- Summary:
-
Cold weather kills 20 times as many people as hot weather, according to an international study analyzing over 74 million deaths in 384 locations across 13 countries. The findings also reveal that deaths due to moderately hot or cold weather substantially exceed those resulting from extreme heat waves or cold spells.
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Cold weather kills 20 times as many people as hot weather, according to an international study analyzing over 74 million deaths in 384 locations across 13 countries. The findings, published in The Lancet, also reveal that deaths due to moderately hot or cold weather substantially exceed those resulting from extreme heat waves or cold spells.
“It’s often assumed that extreme weather causes the majority of deaths, with most previous research focusing on the effects of extreme heat waves,” says lead author Dr Antonio Gasparrini from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in the UK. “Our findings, from an analysis of the largest dataset of temperature-related deaths ever collected, show that the majority of these deaths actually happen on moderately hot and cold days, with most deaths caused by moderately cold temperatures.”
The study analysed over 74 million (74,225,200) deaths between 1985 and 2012 in 13 countries with a wide range of climates, from cold to subtropical. Data on daily average temperature, death rates, and confounding variables (eg, humidity and air pollution) were used to calculate the temperature of minimum mortality (the optimal temperature), and to quantify total deaths due to non-optimal ambient temperature in each location. The researchers then estimated the relative contributions of heat and cold, from moderate to extreme temperatures.
Around 7.71% of all deaths were caused by non-optimal temperatures, with substantial differences between countries, ranging from around 3% in Thailand, Brazil, and Sweden to about 11% in China, Italy, and Japan. Cold was responsible for the majority of these deaths (7.29% of all deaths), while just 0.42% of all deaths were attributable to heat.
The study also found that extreme temperatures were responsible for less than 1% of all deaths, while mildly sub-optimal temperatures accounted for around 7% of all deaths — with most (6.66% of all deaths) related to moderate cold.
According to Dr Gasparrini, “Current public-health policies focus almost exclusively on minimizing the health consequences of heat waves. Our findings suggest that these measures need to be refocused and extended to take account of a whole range of effects associated with temperature.”
Writing in a linked Comment, Keith Dear and Zhan Wang from Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China say, “Factors such as susceptibility or resilience have not been included in the analysis, including socioeconomic status, age, and confounding air pollutants…Since high or low temperatures affect susceptible groups such as unwell, young, and elderly people the most, attempts to mitigate the risk associated with temperature would benefit from in-depth studies of the interaction between attributable mortality and socioeconomic factors, to avoid adverse policy outcomes and achieve effective adaptation.”
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by The Lancet. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
- Antonio Gasparrini, Yuming Guo, Masahiro Hashizume, Eric Lavigne, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Aurelio Tobias, Shilu Tong, Joacim Rocklöv, Bertil Forsberg, Michela Leone, Manuela De Sario, Michelle L Bell, Yue-Liang Leon Guo, Chang-fu Wu, Haidong Kan, Seung-Muk Yi, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva, Yasushi Honda, Ho Kim, Ben Armstrong. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. The Lancet, May 2015 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0
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The NFPA report you quoted is very reliable but as you stated is not related to extreme cold.
The USA had the highest fire deaths/population as properly documented in the early 1970s, followed by Canada.
The report “America Burning” was then published to bring attention to this, about 13,000 fire deaths/year in USA. This number was much more than the number of “weather” deaths, cold or warm reported in the USA, about 5,000.
However, why tolerate this number of fire deaths when it was obvious it could be decreased using different approaches in building codes.
This was done. Today we have about 3,000 fire deaths/year in the USA. Huge drop from about 13,000/year.
Now, if you want to look at current fire deaths in USA and Canada the statistics are there every years at NFPA for the USA.
Again, structural fires are prevalent in the cold areas and fire deaths follow.
No surprise. Nothing to do with global warming, simply follow the seasons.
Yes, neighborhood education and smoke detector placement efforts by firefighters have improved the survival rate immensely. Still there are so many reports here of space heaters and fatalities. Particularly in the ghettos like East St Louis. Odd place to find it but this report spells it out:
http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/02/14/fire-f14.html?view=print
Yes on both issues you are reporting. Firefighters were very involved. Eyes on the ground, not statisticians in their air conditioned offices!
Now, in the report you provided, it is also obvious. Poor people vs. Rich people, in the same cold area.
You know the answer. Cold + Poverty is not good.
Now, add building codes changes requiring sprinkler system in public spaces such as restaurants, hotels, motels, apartment buildings, condos, factories, you name it. Huge effect. I don’t know of a single death (in a cold or warm area) when a sprinkler system was present and a fire started. Very effective and thanks to firefighters efforts, fire protection engineers, etc. for improving the building codes to prevent fires and fire deaths.
Now take a look at media reports about factories in Asia. Fire deaths of workers, coming from warm areas, making products for the western world. So now we have. Warm + Poverty is not good.
More cold -> more deaths -> fewer people = Green success!
Not true.
Intent is inferred.
It rhymes, so it must be true!
If the glove don’t fit…
Hypocrisy in high places is nothing new; but the extent to which it pervades the Climategate Culture – which gave us the hockeystick history of 20th-century global warming – knows no bounds.
Hard on the heels of recent revelations of the behind-the-scenes machinations that led to the IPCC’s contending that the current level of earth’s warmth is the most extreme of the past millennium, we are being told by Associated Press “science” writer Seth Borenstein (25 November 2009) that “slashing carbon dioxide emissions could save millions of lives.” And in doing so, he quotes U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius as saying that “relying on fossil fuels leads to unhealthy lifestyles, increasing our chances for getting sick and in some cases takes years from our lives.”
Well, if you’re talking about “cook stoves that burn dung, charcoal and other polluting fuels in the developing world,” as Seth Borenstein reports others are doing in producing their prognoses for the future, you’re probably right. But that has absolutely nothing to do with the proper usage of coal, gas and oil. In fact, any warming that might result from the burning of those fuels would likely lead to a significant lengthening of human life.
In an impressive study recently published in The Review of Economics and Statistics, for example, Deschenes and Moretti (2009) analyze the relationship between weather and mortality, based on “data that include the universe of deaths in the United States over the period 1972-1988,” wherein they “match each death to weather conditions on the day of death and in the county of occurrence,” which “high-frequency data and the fine geographical detail,” as they write, allow them “to estimate with precision the effect of cold and hot temperature shocks on mortality, as well as the dynamics of such effects,” most notably, the existence or non-existence of a “harvesting effect,” whereby the temperature-induced deaths either are or are not subsequently followed by a drop in the normal death rate, which could either fully or partially compensate for the prior extreme temperature-induced deaths.
So what did they find?
http://www.co2science.org/articles/V12/N47/EDITb.php
h/t
http://bishophill.squarespace.com/contributor/28218860
Hope I’ve got it right this time.
http://bishophill.squarespace.com/blog/2015/5/21/the-extraordinary-benefits-of-global-warming.html#comment21322831
There is overwhelming historic evidence that a cooling Earth is devastating to life.
During the Wolf Grand Solar Minimum (1280~1350; the real starting point of the LIA) winters were brutally cold leading to: shortened growing seasons, reduced sunlight hours from increased cloudiness, early frosts killing crops, famines, human and farm animal exposure deaths, advancing glaciers destroying entire towns, avalanches wiping out mountain towns, frozen rivers disrupting transportation/trade and many freakish cold-weather weather events.
By the end of the Wolf GSM, the effects of cold weather wiped out roughly 25% of Europe’s population, which was immediately followed by the Black Death (1346~53), that killed an additional 50% of the remaining population not killed by the cold…
The Wolf GSM was followed by the Sporer GSM (1450~1550), the Maunder GSM (1645~1715) and the Dalton GSM (1790~1820), which all contributed to what is known as the Little Ice Age; a period of worldwide famines, brutally cold winters and cold weather related deaths.
The world should be celebrating the +0.8C of LIA RECOVERY, not demonizing it… The Modern Warming Period (1850~present) marks the fastest growth of: economies, science, medicine, technology, transportation, crop yields, living standards and per capita income in human history, which are all DIRECTLY related to the positive effects of: a warming planet, capitalism, cheap and abundant fossil fuels and higher CO2 levels..
Ironically, the Left’s stated goal is to eliminate: global warming, capitalism, fossil fuels and to reduce CO2 levels….
Be careful what you wish for, because you just might get it…
This stuff is an insult. Apparently the POTUS thinks we are morons.
Treat this with the contempt it deserves. Dan Quayle is a genius compared to Barack Obama.
Well, we did elect him….
Well granted half the population is below average intelligence, but I think some of the brighter ones were voting based on greed.
Fools – banging on about “the benefits of warming” and “the benefits of increased CO2” – you’re not kidding anyone, there are NO benefits to increased CO2, every effect it has on every process is bad, even if it appears to be good to non-climate-scientist simpletons.
Some people might not die from cold but their now extended lives will be miserable because they’ll be a bit too warm, it might be kinder to just let them go. Similarly when crop yields increase due to extra CO2, climate scientists have determined through Simulated Horticultural Yield TEsting (SHYTE) computer-models that those crops might contain less ‘goodness’ so people would be much better off starving to death.
Note how antisocial and vicious the global warmists who fear CO2 really are.
Telling people it is better to ‘starve to death’ than eating bountiful food due to more CO2 in the air for plants to eat is insane.
Reblogged this on gottadobetterthanthis and commented:
–
Cold kills. Warmer is better.
Actually, cold is BETTER, not worse, at killing people than is global warming. You might want to reword the title of this article.
Most of us consider death bad. More bad is worse, not better.
“cold is far worse than global warming at killing people”
Idea is reversed by poor sentence composition.
Finally! I have been writing about this issue since at least 2009:
The number of deaths as evidenced by excess winter mortality stats is daunting – see my post from 2014 below.
The winter mortality stats for Spain and Portugal are among the highest in Europe.
This is what happens when ignorant politicians fool with energy policy.
Regards, Allan
Following are my posts from 2013 and 2014:
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/10/24/claim-climate-change-caused-more-deaths-in-stockholm/#comment-1457849
[excerpt]
Winter Mortality is greater than Summer Mortality across Europe (and elsewhere).
…
This reality is reflected in positive numbers for Relative Excess Winter Mortality (“Winter Mortality” also described as Coefficient of Seasonal Variation in Mortality or CSVM), which measures the increased incidence (in the Northern Hemisphere) of mortality from December to March inclusive versus the rest of the year.
Winter Mortality in Sweden is about +0.10 or ~10%, similar to Norway, Finland, Germany, Netherlands etc., and these are comparatively low numbers.
Much higher Winter Mortality occurs in the UK, Ireland, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. This may seem to be counter-intuitive because these countries are warmer.
However, I suggest that countries that adapt well to winter have lower Winter Mortality Rates that countries that do not.
I further suggest that as the climate cools, which I think will in the near future, we can expect to see increased suffering and death in Europe and elsewhere, in part because many countries have severely damaged their energy systems due to the foolish adoption of wind and solar power schemes that are both costly and ineffective.
This bleak probability reflects, in my opinion, an egregious error in government climate and energy policy that will cost many lives.
The environmental movement, which has promoted this “green energy” debacle, should be held primarily responsible for this unfolding tragedy.
Hope I am wrong.
Regards, Allan
*******************
Background Information:
Winter Mortality (December to March inclusive) is greater than Summer Mortality across Europe (and elsewhere).
See Figure 3 of the following paper. Relative Excess Winter Mortality in Sweden is about 0.10 or ~10%.
Winter Excess Mortality: A Comparison between Norway and England plus Wales
http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/5/343.full.pdf
See Figure 3 – Relative Excess Winter Mortality in Sweden is about 0.10 or ~10%.
“Bivariate analyses showed that the excess winter mortality (December-March) in England and Wales was nearly twice as high in old as in middle-aged people, and also markedly higher than in Norway, while the association between excess winter deaths and influenza was of a similar magnitude.”
Some of this reality is related to the following observation:
“Using data from 20 Western European countries, a highly significant positive correlation (R = 0.71, p < 0.001) was found between total mortality rates for the elderly (65 years and over) and relative excess winter mortality.”
Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors
http://jech.bmj.com/content/57/10/784.full
This study does not include Sweden.
Table 1 – Coefficient of seasonal variation in mortality (CSVM) in EU-14 (mean, 1988–97)
CSVM 95% CI
Austria 0.14 (0.12 to 0.16)
Belgium 0.13 (0.09 to 0.17)
Denmark 0.12 (0.10 to 0.14)
Finland 0.10 (0.07 to 0.13)
France 0.13 (0.11 to 0.15)
Germany 0.11 (0.09 to 0.13)
Greece 0.18 (0.15 to 0.21)
Ireland 0.21 (0.18 to 0.24)
Italy 0.16 (0.14 to 0.18)
Luxembourg 0.12 (0.08 to 0.16)
Netherlands 0.11 (0.09 to 0.13)
Portugal 0.28 (0.25 to 0.31)
Spain 0.21 (0.19 to 0.23)
UK 0.18 (0.16 to 0.20)
Mean 0.16 (0.14 to 0.18)
******************
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/11/10/even-china-cant-jump-start-the-electric-car/#comment-1787518
[excerpt]
A few comments on Alternative Energy, Natural Gas Prices, and Excess Winter Mortality:
Grid-connected wind power and solar power are uneconomic nonsense at this time. Intermittency is the biggest problem. This may change if a "super-battery" is ever developed, but this seems unlikely.
Corn ethanol is uneconomic at this time – as are most other biofuels, with the exception of waste product and novel feedstocks such as tallow, wood chips, straw, algae, etc. that may be economic now or in the future.
Cheap abundant energy is the lifeblood of modern society. When uninformed politicians fool with energy systems, real people suffer.
My main concern at this time is with Excess Winter Mortality across the Northern Hemisphere – our problem in North America is that both Environment Canada and the USA National Weather Service have predicted a warmish winter, and it is going to be very cold in the central and eastern two-thirds of Canada and the USA – much like last year – so people may be unprepared. In Europe and across Russia it will be even colder compared to seasonal norms, but at least they have a realistic cold weather forecast so are forewarned.
The great advantage of North America is cheap energy – even though natural gas prices have risen sharply in the past two weeks, wholesale natgas is still just over $4/GJ on NYMEX. In Europe, natural gas prices are 2-3 times higher, thanks in large part to greens who oppose fracking of gassy shale formations.
In Northern climes, many more people die in Winter than in Summer.
For Europe and all of Russia:
Assume a very low Excess Winter Mortality Rate of 10% (it varies from about 10% to 30% in Europe);
About 1% of the population dies per year in Europe and Russia, or about 8 million deaths out of about 800 million people;
The Excess Winter Mortality of this population is (4 months/8 months) * 10% * 8 million = at least 400,000 Excess Winter Deaths per year.
This is an average number of Excess Winter Deaths across Europe and Russia – it varies depending upon flu severity, cold etc.
Many people in Europe, especially older people on pensions, cannot afford to adequately heat their homes so are especially susceptible to illness and death in winter.
The population of North America subject to cold weather is less than half the above.
I hope I’ve slipped a decimal or two – these numbers seem daunting.
In any case, please bundle up and stay warm this winter.
Regards to all, Allan
You can look at the interactions between temperature and income and a variety of other factors in this recent article:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr076.pdf
Thank you rd40
The paper our refer to at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr076.pdf concludes:
“During 2006–2010, about 2,000 U.S. residents died each year from weather-related causes of death.”
This very low number (2000 weather-related deaths per year) must reflect a much different methodology from the European and Canadian stats, which are simply based on the total death numbers and their variation from month-to-month.
I have recalculated the Canadian figures in the Friends of Science graph below from the original StatsCan data and they are correct.
http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a05?lang=eng&id=1020502
Canada:
“The graph shows that the death rate in January is more than 100 deaths/day greater than in August.”
The American figures are probably similar, but about ten times greater (scaled up for population), that is:
USA (approximate):
The USA death rate in January is more than 1000 deaths PER DAY greater than in August.
I’ve tried for a while and cannot find USA mortality data by month. – if anyone finds it, please post the results.
http://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/FOS%20Essay/DeathRate_Canada.jpg
“The graph shows that the death rate in January is more than 100 deaths/day greater than in August.
Cold related illnesses like the flu, accidents on icy roads make winter a dangerous time.”
While I was in the USAF, the number of Vets receiving a military funeral service was similar to the above graph. It was very evident that cold winters were both depressing and killing those who could not stay comfortably warm.
“…And the world’s a little poorer, for a soldier died today. He will not be mourned by many…” (A Soldier Died Today) by A. Lawrence Vaincourt
The services with no recipient to accept the US flag were especially disturbing. So, since this is Memorial Day weekend it is appropriate to remember:
DECORATION DAY
On May 5, 1862, General John A. Logan, leader of an organization for Northern Civil War veterans, called for a nationwide day of remembrance later that month. “The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village and hamlet churchyard in the land,” he proclaimed. The date of Decoration Day, as he called it, was chosen because it wasn’t the anniversary of any particular battle.
Similar pattern in USA as shown here:
http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/chart-graph/us-average-daily-death-month
Should be interesting to look at the statistics for the North Eastern part of the USA for last two years.
Thank you highflight.
Best wishes on Memorial Day to my American friends, and especially to all the veterans.
We understand the essential nature of war, all too well.
My uncle survived the Dieppe raid in 1942 and rescued the only 10 survivors – there were about 90% fatalities in his Company. He was seconded for the raid to the Essex Scottish Regiment of Windsor, Ontario.
My great-uncle is interred in France – he enlisted at the outset of WWI and was killed in action just six weeks before the Armistice. He was my grandmother’s youngest brother and was deeply mourned.
In 1778 the 78th Seaforth Highlanders were formed. When the agreement the men struck at enlistment was broken, they encamped high on Arthur’s Seat near Edinburgh and dared the rest of the army to advance. Negotiations ensured, and the enlistment agreement was upheld. The incident became known as “the affair of the wild Macrae’s. It was the only successful mutiny in the long history of the British armed forces.
This year we commemorate the 300th Anniversary of the Battle of Sherrifmuir of 1715 We lost about 90% of our adult men that day. We’ve had better days…
During the Scottish-Norwegian War the Clan MacRae fought for King Alexander III of Scotland at the Battle of Largs in 1263 against the Norse Viking army of King Haakon IV of Norway. The Norwegians were defeated and driven out of Scotland.
“Of a’ the Heilan’ Clans, MacNab is most ferocious, except the MacIntyres, the MacRaes and the Mackintoshes.”
Significantly, 2015 is also the 800th Anniversary of Magna Carta Libertatum, “the Great Charter of the Liberties” of 1215.
Liberty and Rule of Law are the mainstays of all decent, prosperous civilizations. They must be defended. It will always be so.
Excellent rd thank you. You said:
Similar pattern in USA as shown here:
http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/chart-graph/us-average-daily-death-month
Should be interesting to look at the statistics for the North Eastern part of the USA for last two years.
I strongly agree with you – let’s see if the regional data is available.
Key fact from your cited article:
“In 2008, there were 108,500 ‘excess’ deaths during the 122 days in the cold months (January to March and December.)”
These figures are HUGE and daunting – AND THEY HAPPEN EVERY YEAR…
The USA death rate in January and February is more than 1000 deaths/day greater than in July and August.
Could someone from the warmist camp please explain to me again why warm is bad and cold is good? This only seems true if you are trying to kill people.
Excess winter deaths up 29% – The Guardian
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/nov/26/excess-winter-deaths-up-29
[excerpt]
In the past year, the Office for National Statistics estimates that 31,000 excess deaths were due to winter conditions.
Like other European countries, more people die in the UK in winter than in summer – but how many more? Each year since 1950, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) has looked at excess winter mortality, which parts of the country have the highest numbers, how old the individuals were and what the average winter temperature was.
31,100 excess deaths
Excess winter mortality was 31,100 in England and Wales in 2012/13 – up 29% from the previous year. Figures for Scotland were also released recently showing a much smaller increase in winter deaths, up 4.1% to 19,908. In Northern Ireland meanwhile, the raw numbers were low but the increase was large – a rise of 12.7% to 559 deaths.
The methodology behind the maths is surprisingly simple; the ONS take an average of deaths in winter (those in December to March) and subtract the average of non-winter deaths (April to July of the current year and August to November of the previous year). The result is considered ‘excess’.
[end of excerpt]
________________________
Excess Winter Mortality Stats for England & Wales (combined), Scotland and Northern Ireland
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/10/28/britain-announces-emergency-measures-to-prevent-winter-blackouts/#comment-1774361
[excerpt]
Excess Winter Mortality in England and Wales is about 25,000 per year in recent years..
The UK rate is about 20% or about twice that of the Scandinavian countries.
Excess Winter Mortality in England and Wales was as high as 100,000 in 1950-51.
See Fig, 1 at
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_288362.pdf
__________________________________
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/10/24/claim-climate-change-caused-more-deaths-in-stockholm/#comment-1457996
[excerpt]
24,000 is the 2011-2012 Excess Winter Deaths for England and Wales only, down 8% from the previous year. Separate stats are kept for Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Excess Winter Deaths in England and Wales in 1950-51 totalled about 100,000 – so some progress has been made.
Excess Winter Mortality rates are typically much lower in colder Scandinavian countries, and higher in some warmer countries in Southern Europe like Spain and Portugal.
It is appropriate to pause for a while, and recognize that these were all real people, who “loved and were loved”.
Regards, Allan MacRae
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_288362.pdf
http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/theme/vital-events/deaths/winter-mortality/
http://www.nisra.gov.uk/demography/default.asp32.htm
Here is a paper I just found on Australia cold mortality.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150112110820.htm
Australians are more likely to die during unseasonably cold winters than hotter than average summers, research has found. The researchers analyzed temperature, humidity and mortality data from 1988 to 2009 for Adelaide Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney to come up with their findings.
Finally! I have been writing about this important reality since at least 2009.
I could have done without the “respected medical journal” and more readily accepted something like, ‘If even this politically biased journal is saying it, you’ve lost.”
From the Oh No We are All Going to Die Dept.
Five Ways to Stop the Threat to Global Health From Climate Change: How does the Lancet Commission propose to approach this enormous collage of loss? Five main conclusions arise from their work. Let me consider each in turn.
First, we need to think of it in terms of opportunity.
Second, achieving a decarbonized global economy as no longer primarily a technical, economic or financial question, it is political.
Third, we need to proceed as though global health equity, sustainable development and the international policy response to climate change are inseparable.
Fourth, we must make the most of the vital role the health community can play in tackling climate change.
Fifth, framing climate change as a health issue will help counter opposition from vested interests, accelerating progress towards meaningful action.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-leggett/title-tbc_b_7423230.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+yahoo%2Fcklq+%28Yahoo%21+News%3A+Weather+News%29
Co2 dives the climate has become a medical thing.
Dale Baranowski – Your comment about nobody speaking up because of fear of being fired. My blood ran cold even thinking about that. Wasn’t that problem rife in Germany during the NAZI era, everybody afraid to speak up, and no need to tell you what happened there, take a look at the timeline, starts in early 1930’s and then ramped up to concentration camps? Lots of information on the net. One of my most loved teachers in the 1950’s was a refugee from a camp, not Jewish, and friends of my family had taken her in so I knew her story, family wiped out.
There is a reason that most humans live in warmer portions of the planet. Duh..
The findings also reveal that deaths due to moderately hot or cold weather substantially exceed those resulting from extreme heat waves or cold spells.
____
Common knowledge.
Mentioning prohibited.
____
Such world prohibits. In the end. It’s endurance.
Sustainability.
____
Voting per distance. In miles.
Hans
Incidentally, if you visit the Museum of the Occupation in Riga, Latvia, you learn that in the Soviet Gulag, where many Latvians and others were dispatched, outdoor work was supposed to be curtailed when the temperature dropped below minus 38 degrees Celsius because of the mortal hazard. Whether or not this rule was observed is another matter. Temperature data, as we know, can be subject to “adjustment”. Of course, you can die of cold and fatigue at temperatures far above this level.