Map of correlations suggest it may be affecting biomass and planetary albedo.
From the Hockey Schtick:
A paper published today in Methods in Ecology and Evolution describes a new satellite dataset of solar UV-B radiation for use in ecological studies. According to the authors, “UV-B surfaces were correlated with global mean temperature and annual mean radiation data, but exhibited variable spatial associations across the globe.” The finding is notable, since climate scientists dismiss the role of the Sun in climate change by only looking at the tiny 0.1% variations in total solar irradiance [TSI] over solar cycles, ignoring the large variations in solar UV of up to 100% over solar cycles, and which according to this paper, correlates to global mean temperature. Thus, the role of the Sun and solar amplification mechanisms on climate is only at the earliest stages of understanding.
In the supplemental information (SI) I found this correlation map, which was telling for me. Note the red of highest correlation – mostly in the tropics. This suggests to me that UVB is playing a role with ocean biomass, possibly modulating algae/plankton, which in turn changes the albedo, and absorption of other solar wavelengths into the oceans (which then affects nearby land-mass temperature).
The authors write: Finally, we mapped the four types of local spatial association for each pair of compared variables to show how the strength and type of spatial association vary geographically. Areas with non-significant relationship or negative (inverse) spatial association (Low-High, High-Low clusters) indicate locations where our glUV data provide new information (variability) that is not captured by considered existing climate variables. Below is an example of a LISA map for the above mentioned comparison of annual UV-B radiation versus annual temperature (Figure 4a in the manuscript).
Here is the press release:
Researchers at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) have processed existing data on global UV-B radiation in such a way that scientists can use them to find answers to many ecological questions. According to the paper published in Methods in Ecology and Evolution, an online journal of the British Ecological Society, this data set allows drawing new conclusions about the global distribution of animal and plant species.
Many research projects study the effects of temperature and precipitation on the global distribution of plant and animal species. However, an important component of climate research, the UV-B radiation, is often neglected. The landscape ecologists from UFZ in collaboration with their colleagues from the Universities in Olomouc (Czechia), Halle and Lüneburg have processed UV-B data from the U.S. NASA space agency in such a way that they can be used to study the influence of UV-B radiation on organisms.
The basic input data were provided by a NASA satellite that regularly, since 2004, orbits the Earth at an altitude of 705 kilometres and takes daily measurements of the UV-B radiation. “For us, however, not daily but the long-term radiation values are crucial, as these are relevant for organisms”, says the UFZ researcher Michael Beckmann, the lead author of the study. The researchers therefore derived six variables from the UV-B radiation data. These include annual average, seasonality, as well as months and quarters with the highest or lowest radiation intensity.
In order to process the enormous NASA data set, the UFZ researchers developed a computational algorithm, which not only removed missing or incorrect readings, but also summed up the daily measurements on a monthly basis and determined long-term averages. The processed data are currently available for the years 2004-2013 and will be updated annually.
With this data set, scientists can now perform macro-ecological analyses on the effects of UV-B radiation on the global distribution of animal and plant species. “While there are still many uncertainties”, says Michael Beckmann, “the UV radiation is another factor that may explain why species are present or absent at specific sites.” The data set can also help addressing other research questions. Material scientists can identify strategies to provide better protection to UV-sensitive materials, such as paints or plastics, in specific regions of the world. Human medicine could use the data set to better explain the regional prevalence of skin diseases. “There are no set limits as to how researchers can use these data”, says Beckmann.
The data are now freely available for download on the internet and visually presented in the form of maps. These maps show, for example, that in countries in the southern hemisphere, such as New Zealand, the UV-B radiation is up to 50 percent higher than in the countries in the northern hemisphere, such as Germany. In general, the UV irradiation in winter is lower than in summer due to a shorter daily sunshine duration.
Background: Unlike the rather harmless UV-A radiation, the high-energy UV-B radiation causes health problems to humans, animals and plants. Well known is the higher risk of skin cancer in the New Zealand and Australia population if unprotected and exposed to sun for an extended period of time. Skin damage was also documented in whales and amphibians. In amphibians, UV-B radiation may also reduce survival rates of tadpoles and spawn eggs. In plants, the radiation reduces performance of photosynthesis, a process of using solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen. This inhibits production of biomass and thus reduces e.g. yields of agricultural crops.
The paper: glUV: a global UV-B radiation data set for macroecological studies
Michael Beckmann et al
Macroecology has prospered in recent years due in part to the wide array of climatic data, such as those provided by the WorldClim and CliMond data sets, which has become available for research. However, important environmental variables have still been missing, including spatial data sets on UV-B radiation, an increasingly recognized driver of ecological processes.
We developed a set of global UV-B surfaces (glUV) suitable to match common spatial scales in macroecology. Our data set is based on remotely sensed records from NASA’s Ozone Monitoring Instrument (Aura-OMI). Following a similar approach as for the WorldClim and CliMond data sets, we processed daily UV-B measurements acquired over a period of eight years into monthly mean UV-B data and six ecologically meaningful UV-B variables with a 15-arc minute resolution. These bioclimatic variables represent Annual Mean UV-B, UV-B Seasonality, Mean UV-B of Highest Month, Mean UV-B of Lowest Month, Sum of Monthly Mean UV-B during Highest Quarter and Sum of Monthly Mean UV-B during Lowest Quarter. We correlated our data sets with selected variables of existing bioclimatic surfaces for land and with Terra–MODIS Sea Surface Temperature for ocean regions to test for relations to known gradients and patterns.
UV-B surfaces showed a distinct seasonal variance at a global scale, while the intensity of UV-B radiation decreased towards higher latitudes and was modified by topographic and climatic heterogeneity. UV-B surfaces were correlated with global mean temperature and annual mean radiation data, but exhibited variable spatial associations across the globe. UV-B surfaces were otherwise widely independent of existing bioclimatic surfaces.
Our data set provides new climatological information relevant for macroecological analyses. As UV-B is a known driver of numerous biological patterns and processes, our data set offers the potential to generate a better understanding of these dynamics in macroecology, biogeography, global change research and beyond.
The glUV data set containing monthly mean UV-B data and six derived UV-B surfaces is freely available for download at: http://www.ufz.de/gluv.
Discover more from Watts Up With That?
Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.



milodonharlani says:
April 22, 2014 at 6:58 pm
It’s because of stratospheric ozone differences, not incoming UVB variance
—
Thanks for answering my question. So incoming UV-B radiation is about the same in both hemispheres, but more of it reaches the ground in New Zealand because there is less ozone in the atmosphere above.
I’m not sure I want to become a member to read the whole article, but I am curious to know if it explains why there is less ozone in the southern hemisphere. (I doubt it is because people down under use more CFCs than anyone else.) Ozone is created by the the sun’s ultra-violet rays. So if there is plenty of UV light in the SH, why is there less ozone there?
Bravo Janice (@ur momisugly 6:29). A studied comment. Good science review requires such as this example. I will be chewing on your offering.
My understanding from the Svensmark work is that UV radiation converts H2S into SO2 and H2SO4, which helps seed cloud formation, which then reduces temperatures.
If the biotic component of CO2 generation is more significant globally than the human fossil fuel component [ >3% of the total] (as suggested by Dr Murray Salby’s data) then the mechanism could well be associated with Solar output fractions that vary in time and space like UV B or just plain sunshine vs clouds.
The point is that we clearly don’t know enough about the global carbon cycle to even draw conclusions on these points. Instead of straining at gnats to prove human induced climate change, how about we do the needed basic science (with quality sampling please) quantifying the various components of the global carbon cycle that lend themselves to that process.
Janice Moore says:
April 22, 2014 at 6:29 pm
“1. Solar Variability Generally
“… we acknowledge the possibility that short‐term processes which occur repeatedly may lead to an integrated longer‐term effect.” [Gray, et. al. at 6]
Comment: Is there any evidence of such long-term effects?”
++++++++++++
Janice:
Here is one chart showing the integrated effects of the sun spot number. The -40 offset is supposed to be that sun spot number where when it is lower than that, cooling would take place and above that number there would be accumulation of some warming. It’s not proof, but it is interesting though. I think that is the evidence claimed.
Janice: Here’s the link I forgot! Drats:
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/hadcrut4gl/mean:30/normalise/plot/sidc-ssn/offset:-40/integral/normalise
Janice: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/04/22/new-paper-finds-solar-uv-b-output-is-correlated-to-global-mean-temperature/
In this chart, I overlaid the AMO with the chart, and you can see sun and AMO generate the temperature trend perfectly.
UV is correlated to surface temperature because temperature is directly proportional to solar radiation. UV accounts for 3% of the solar radiation spectrum. The tropics receive higher solar flux so it also gets more UV.
Janice: Ignor that last url – wrong one.
In this chart, I overlaid the AMO with the chart, and you can see sun and AMO generate the temperature trend perfectly.
Here is the chart of sun spot numbers, AMO and temperature. I offset the AMO so it is below the series. You can see the AM)’s contribution to the shape. Again – correlation is not causation, but there is something here…
http://woodfortrees.org/plot/hadcrut4gl/mean:30/normalise/plot/sidc-ssn/offset:-40/integral/normalise/plot/esrl-amo/offset:-1
Thank you, Pamela Gray!
That is high praise coming from a real scientist like you. Believe me, I value it highly.
(btw: hope all is happy with Mr. Wonderful (smile))
*****************************************
Hi, Mario!
Thanks for the links to some highly relevant data, here.
It might be interesting to consider that chart in view of this from the Gray article summarized above:
“… the troposphere responds to anomalous heating and advection which peaks during the period leading up to solar maximum and not at the maximum itself.” (in Item 4 of my 6:29pm post)
Janice:
Just very interesting data that seems non coincidental, nor cherry picked. The AMO lines up neatly with the temperature data too… but the AMO seems to oscillate and vary the pattern. Where as integrator functions accumulate and decumulate. (I know – deculumate imay not be a real word – but it fits better than OJ’s glove.)
Dear Mario,
“‘Decumulate’ may not be a real word…, but it made sense. I hear you. And your defense of the UV hypothesis is MUCH more plausible than Orenthal James’ alibi.
Thank you for sharing, excellent Scientist-Engineer. Glad you showed up!
Take care and GOOD LUCK IN YOUR NEXT RACE!!
You’ll do great! You always do.
Janice
If with low solar activity decreases UVB is growing role of cosmic rays in the breakup of ozone. This leads to changes in the distribution of ozone in the stratosphere, in accordance with Earth’s magnetic field (GCR is strongest in the vicinity of the magnetic poles).
1) Solar activity increases, reducing ozone amounts above the tropopause especially above the poles.
2) The stratosphere cools. The number of chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere increases due to the increased solar effects with faster destruction of ozone.
3) The tropopause rises, especially above the poles altering the equator to pole height gradient.
4) The polar high pressure cells shrink and weaken accompanied by increasingly positive Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations.
5) The air circulation systems in both hemispheres move poleward and the ITCZ moves further north of the equator as the speed of the hydrological cycle increases due to the cooler stratosphere increasing the temperature differential between stratosphere and surface.
6) The main cloud bands move more poleward to regions where solar insolation is less intense and total global albedo declines via a reduction in global cloud cover due to shorter lines of air mass mixing.
7) More solar energy reaches the surface and in particular the oceans as the subtropical high pressure cells expand.
8) Less rain falls on ocean surfaces allowing them to warm more.
9) Solar energy input to the oceans increases but not all is returned to the air. A portion enters the thermohaline circulation to embark on a journey of 1000 to 1500 years. A pulse of slightly warmer water has entered the ocean circulation.
10) The strength of warming El Nino events increases relative to cooling La Nina events and the atmosphere warms.
11) Solar activity passes its peak and starts to decline.
12) Ozone levels start to recover. The stratosphere warms.
13) The tropopause falls, especially above the poles altering the equator to pole height gradient.
14) The polar high pressure cells expand and intensify producing increasingly negative Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations.
15) The air circulation systems in both hemispheres move back equatorward and the ITCZ moves nearer the equator as the speed of the hydrological cycle decreases due to the warming stratosphere reducing the temperature differential between stratosphere and surface.
16) The main cloud bands move more equatorward to regions where insolation is more intense and total global albedo increases once more due to longer lines of air mass mixing.
17) Less solar energy reaches the surface and in particular the oceans as the subtropical high pressure cells contract.
18) More rain falls on ocean surfaces further cooling them.
19) Solar energy input to the oceans decreases
20) The strength of warming El Nino events decreases relative to cooling La Nina events and the atmosphere cools.
21) It should be borne in mind that internal ocean oscillations substantially modulate the solar induced effects by inducing a similar atmospheric response but from the bottom up (and primarily from the equator) sometimes offsetting and sometimes compounding the top down (and primarily from the poles) solar effects but over multi-decadal periods of time the solar influence becomes clear enough in the historical records. The entire history of climate change is simply a record of the constant interplay between the top down solar and bottom up oceanic influences with any contribution from our emissions being indistinguishable from zero.
We saw the climate zones shift latitudinally as much as 1000 miles in certain regions between the Mediaeval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. It would surprise me if our emissions have shifted them by as much as a mile.
Janice Moore says:
April 22, 2014 at 6:29 pm
From my annotated summary of:
Gray et al. 2010 — {http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Gray_etal_1.pdf}
Sweet Pea,
You continue to surprise me! Nice summary and food for thought! You have also offered on occasion legal perspective that I found quite informative…. And you make me laugh with your otherwise free spirited commentary!
Keep up the good work, Kiddoooo!
Mac
Stephen Wilde says:
April 22, 2014 at 11:42 pm
Stephen,
That is quite a concise summary of the atmospheric and oceanic merry-go-round, as coupled with the solar cycle! I’m going to have to read that list several times more, visualizing each step, to grasp the full value and try to understand the comprehensive sequence in its entirety.
Mac
Mackie!
Thank you!
If I have made a fine man like you laugh (one with a terrific wit and sense of humor, no less), then my life has not been lived in vain.
Thanks for making my eve– … er…. morning!
Janice
Oh, Gaaawrsh, Janice!
(Red tinges creeping up my cheeks….)
Not in front of all these other folks, Sweet Pea!
};>)
Mac
This paper says nothing like what people think it says.
People think that they looked at the UV-B values over series of years, viz:
And they think that the people compared the month-by-month UV-B with the temperature, after the seasonal variations are removed, and found a correlation.
But that’s not what they did at all.
Instead, what they did was boil down the UV-B data into 12 monthly averages, January to December. The data they used is solely the TWELVE MONTHLY AVERAGES of the data 2004-2013.
Then they compared those to the TWELVE MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURES, and said whoa, temperatures are high in the summer and so is the UV-B. And temperature is low in the winter, and so is UV-B.
And temperature is high in the tropics, and so is UV-B. And temperature is low in the poles, and so is UV-B.
Therefore, we can say that TEMPERATURE IS CORRELATED WITH UV-B … and that doesn’t mean a damn thing about the climate.
All it means is that UV-B is correlated with the received solar radiation, and so is temperature.
I think that’s what Nick Stokes and Mosher were trying to say, although it is hard to tell. But the bottom line is that all they’ve shown is that where the sun shines more, there is more UV-B … and also higher temperature.
Which means nothing about the climate, or the weather, in the slightest.
w.
“Background: Unlike the rather harmless UV-A radiation, the high-energy UV-B radiation causes health problems to humans, animals and plants. Well known is the higher risk of skin cancer in the New Zealand and Australia population if unprotected and exposed to sun for an extended period of time. Skin damage was also documented in whales and amphibians. In amphibians, UV-B radiation may also reduce survival rates of tadpoles and spawn eggs. In plants, the radiation reduces performance of photosynthesis, a process of using solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen. This inhibits production of biomass and thus reduces e.g. yields of agricultural crops.”
————–
HMMM… Very interesting… However, I think that statement is wrong… Very wrong.
UVA is actually more damaging as it can penetrate much more easily through cloud, air pollution, buildings, etc compared to UVB.
Ironically, UVB sunlight is what is needed to fight cancer, and all kinds of health problems. It is called vitamin D. http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/ UVB sunlight is more easily blocked by air pollution in large cities. People are often shocked to find that their vitamin D level is a lot lower than they thought it would be after spending a lot of time outside.
Sun scare belongs to to the same dump as CO2 driven global warming does….
UVB is actually very important to our health… Something is very wrong with this study, that’s for sure.
Here’s more information about UVB and skin cancer… Lack of UVB is actually worse for melanoma type. http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/health-conditions/melanoma/ as I said that vitamin D from UVB is a cancer fighter. You’d be surprised how common vitamin D deficiency is and melanoma appears in unlikely areas that do not get much sun exposure.
The higher the energy of radiation the greater the likelihood of cell mutation. UVB is largely absorbed by the ozone. It is more dangerous than UVA because of the higher energy. This low solar activity as 2008-2010 could mean an “epidemic” cancerous. This will be the result of penetrating radiation produced by galactic radiation in the lower atmosphere.
Willis said:
“All it means is that UV-B is correlated with the received solar radiation, and so is temperature.”
I’m inclined to agree with Willis on this paper. It doesn’t appear to cover UV and ozone changes across multiple solar cycles as the introduction from Hockeyschtick seemed to suggest it did.
To get to a climate consequence one has to separate causes from effects and then suggest how and why long term ozone changes that are independent of seasons or latitude can then affect a specific climate parameter such as global cloudiness and albedo.
I don’t think the biological response is strong enough for that.
Hence my post at 11.42 pm.
Mind you, it is a legitimate starting point to initially observe seasonal and latitudinal effects and then move from there by extrapolating similar effects across decades or centuries in line with solar variations.
It is interesting so see more and more work focusing on the different net effects on the Earth system from wavelength variations though.
I think it is the changing mix of wavelengths and particles from the sun that affects atmospheric chemistry so as to alter the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere differently above equator and poles so as to lead to solar induced climate change
‘What ever happened to the doubters saying.’that correlation does not mean causation’?’
To all the replies, too many to reply individually, I broadly agree that ‘’that correlation does not mean causation’, but when there is 500 million years of evidence that co2 and temperature are more or less in step, that then becomes strong evidence! As here:-
Only 500 million years of evidence that CO2 is a GHG and therefore currently heating up the planet!
‘looking back at the effect co2 had in the past and these estimates should show a doubling in co2 we should see rise in global temperatures between 2 and 4.5 degrees, now that’s all basic physics…if basic physics is correct we should see a good correlation between temperatures and co2 over the past 500 million years. Well here is the data for temperatures and we get a very clear, oh dear…but it’s the climate science critics, politicians, the bloggers, amateurs, who showcase this graph that completely ignore the role of Sun and it is the climate researchers who factor it in. Over the last 500 million years solar output has being getting slowly stronger, but of course on its own it doesn’t show any better correlation with global temperature than co2 on its own. But if the co2 temperature levels link is correct then when we factor in both co2 and solar radiants which are the long time drivers of climate we should get a good correlation with global temperatures and we do! And the third piece of evidence from our geological past are the so called snowball Earth conditions…Earth should have being covered in ice and it was, several times…the only thing that changed during the snowball period was the co2 levels rose dramatically due to volcanic activity. The thawing of the planet fits perfectly with the role of co2 as being a powerful GHG…but during snowball Earth that kind of weathering did not happen…yes even with the Sun being about 6% weaker than today but with co2 level 25 times higher, the earth was much hotter than today. His amounts to our fourth piece of evidence that co2 is a powerful GHG…and the process repeated itself…so when I hear the argument the climate always changes and this is perfectly natural…then of course it is. There is absolutely no difference of the co2 bring added to the atmosphere now and the co2 that was added to the atmosphere in the past, it‘s the same stuff. Coming to the recent past climatologist agree that the amount of forcing from the Earth’s change in orbit though to be the initial trigger for deglacierization had no where near enough…I covered this in my video the 800 year lag unravelled…so before you claim co2 only lags temperature…so we have now seen how basic physics should warm the earth and we have seen…consistent with co2 as a powerful GHG…then there is no reason to believe co2 has reformed its behaviour because it has come from burning fossil fuels… Is there any evidence that co2 is causing any warming now. Back in the 1950s, 60s, 70s scientists saw no reason why co2 should change its properties and they predicted as co2 levels rose and aerosols cleared we would start to see warming. Over the last 35 years the atmosphere has being warming…of course not all of the heat goes into the atmosphere. Most of it goes into the oceans and evidence shows the deep oceans are absorbing a lot of the extra heat…’ Potholer54.
In the upper parts of the ozone layer over the southern polar circle the temperature drops quickly.
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/strat-trop/gif_files/time_pres_TEMP_ANOM_AMJ_SH_2014.gif
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/temperature/05mb6590.gif