Ooops! Not all 31 scientific societies actually signed the AAAS ‘consensus’ letter

Recursive Lies and “Scientific Consensus” Letters

Guest opinion by Leo Goldstein

The ”Consensus” Letter on Climate Change (06/28/2016), allegedly signed by leaders of 31 scientific organizations and published on the websites of the AAAS, AGU, AMS, and others, was signed only by some of the participating organizations. This is contrary to the letter itself, the press release and the accompanying article. This sham was revealed by some routine fact-checking and the events triggered by it, and is described in a short paper The Solved Riddle of the 2016 Climate Change “Consensus Letter” , edited fragments from which follow.

Timeline of Events

In early morning of July 6th, I sent fact-checking emails to the CEO of the AAAS and to the top officials and/or media contacts of the 30 other organizations. Appendix B of the paper contains the email exchange with AAAS. The emails asked only about signing the letter, not about its content. Specifically, my email asked whether the letter in question was signed by the listed organizations or their leaders, and asked for an opportunity to see the actual signatures. In its reply, AAAS changed the published allegation that the letter was signed to “reflect the participation of leaders of each of the 31 named scientific societies” (Fact #1). My follow up letter, asking AAAS to confirm that the letter was actually signed, went unanswered.

That same day, a different email (Appendix A) was sent to each of the other 30 organizations. All these emails had substantially the same text, but each organization was contacted separately, usually with copies to multiple recipients within that organization. The organizations were not cc’ed on emails sent to their peers, and were not told that other organizations were contacted, except for the triplet of the Agronomy/Soil Science/Crop Science Societies. 9 out of these 30 organizations answered, and all 9 confirmed that they signed the letter. 5 out of 9 replies flatly denied that there was any pressure to sign, and none indicated otherwise. Some probably thought that the question about the pressure was inappropriate. Thus, all replies and non-replies can be divided into two categories: “yes” and “no answer.” If the respondents acted independently, the 9 positive replies would be a valid statistical sample, confirming the null hypothesis that the letter was properly signed by all participants.

But the respondents did not reply independently, as one might expect from any organization simply asked to confirm its signature on a published document. “Leading scientific societies” might also be expected to think independently, but that’s another matter. Instead, the respondents colluded and coordinated their responses or non-responses in an unthinkable manner. This is evidence of foul play by itself (Fact #2). Honest people do not need to coordinate their answers. This lack of independence also makes it impossible to use statistical methods to infer what answers would be given by the 21 organizations that did not reply.

This routine fact-checking exercise suddenly evolved into an experiment, and its timeline is as important as the questions and answers. The replies started pouring immediately after I sent the questions. In fact, 6 out of 10 replies (including the one from AAAS) arrived within eight hours. Then, an email from the Ecological Society of America arrived, and it was as if a silence spell was cast on the “leading nonpartisan scientific societies.” This is the email:

Thanks [name of the recipient redacted],

 

Halperin is a climate denier and writes several blogs. Throughout the day, I’ve learned he has contacted many other societies with the same questions. Most are declining to respond to his inquiry.

Your response was good. I hope he won’t email you again. I’m sure he will write a scathing piece on the letter.

 

Best,

[name of the sender redacted]

This email was sent by a PR person (who will be referred to here as “Maura” to protect her privacy) in the Ecological Society of America to its President, and was received by me at 11:57am CT. It is short, but when combined with the timing of the other responses, gives a lot of clues:

– An absolutely innocent fact-checking email, which could have been answered by a clerk, caused sudden agitation in the Ecological Society of America. Before midday, Maura of ESA had not only contacted “many other societies” but had learned of the decision on how to deal with it, or even made that decision.

– “Many other societies” shared this agitation. The staff of these “leading nonpartisan scientific societies” did not ask her who she was, or what the hell she was talking about. Apparently, the self-professed “leaders of major scientific organizations” did not refuse to talk with Maura about their correspondence with an unrelated third party, as any decent person would have done. Instead, they readily shared with her all the information.

– “Most are declining to respond…” was a misleading statement. The timing of the responses (see below) shows that within a few hours of the first email, somebody (possibly Maura) identified this fact-checking exercise as a threat, collected information from multiple recipients, and made a decision not to respond (Fact #3). And many “scientific societies” which did not respond before that decision obediently complied. Like a good military – quick reaction, admirable discipline, and excellent chain of Command, Control, & Communication. But whom does this military serve?

– The alertness of the “consensus guard” is a separate indicator of foul play (Fact #4).

– Finally, Maura revealed the fact of the wrongdoing and her knowledge of it the in the last sentence: “I’m sure he will write a scathing piece on the letter” (Fact #5).

After this communication from Maura, I received only four responses. The first one (from the Geological Society) arrived two days later. The second one was from a Tier 3 organization. The last two, from AGU and COL, arrived five and six days later, and contained virtually identical evasive answers, obviously crafted with great care by PR people.

Raw Data and Intermediate Analysis

The organizations that allegedly signed the letter are very diverse in their sizes, capacities, and relevance to the subject matter. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is in a tier of its own because of its size, visibility, and the respect it used to command a few decades ago. It is unashamedly partisan (AAAS head Dr. Rush Holt Jr. was a Democratic Congressman for sixteen years, 1999-2015) but this is not an exception. Judging by their websites, many of the listed organizations look like branches of the Democratic Party, showcasing its declared and even hidden agendas: LGBT, “diversity,” climate change, Cuba, growing hemp etc.

Tier 1 includes 11 organizations: American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, American Statistical Association, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, American Chemical Society, American Society of Plant Biologists, Botanical Society of America, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Society for Mathematical Biology, Geological Society of America, and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership. With the exception of the Consortium for Ocean Leadership and UCAR, each organization in Tier 1 is a formerly respectable scientific society, possessing all of the following attributes:

– Its science is relevant to the content of the letter

– It claims to prioritize communicating science to the public

– It has significant full-time staff and other organizational resources

The majority of members of these societies understand, or should be able to understand after a few days of study, that both the content and the thrust of the letter in question contradict well-known facts and/or first principles of their respective scientific fields. The Consortium for Ocean Leadership (who would know that the ocean needs leadership?) is not a scientific society, but it is headed by a retired Rear-Admiral. An Admiral does not have to study science, but should be able to recognize enemy action.

Only two out of 11 societies that were classified as Tier 1 – the American Meteorological Society and the Geological Society of America – plainly confirmed that they signed the letter. Remarkably, the Geological Society disavowed the content of the letter simultaneously with its publication, right in the press release:

Geological studies have demonstrated that climate has changed repeatedly in the past and that future climate change is inevitable. Understanding the complex processes involved in climate change is necessary for adaptation and mitigation.

— Jonathan G. Price, Ph.D., CPG, President, Geological Society of America

In its reply, the Geological Society has confirmed both its signature under the letter and its statement flatly contradicting the letter’s content and intent.

Two other organizations – AGU and COL – replied after a long delay with practically identical text (the emphasis is mine):

The American Geophysical Union, on behalf of its members and its volunteer leaders, is pleased to be a signatory on the letter.

The Consortium for Ocean Leadership, on behalf of its member institutions, is pleased to be a signatory to the letter you reference.

This is, of course, no coincidence. The answer was interpreted as yes, but notice was taken of the delay, evasion, coordination, and excessive exertion (Fact #6).

The remaining Tier1 seven organizations (64%) failed to reply. The word “failed” is used because all these organizations declared science communication as one of their priorities, yet they failed to communicate at this opportunity. Of the rest, 67% did not answer.

Analysis & Conclusion

Facts 1-6, as defined above, demonstrate that something was seriously wrong with the letter signing. Nevertheless, multiple hypotheses can be formulated as to what exactly was wrong. Speaking only of the Tier 1 organizations that did not reply, the following hypotheses come to mind:

1) The organizations that did not reply considered my communication unworthy of their attention.

2) They did sign the letter before publication, but their leaders were aware that the content of the letter was a lie and pseudo-science, and were too embarrassed to acknowledge their signatures.

3) They did not sign the letter before publication, or did not sign it at all. This hypothesis does not imply that the leaders of these organizations were not complicit in the publication of the letter. Rather, they tried to have it both ways – to avoid signing it, but to make people believe that they did sign it.

Of course, different organizations might have had different reasons. But their collaboration on this project and willingness to “speak with one voice” suggests that there were similarities between their ways of thinking and acting. Extensive coordination between many of the alleged signers and the hysterical reaction of the ESA prove that the fact-checking received a lot of their attention, and led to a conscious decision to stonewall or dodge. That leaves only hypotheses 2 and 3. I think that the hypothesis 2 (signed, but embarrassed to acknowledge) is correct for some signing organizations. But it is obvious that neither Maura nor her collaborators in other organizations are embarrassed by anything of this sort. Thus, at least for some of the allegedly signing organizations, hypothesis 3 is correct.

Some organizations whose alleged signatures appear on the letter did not sign it prior to its posting, making the letter somewhat like a forgery, as well as contradicting its “consensus” claims.

Final Remarks

The American Physical Society has explicitly rejected the discussed letter: “The American Physical Society did not sign the letter because it was presented as a fait accompli, and there are significant differences between the letter and the APS Statement on Earth’s Changing Climate.” This fact alone refutes the letter’s claim to represent “consensus scientific view.”

Almost every attempt of the climate alarmists to show broad support of scientists led to a forgery, so letter is in no way an exception. One forgotten, but still relevant case was described by Richard Lindzen in his 1992 article Global Warming. The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus.: “The activities of the Union of Concerned Scientists deserve special mention. That widely supported [in 1992] organization was originally devoted to nuclear disarmament. … Over the past few years, the organization has turned to the battle against global warming in a particularly hysterical manner. In 1989 the group began to circulate a petition urging recognition of global warming as potentially the great danger to mankind. Most recipients who did not sign were solicited at least twice more. The petition was eventually signed by 700 scientists including a great many members of the National Academy of Sciences and Nobel laureates. Only about three or four of the signers, however, had any involvement in climatology. Interestingly, the petition had two pages, and on the second page there was a call for renewed consideration of nuclear power. When the petition was published in the New York Times, however, the second page was omitted. In any event, that document helped solidify the public perception that “all scientists” agreed with the disaster scenario.”

In plain language, somebody in the infamous Union of Concerned Scientists altered the text after it was signed, and published the forged document.

Clarifications & Acknowledgements

I have absolutely no intent to doubt the honesty, integrity, or qualifications of the members of the respective scientific societies. On the contrary, my goal is to underscore that their “leaders” do not represent their members. Unfortunately, media personalities, pseudo-scientists, and well-known frauds keep dressing up as scientists. The media gives star treatment to them and to third-rate scholars. When the blowback comes, the science-ruining politicians and their academic sidekicks will hide behind real scientists as behind human shields. I hope to raise an alert about the desperate situation of American science in general (with the exception of a few areas.) The scientific enterprise was raped by Al Gore, degraded by his appointees behind the back of G.W. Bush, and stomped into the ground by Obama.

 

More here: http://archive.is/XGD3n

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103 Comments
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Henry Galt
July 21, 2016 12:27 pm

A fish rots from the head down. Thanks for this further evidence.

Duncan
Reply to  Henry Galt
July 21, 2016 1:18 pm

The eyes are always first

PiperPaul
Reply to  Henry Galt
July 21, 2016 1:30 pm

Political types gravitate towards upper management and are easily manipulated / bought / coerced.

MarkW
Reply to  PiperPaul
July 21, 2016 2:49 pm

Those who can’t do, migrate to management.

Ziiex Zeburz
Reply to  PiperPaul
July 21, 2016 11:04 pm

Similarity
sounds like something from the clinton campaign

Reply to  Henry Galt
July 22, 2016 8:24 am
Joe Crawford
Reply to  Leo Goldstein
July 22, 2016 10:18 am

12:1? No wonder the rest of the country is ready to throw ’em all out and get a fresh start. Problem is, you would probably have to replace every incumbent running for reelection at least two or three elections in a row before they’d get the idea.

ScienceABC123
July 21, 2016 12:27 pm

So the consensus on the “consensus” is a lie.

JohnWho
Reply to  ScienceABC123
July 21, 2016 2:11 pm

That seems to be the consensus.

Reply to  ScienceABC123
July 21, 2016 6:30 pm

I think we have a consensus on that

Reply to  ScienceABC123
July 23, 2016 12:48 pm

My sense is, it is a con.

Owen
July 21, 2016 12:36 pm

People who feel the need to defend themselves are usually defending the indefensible.

Leonard Lane
July 21, 2016 12:38 pm

Thank you.

PiperPaul
July 21, 2016 12:39 pm

Fact-checking for Progressives == Does it agree with my ideological dogma?

simple-touriste
Reply to  PiperPaul
July 21, 2016 6:42 pm

I’d like to imagine what fact-checking about be for inverse progressives (conservatives if they were progressives in the mirror):
Claim: Mr X claims the coal industry emits particulates which cause diseases
Fast-checking: we asked the president of a big coal producer and he said no
Result: Mr X has PANTS ON FIRE!

lgp
July 21, 2016 12:43 pm

Time for a RICO investigation!

Bloke down the pub
July 21, 2016 12:43 pm

Speaking only of the Tier 1 organizations that did not reply, the following hypotheses come to mind:
You missed out that their administration may be so poor that no one was given the responsibility of replying to your email.

TomB
Reply to  Bloke down the pub
July 22, 2016 1:23 pm

Also left out the possibility that they signed after the fact.

lgp
July 21, 2016 12:47 pm

Sounds like time for a RICO investigation

TA
July 21, 2016 12:51 pm

“In its reply, AAAS changed the published allegation that the letter was signed to “reflect the participation of leaders of each of the 31 named scientific societies”
Rather than “allegation” that should read: falsehood. The published falsehood.

Larry Hamlin
July 21, 2016 1:00 pm

This farce reflects use of the standard tools of climate alarmism, namely deceit and deception. Anything but the truth. Climate alarmism is nothing but a scientifically unsupported political campaign. Always has been, always will be.

Bill Powers
July 21, 2016 1:03 pm

You mean there are scientific organizations lying to the public? NO!

JohnWho
Reply to  Bill Powers
July 21, 2016 2:25 pm

And to each other!

Reply to  Bill Powers
July 23, 2016 12:50 pm

Worse…they lie to themselves and believe their own lies.

TA
July 21, 2016 1:03 pm

“Only two out of 11 societies that were classified as Tier 1 – the American Meteorological Society and the Geological Society of America – plainly confirmed that they signed the letter.”
Most tv meteorologists stay away from claiming anything about the weather is related to AGW. A beacon of common sense in an ocean of climate ignorance.
I wonder if the membership of the American Meteorological Society got to vote on this position.

bones
Reply to  TA
July 21, 2016 1:17 pm

Are you kidding? The last thing that any of the upper echelons of these societies wants to do it to permit their ordinary members to vote on their statements of belief.

Reply to  TA
July 21, 2016 1:36 pm

No, we did not. I am a member of both the AMS and AAAS and I have never received any request for my consent or input on this letter or on any of the many statements issued by these Societies on my behalf on the issue of climate. There was a survey of AMS membership at the end of last year, that I participated in and showed that considerably LESS than 97% of AMS membership believes in the CAGW hypothesis.

4 Eyes
Reply to  Mumbles McGuirck
July 21, 2016 3:55 pm

Thanks Mumbles for that detail. Are there any other regular members of the various societies who can confirm they were not consulted on the big letter?

John Harmsworth
Reply to  Mumbles McGuirck
July 21, 2016 6:10 pm

-Mumbles
That’s interesting! What were the actual results of the survey?

kevin kilty
Reply to  Mumbles McGuirck
July 21, 2016 6:14 pm

I cannot say with 100% certainty that APS did not allow a vote by members, but it could be that I missed it in the deluge of stuff I receive. However, it could be that I am an associate member due to my membership in Optical Society of America, and I don’t receive all that a full member might.
The political manipulation of learned societies is what led to my quitting APS and AAAS first time around over a decade ago. By the way, I served as a publically elected trustee of a state institution, and false claims made to the Board by activist faculty of this exact sort were common. Apparently there is much less truth seeking among academics than their rhetoric suggests.

Reply to  Mumbles McGuirck
July 22, 2016 5:33 am

Here is WUWT’s article on the AMS survey:
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/03/25/new-ams-survey-busts-the-97-climate-consenus-claim/
There are links to the original summary by the survey’s authors there.

Jeff Alberts
Reply to  Mumbles McGuirck
July 22, 2016 7:09 am

The political manipulation of learned societies is what led to my quitting APS and AAAS first time around over a decade ago.

I understand your disdain of such behavior, but would it not have been better to stay and fight for a more objective institution? By simply quitting, you’ve handed them victory.

jorgekafkazar
July 21, 2016 1:15 pm

Lysenko is alive and well, working as a climate “scientist.”

July 21, 2016 1:28 pm

Nice forensic analysis of a common scam. Lysenko lives!

RWturner
July 21, 2016 1:28 pm

I left the GSA once they joined the alarmist bandwagon. I know they want their cut of the climate gravy, but I want nothing to do with an organization that falsely speaks for and misrepresents its members.

TODD F
Reply to  RWturner
July 21, 2016 1:47 pm

There must be an aphorism that humorously conjoins mice and bureaucrats. How they scurry in panic and confusion when a beam of light illuminates them, something like that.

commieBob
Reply to  TODD F
July 21, 2016 2:56 pm

From the not-remotely-humorous department …

For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. John 3-20

D. J. Hawkins
Reply to  TODD F
July 21, 2016 2:59 pm

That is, more appropriately, cockroaches.

michael hart
Reply to  TODD F
July 21, 2016 5:16 pm

TODD F, Robert Burns had a few apposite words. First verse:

Wee, sleekit, cow’rin, tim’rous beastie,
O, what a panic’s in thy breastie!
Thou need na start awa sae hasty,
Wi’ bickering brattle!
I wad be laith to rin an’ chase thee,
Wi’ murd’ring pattle!

John Harmsworth
Reply to  TODD F
July 21, 2016 6:13 pm

Except for some nice cheese!

Jeff Alberts
Reply to  RWturner
July 22, 2016 7:07 am

I left the GSA once they joined the alarmist bandwagon.

And that’s how they win.

July 21, 2016 1:32 pm

I believe that further research needs to be done on this letter. I would first like to know the political party of all of the signers and the societies/groups in general. I know, I know, that is a no brainer but confirmation and the individuals involved need to be identified publicly. No harm, no foul. The bottom line is that there is clearly emphasis on “non-partisan” in the title of the PR. That is step one. That would be the first article to go out to the media.
BTW Superb job!!!

Bruce Cobb
July 21, 2016 1:39 pm

I love when the Climate Liars get caught in their own web of lies. Fun to watch them squirm.

Mjw
Reply to  Bruce Cobb
July 21, 2016 3:32 pm

You only squirm if you have a conscience.

Resourceguy
July 21, 2016 1:40 pm

The other New Normal is absence of shame.

July 21, 2016 1:42 pm

Actually NONE of the organizations signed the letter. The document contains the names of the organizations but no signatures. Did they all really agree with the statements in the letter? Without signatures it’s impossible to know. Compare it to the Declaration of Independence which has 56 actual signatures. Those 56 agreed to the statements in the Declaration and affirmed it with a signature.

mikewaite
Reply to  Lauren R.
July 21, 2016 3:10 pm

Would I be correct in assuming that the signatories of the Declaration of Independence attached their names in the knowledge that if the Revolution had not succeeded they were writing their own death warrants for treason.
No such danger exists today , indeed this act of public consensus is widely applauded by the great and the good in academic and political circles , yet the officials of the 31 societies lack the same courage .Strange and rather depressing.

Grady
Reply to  Lauren R.
July 21, 2016 4:59 pm

“Actually NONE of the organizations signed the letter.” – perhaps, but their signatures were modeled by Michael Mann, and we all know that’s even more accurate than raw signatures, right?

Resourceguy
July 21, 2016 1:48 pm

Synthetic consensus works well with synthetic truth and synthetic science, in a modeling sense of course.

David Ball
July 21, 2016 1:48 pm

Paging Dr. Svalgaard. Are we looking for names on this one, too? I can never tell.

Leonard Weinstein
July 21, 2016 1:49 pm

I am a retired NASA Langley Research Center scientist (45 years at Langley) that belongs to a group of retirees from Langley that meet once a month for lunch and to listen to speakers. Some speakers are invited, and some are from the retirees group. I have been a CAGW skeptic for quite awhile, and have had some of my thoughts posted on this site. I put together a powerpoint from some of my analysis and parts of several talks by others. Since it was an informal talk, I did not bother to reference where much of the material was from, but some is shown on the slides. The powerpoint is at: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1ewKmIOAueCqfZZttzeE1Nwk5ezZo0xWH88ZNorGq8IE/edit?usp=sharing
At the end of the talk I asked how many members of the attendees agreed with my analysis and conclusions. Of the 40 or so attendees, 38 agreed with me. I also asked how many previously were skeptics and how many changed their mind. About 30 were skeptics even before the talk, and about 8 changed their mind from not sure either way or from slightly supporting the CAGW position to skeptic.
The point is that in a rank and file of even NASA scientists, MOST did not support the CAGW position, and a reasonable presentation flipped most of the rest. I think this is likely true of many real scientists that bother to do due dilligence.

Rick K
Reply to  Leonard Weinstein
July 21, 2016 3:19 pm

Thank you, Leonard. That was excellent. And thank you for your years of service in science.

Evan Hillebrand
Reply to  Leonard Weinstein
July 21, 2016 3:24 pm

Interesting presentation. I would like to see comments on it from both sides of the debate.

Adam
Reply to  Leonard Weinstein
July 21, 2016 3:55 pm

Thank you for sharing that presentation. I wish more sources were cited, but it’s full of great pointers. 🙂

Michael Smith
Reply to  Leonard Weinstein
July 21, 2016 7:12 pm

Leonard, many thanks for that. I have copied and pasted the link and read your presentation with great interest. I see that I can also ask for permission to edit it but I don’t want to do that. I would like, if possible, to be able to save it to my store of CAGW files and presentations. Would that be possible?

Michael Smith
Reply to  Michael Smith
July 21, 2016 8:55 pm

Leonard , please ignore my request. I have found how to save your presentation. Thank you

July 21, 2016 2:18 pm

“Ooops! Not all 31 scientific societies actually signed the AAAS ‘consensus’ letter”
So which ones didn’t?

KRM
Reply to  Nick Stokes
July 21, 2016 3:16 pm

Exactly. They may not have actually physically signed, but there is no evidence to suggest that any of them did not agree with the content of the letter.

Tsk Tsk
Reply to  KRM
July 21, 2016 4:25 pm

Prove that my tiger repelling rock doesn’t work. The burden is on the one making the claim.

Windchaser
Reply to  KRM
July 22, 2016 1:19 pm

The burden is on the one making the claim.

Exactly. So when Halpern says that not all of the scientists actually signed the letter, and then doesn’t provide any evidence to that effect, he’s got a problem. His claims are not supported by his evidence.

Reply to  Nick Stokes
July 21, 2016 4:24 pm

“but there is no evidence to suggest that any of them did not agree”
There is no evidence about anything. Some people didn’t respond to his email, so he constructed hypotheses out of thin air. The headline is hypothesis #3.

Tsk Tsk
Reply to  Nick Stokes
July 21, 2016 4:27 pm

And the letter proves nothing as well.

Patrick MJD
Reply to  Nick Stokes
July 21, 2016 8:35 pm

Created a hypothesis out of thin air? Sounds remarkably like the CAGW hypothesis.

benofhouston
Reply to  Nick Stokes
July 21, 2016 9:53 pm

Well, the fact that the claim was changed to remove the “signed” word is fairly strong circumstantial evidence, but it’s hardly conclusive. Certainly not headline-worthy.

Ens Josh
Reply to  Nick Stokes
July 22, 2016 6:29 am

Feels like the logic and statistics that is used to debunk the 97% consensus by Richard Tol but turned completely about face and upside down. I guess that does not matter though.

Old'un
July 21, 2016 2:21 pm

Sniff, sniff – Yes, it’s the same foul stench of collusion that I recall smelling from climategate. Integrity, scientific or otherwise, is of no importance to these people when ‘climate change fear’ is being promulgated.

Windchaser
Reply to  Old'un
July 22, 2016 1:20 pm

Integrity, scientific or otherwise, is of no importance to these people when ‘climate change fear’ is being promulgated.

Did you notice the lack of integrity in this article? The way the headline makes claims that aren’t supported by the evidence, not even close?

MarkW
July 21, 2016 2:48 pm

Speaking of the “union of concerned scientists”, this statement is only partially true:
“That widely supported [in 1992] organization was originally devoted to nuclear disarmament.”
They were always concerned about disarmament in the west. They never put any pressure on the communists to disarm.

benofhouston
Reply to  MarkW
July 21, 2016 9:54 pm

Well, let’s be frank, if they had tried, they would have received one-way tickets to S.iberia

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