral distribution which satisfies external irreversible thermodynamics requirements. Also, the model predicts radiation fields at a plane but the two-stream approximation is based on temperature not energy flux, which can be any combination of convection and net radiation.
**At the last glacial minimum, the GHE was ~2 K. It’s currently ~11 K. This is because the equilibrium radiative temperature with Space for no clouds or ice would be 4 to 5 deg. C. The -18 deg C only applies for present albedo. The 33 K/11 K = 3 positive feedback is a mistake.

November 10, 2013 4:21 am

Earth’s surface is heated by the sun, water evapourates, convects, condenses, and most of the (latent heat) energy escapes to space. Earth’s surface is a solar and geothermal powered refrigerator, and the water cycle is a massive and dominant negative feedback.
http://i53.photobucket.com/albums/g43/DerekJohn_photos/Greenland%20revisited%20DJA%202010/Diesendorf%20cherry%20pie/Heat%20pipes/Slide15.jpg
Lindzen’s Iris suggestion, ie, http://i53.photobucket.com/albums/g43/DerekJohn_photos/Greenland%20revisited%20DJA%202010/Diesendorf%20cherry%20pie/Heat%20pipes/Slide14.jpg Willis Eschenbach’s thunderstorm ‘governor’ mechanism, Dr. Noor van Andel’s work on the ITCZ, to name just some, ALL point to the power of the water cycle, that the water cycle is a heat pipe, that the water cycle is a negative feedback mechanism, and that the water cycle in that it acts as a heat pipe is dominant. It is such a shame that they all trip themselves up by not questioning the greenhouse effect “theory” basis of AGW. If they did then explaining “things” would be so much more realistic. Untill then we are left in a GH “theory” based gaga land of having to accept P/4 and “atmospheric back radiation warms earth’s surface”, niether of which apply or happen at earth’s surface. No good will come of such a basic omission.
The irony is that the known LAWS of thermodynamics do explain what we observe in the moment, yet GH based “theories” do not. A little clue there for those that can observe i would suggest.

November 10, 2013 4:23 am

Chris Wright says:
November 10, 2013 at 3:54 am
“The ice cores clearly show that CO2 follows temperature, but this is over thousands of years. As the mechanism has a delay of around 800 years (oceans absorbing/emitting CO2) it only works over thousands of years, and could not explain the modern CO2 increase, which has happened over 100 years.”
The questions with the first natural relationship, with CO2 following temp, are: why the rising CO2 did not halt the declining temperatures as we entered ice ages, and why didn’t temperatures keep climbing as we came out of ice ages, because in both cases CO2 should have driven temperatures, with feedbacks working a little bit like perpetual motion machines?

Patrick
November 10, 2013 4:24 am

“Laws of Nature says:
November 10, 2013 at 4:06 am”
Apparently, according to NASA, the pH has dropped from ~8.2, pre-industrial age, to 8.1 post industrial age. Given there is no actual system to measure global ocean pH levels, the figures are bogus at best.
In debates about “climate” I often link to the RSS satellite graph, as above. In response, I am told by alarmists, that the RSS satellite system is unreliable however, they never support their claims with actual evidence. Is the RSS system subject to satellite orbit decay and thermometer device error and is there any evidence to support that claim?

rogerknights
November 10, 2013 4:25 am

09 NOVEMBER 2013
Intrade, an online betting website that halted trading earlier this year after uncovering suspected financial irregularities, said it “successfully resolved” issues with representatives of former CEO John Delaney following his death.
http://www.independent.ie/business/world/in-brief-intrade-progress-29739348.html

If Intrade can also resolve its issues with US regulators, it would be possible to make long-term bets against Abraham on global temperatures there. There are two bets ending in 2019, with varying amounts of temperature change by then. Odds fluctuate according to buy and sell pressures from customers, which compensates for bets not usually being the exact amount of temperature rise or drop a bettor might prefer. (There is a visible bid/offer order book.)

Paul Coppin
November 10, 2013 4:33 am

You may well ask what I might have asked: given that the RSS satellite data now show a zero global warming trend for 17 full years, and yet CO2 concentration has been rising almost in a straight line throughout, is it any more justifiable to say that temperature change causes CO2 change than it is to say that CO2 change causes temperature change?
If this evidence is true, then the conclusion here is not. What the evidence suggests, is that temperature and CO2 levels are completely decoupled on the first order. CO2 levels may have a cyclic association with temperature, but not through straightforward physical chemistry. Given the extent to which CO2 is a major physical component of the biosphere (and I include lacustrine and related geologies here), the association between temperature and CO2 is more likely a chaotic relationship coupled to biogenic processes (or lack of them), then the simplistic physical arguments that have come from many physical scientists and climastrologers.

Patrick
November 10, 2013 4:51 am

“Gareth Phillips says:
November 10, 2013 at 3:59 am”
Good point.

Tom in Florida
November 10, 2013 4:59 am

Stephen Wilde says:
November 10, 2013 at 4:06 am
Stephen,
With understanding the note in your post (“Note that this is a conceptual rather than quantitative description but good enough as a starting point for further investigation:”) it appears from the below concept of ozone that heat is a net result in both the creation and destruction of ozone. Perhaps you could explain more about why you say :
1) Solar activity increases, reducing ozone amounts above the tropopause especially above the poles.
2) The stratosphere cools. The number of chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere increases due to the increased solar effects with faster destruction of ozone.
———————————————————————————————————————
source: http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ozone/ozone.html
“The ozone in the stratosphere is produced by photochemical reactions involving O2. When diatomic oxygen in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths less than 240 nm, it breaks apart into two oxygen atoms.
O2(g) + uv light = 2 O(g) (light wavelength < 240 nm)
The resulting oxygen atoms combine with O2 molecules to form ozone.
O(g) + O2(g) = O3(g)
This reaction is exothermic, and the net effect of the previous two reactions is the conversion of three molecules of O2 to two molecules of ozone with the simultaneous conversion of light energy to heat. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths as long as 290 nm. This radiation causes the ozone to decompose into O2 molecules and oxygen atoms.
O3(g) + uv light = O2(g) + O(g) (light wavelength < 290 nm)
This, too, is an exothermic reaction. The overall effect of this reaction and the previous reaction is the conversion of light energy into heat. Thus, ozone in the stratosphere prevents highly energetic radiation from reaching the Earth's surface and converts the energy of this radiation to heat.”
.

ozspeaksup
November 10, 2013 5:05 am

when prof Salbys story did get some airtime,
ABC aus was damned fast to get the pr from the uni on to damn him,
and to discredit and deny all and any info he presented.
that done, all mention is supressed.
thanks Lord M for another good article with humour:-)

November 10, 2013 5:16 am

Even by the high standards of this blog, the comments are exceptionally interesting. For instance, who could not be intrigued by Stephen Wilde’s elegant outline of a cyclical theory of climate?
Chris Wright asks whether CO2 concentration tracks the time integral of global mean surface temperature on all timescales. Is there, he wonders, any evidence for Professor Salby’s proposition in the ice cores?
Indeed there is, and the Professor specifically discusses ice cores in some detail. He has given considerable thought to that question, and has concluded that the diffusion of air trapped in ice increases with age, so that the further back one goes in the record the greater the degree to which the CO2 concentration in the samples understates the CO2 concentration that actually obtained.
At first sight, it may seen surprising – as it does to Mr. Wright – that an argument such as that of Professor Salby might work on centennial and also on millennial timescales. However, Professor Salby has correctly used exactly the right analytical method: Fourier analysis, which concerns itself with sums of sinusoids at all frequencies: for the calculation is carried out in the frequency domain rather than in the time domain.
It is indeed possible for CO2 change to lag temperature change on a wide range of timescales, and Professor Salby devotes much of his talk to this question.
Cheshirered asks about the balance between the atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 increasing because of anthropogenic emissions, thereby increasing the oceanic CO2 concentration, and the propoensity of warmer water to outgas CO2 by way of Henry’s law. It is exactly that trade-off that I have not yet seen quantitatively analyzed. I suspect the results would be interesting. In the meantime, as several commenters have rightly pointed out, no sufficiently extensive or well-resolved measurements of changes in ocean pH have yet been taken, so we have no evidence that the oceans are becoming less alkaline.
So far only one troll has surfaced, saying he is dismayed at my calling Scotland’s daft wee parliament Scotland’s daft wee parliament. At present, five laws in six are made for us by the unelected Kommissars of Europe. One law in 20 is made by the Parliament of Eunuchs at Westminster. That leaves one law in eight made at the Numptorium. UKIP’s policy is that upon Britain’s exit from the absurdly bureaucratic and egregiously corrupt Eurottoman Empire, whose own auditors have refused to certify its accounts as a true and fair record for 19 successive years, all powers handed to the Dismal Empire by Westminster should be returned not to Westminster but to Holyrood, turning the daft wee rubber stamp into a real parliament at last.
Finally, the troll asks by whom I was elected to the House of Lords. I was elected by a Higher Authority.

GregS
November 10, 2013 5:21 am

FWIW, here are his two presentations that he gave at the Sydney Institute:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVCps_SwD5w
He is asked about ocean acidification at around 55 minutes in to the second presentation – here is a link that should take you directly to the question:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVCps_SwD5w&t=55m0s

Richard M
November 10, 2013 5:40 am

Satellite data is the best temperature data we have. I believe most satellites these days keep track of their orbital status constantly. If the orbit decays the satellites can measure it. As we all know surface data is quite unreliable. Adjustments, station moves, siting issues, infilling, extrapolation, recording errors, varying the thermometers being used, etc. all have an impact. On top of that they pretty much ignore UHi, AHI, and other issues that impact local temperatures.
I suspect that fully half of the warming (if not more) over the modern temperature record is due to these problems. Without that warming all we have is the continuation of the warming from the LIA with variability due to ocean cycles. I highlight the PDO phases in the trend segments of this graph. Notice how all the warming segments correlates with the PDO warm mode and the cooling segments correlate with the PDO cool mode.
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1850/to/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1880/to:1912/trend/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1912/to:1944/trend/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1944/to:1976/trend/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1976/to:2005/trend/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:2005/to/trend/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1850/to:1880/trend

Patrick
November 10, 2013 5:46 am

“Monckton of Brenchley says:
November 10, 2013 at 5:16 am
Finally, the troll asks by whom I was elected to the House of Lords. I was elected by a Higher Authority.”
Why is “Monckton of Brenchley” allowed to label another postie a troll, without qualification? And who’s “Higher Authority” was “Monckton of Brenchley” elected by?

Girma
November 10, 2013 5:55 am

Christopher Monckton of Brenchley & Anthony
Could you include the following graph in the above post that explains GMST driving the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere:
http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/compress:12/derivative/from:1979/normalise/plot/uah/compress:12/normalise

Girma
November 10, 2013 5:56 am

Here is the graph that shows GMST driving the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere:
http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/compress:12/derivative/from:1979/normalise/plot/uah/compress:12/normalise

papiertigre
November 10, 2013 6:00 am

RE: Finally, the troll asks by whom I was elected to the House of Lords. I was elected by a Higher Authority.
I’m just going to jump ahead and give a video reply for him. Because we all have seen the movie.

November 10, 2013 6:03 am

What is the temperature-sensitivity of CO2 solubility in seawater, compared to those of nitrogen and oxygen?

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