Dr. Leif Svalgaard sent this to me via email saying “Anthony, here is a short note I just submitted to arXiv. You are welcome to make of it what you want, if anything”. I choose to publish it without comment for our readers to consider.
Up to Nine Millennia of Multimessenger Solar Activity
Leif Svalgaard, Stanford University
Abstract
A nine-millennia reconstruction of decadal sunspot numbers derived from 10Be and 14C terrestrial archives for 6755 BC to 1885 AD has been extended to the present using several other messengers (Observed Sunspot Number, Group Number, range of the diurnal variation of the geomagnetic field, and the InterDiurnal Variation of the geomagnetic Ring Current) and scaled to the modern SILSO Version 2 sunspot number. We find that there has been no secular up tick of activity the last three hundred years and that recent activity has not been out of the ordinary. There is a sharp 87.6-year peak in the power spectrum, but no significant power at the Hallstatt 2300-year period. The reconciliation of the cosmogenic record with the modern sunspot record could be an important step to providing a vetted solar activity record for the use in climate research.
Introduction
Wu et al. (2018) (hereafter WEA) present a multi-proxy reconstruction of solar activity over the last 9000 years, using all available long-span datasets of 10Be and 14C messengers in terrestrial archives. Cosmogenic isotopes are produced by cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere and their measured production/depositional flux reflects changes in the cosmic ray flux in the past. The cosmic ray flux is modulated by solar magnetic activity, which can be quantified in terms of the heliospheric modulation potential characterizing the energy spectrum of Galactic Cosmic Rays reaching the top of the atmosphere at a given time. The WEA reconstruction is given as decadal averages centered on the midpoint of each decade and runs from 6755.5 BC to 1885.5 AD. The reason for stopping in 1885 was that the (Suess 1955) effect of extensive fossil fuel burning makes it problematic to use 14C data after the mid-19th century; in addition, radiocarbon data cannot be used after the 1950s because of nuclear explosions that led to massive production of 14C. The modulation potential series is not a stable proxy for solar activity since the modulation potential is a relative index whose absolute value is model dependent (e.g. Herbst et al. 2017). Therefore, WEA converted the reconstructed modulation potential to a more practical and certainly more widely used index: the sunspot number, its current version designated SN (version 2, Clette et al. 2014). The conversion was done via the open solar magnetic flux following an ‘established’ procedure (e.g. Usoskin et al. 2003, 2007). As the ‘procedure’ was developed for version 1 of the sunspot number, the newer version 2 data were scaled down by a factor of 0.6 for the calibration, in spite of the so-called k-factor (the 0.6) not being constant over time (Clette & Lefèvre 2016). It seems a step backwards to cling to the obsolete version 1 of the sunspot number scale, so we undo the spurious down-scaling of version 2. We shall not here quibble about details of the conversion procedure except to note that one would expect (even require) that the SN-reconstruction should match the actual observed SN-series for the time of overlap. WEA suggest that their reconstructed values be multiplied by 1.667 to place them on the SN V2-scale. Figure 1 shows that this is not enough. A factor of 2.0 seems to be necessary to match the two scales, likely meaning that the WEA calibration is too low by about 20%.
More Messengers
When comparing two series it can be difficult to decide which one is too low or too high. It could simply be wrong. Luckily, there are several other messengers directly pertaining to solar activity: the independently derived sunspot Group Number, GN (Svalgaard & Schatten 2016) back to 1610, the range of the diurnal variation of the geomagnetic field, rY (Svalgaard 2016; Loomis 1873) good back to the 1810s, and the InterDiurnal Variation of the geomagnetic Ring Current, IDV (Svalgaard & Cliver 2005, 2010; Svalgaard 2014; Cliver & Herbst 2018; Owen et al. 2016; Bartels 1932) back to the 1830s. Decadal means for these are given in Table 1 together with the (linear) regression-equations to convert them to the SN V2 scale. Applying the conversions we can now plot the messages all on the same scale, Figure 2.
In scaling rY and IDV we have first constructed a composite of SN V2 and GN*(on SN V2 scale).
IDV*(V2) = 18.71˟IDV(nT) – 91.27. Column 12 gives the average of columns 7-11, with its standard deviation in column 13, based on the number of values, N in column 14, going into the average. The table can also be found in the Excel file (see below) associated with this article.
We can now put our Multimessenger reconstruction in the context of solar activity over the last millennium, Figure 3. It is encouraging that our reconstruction matches the WEA reconstruction very well (R2 = 0.87) for their time of overlap, illustrating the power of the Multimessenger approach in reconciling various time series. We note that a ~100-year quasi-wave is clearly seen by eye over the last three centuries (only) and also that there has not been any significant secular change (e.g. an often claimed increase) over the same time interval, the lack of which had already been established (e.g. Clette et al. 2014).
This convergence of the recent cosmogenic and solar activity records (see also Muscheler et al. 2016) lends credence to the admissibility of making a leap of faith back to the beginning of the WEA reconstruction nine millennia ago, Figure 4, even if we have to admit that it is not clear if the very long-period variations are of solar origin. On the other hand, it seems clear that recent activity has not been extraordinary (Berggren et al. 2009).
The combined time series from 6755 BC to 2015 AD is available as an Excel file at
https://leif.org/research/Nine-Millennia-SN.xls
Periodic Activity?
When you have 8770 years (878 data points) of data, the urge to look for cycles is overwhelming. Figure 5 shows the magnitude of the FFT in the time domain of the full sunspot number time series (combining the WEA and Multimessenger series). Although there are better and more powerful methods (e.g. Wavelets), any real periodic activity would show up in the FFT spectrum. We computed the FFT for the entire series and also for three subsets: the first half, the second half, and the middle half in order to see if periods (‘cycles’) would be persistent and coincident in all of them. Three long-term cycles are often assumed to exist (e.g. Damon & Sonett, 1991): the ~2300-year Hallstatt (or Bray) Cycle, the 208-year de Vries (or Suess) Cycle, and the 88-year Gleissberg Cycle. Figure 5 shows that the Hallstatt Cycle (found in climate records) is not significant in the solar record. There does seem to be power at periods between 200 and 240 years, but the power is perhaps too broadly distributed to qualify as a strong periodicity, although there is a narrow peak at half the period (104 years), a variation also visible by eye in Figure 3. With lots of peaks between 250 and 1200 years it is no surprise that some of them just coincide around 350 years. On the other hand, the 87.6-year Gleissberg peak is sharp and prevalent in the whole series and in all three sub-intervals.
Conclusion
The Wu et al. (2018) reconstruction of the sunspot number since 6755 BC combined with modern Multimessenger proxies covering the 19th century until today goes a long way to reconcile the cosmogenic solar activity record with recent assessments of long-term solar activity.
References
Bartels, J. 1932, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 37, 1-52.
Berggren, A.-M., Beer J., Possnert, G., et al. 2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36(11), L11801.
Clette, F., Svalgaard, L., Vaquero, J. M., et al. 2014, Space Sci. Rev., 186, 35-103.
Clette, F., Lefèvre, L. 2016, Solar Phys., 291(9-10), 2629-2629.
Cliver, E. W., Herbst, K. 2018, Space Sci. Rev., 214(2), Id 56.
Damon, P. E., Sonett, C. P. 1991, in The sun in time, Univ. Arizona Press, 360-388.
Herbst, K., Muscheler, R., Heber, B. 2017, J. Geophys., 122(1), 23-34.
Loomis, E. 1873, Amer. J. Sci. Ser. 3, 5, 245-260.
Muscheler, R., Adolphi, F., Herbst, K., et al. 2016, Solar Phys., 291(9-10), 3025-3043.
Owens, M. J., Cliver, E. W., McCracken, K. G., et al. 2016, J. Geophys. Res., 121(7), 6048-6063.
Suess, H. E. 1955, Science, 122 (3166), 415-417.
Svalgaard, L. 2014, Ann. Geophysicae, 32(6), 633-641.
Svalgaard, L. 2016, Solar Phys., 291(9-10), 2981-3010.
Svalgaard, L., Cliver, E. W. 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 110(12), A12103.
Svalgaard, L., Cliver, E. W. 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 115(9), A09111.
Svalgaard, L., Schatten, K. H. 2016, Solar Phys., 291(9-10), 2653-2684.
Usoskin, I. G., Solanki, S. K., Kovaltsov, G. A. 2007, A&A, 471, 301.
Usoskin, I. G., Solanki, S. K., Schüssler, M., et al. 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 211101.
Wu, C. J., Usoskin I. G., Krivova, N., et al. 2018, A&A, 615, A93.
There is no stone as bright to the eye
As God’s warm sun there in the sky
But diamonds are still a girl’s best friend.
Is this an actual paper, or something with a bunch of made up science-sounding terminology?
As with all Leif’s posts – I got homework to do.
It has come to my mind that perhaps everyone skeptical of the GB cycle expects to see an exact response from the sun in the various relevant proxies on earth. Obviously, nature does not work like that.
nature works like this:
http://virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli267_293.pdf
note tables II and III….
For one thing, although earth itself is generally cooling from inside to outside, since its creation, this process is by and large not ‘exactly’ constant, as I figured out from my own results.
e.g. it seems to me that every 1000 years or so, the inside of earth re-aligns with the magnetic fields of the sun causing some extra warming in the NH leading to some extra Arctic and Greenland melting.
Click on my name to read my final report on this.
Best wishes
H
Leif
Thanks for helping me learn how little I know. 🙂 I have some simple questions.
If the maximum production of Be10 and C14 occurs during high cosmic ray flux at solar minimum, isn’t the proxy representing the solar cycle minimums instead of the solar cycle sunspot mean? Is there a relationship with the mean and the minimum?
I understand the problem of taking 4.5 year ice core proxy data to develop a 9000 year sunspot history isn’t easy. It just seems like something is missing to delelope the proxy to solar cycle sunspot mean relationship. Sunspot cycle is highly variable where large swings may lead to incorrect conclusions.
Yes, but when you turn the cosmic ray count into a sunspot number that inverse relation is automatically inverted, so that the sunspot count does represent activity.