Another regime change indication – this time in solar data

Note: See also the 1997 regime change in global climate data by the same method, here

I’m happy to report that something I recognized and reported back in 2008 related to solar data has been independently confirmed by another source, and was a surprise when it showed up in my inbox two days ago.

Readers may recall that for some time I’ve been pointing out a strange anomaly in the Solar Geomagnetic Index that occurred in October 2005. In a story I wrote on Feb 13th, 2008 titled Where have all the sunspots gone? I plotted the Ap data and pointed out the event.

solar-geomagnetic-Ap Index
click for a larger image

I wrote then:

What is most interesting about the Geomagnetic Average Planetary Index graph above is what happened around October 2005. Notice the sharp drop in the magnetic index and the continuance at low levels.  

This looks much like a “step function” that I see on GISS surface temperature graphs when a station has been relocated to a cooler measurement environment. In the case of the sun, it appears this indicates that something abruptly “switched off” in the inner workings of the solar dynamo. Note that in the prior months, the magnetic index was ramping up a bit with more activity, then it simply dropped and stayed mostly flat.

Since then, we’ve seen announcements like this:

BREAKING – major AAS solar announcement: Sun’s Fading Spots Signal Big Drop in Solar Activity

“If we are right, this could be the last solar maximum we’ll see for a few decades,” Hill said. “That would affect everything from space exploration to Earth’s climate.”

See the official press release here – “All three of these lines of research to point to the familiar sunspot cycle shutting down for a while.”

Dr. Sam Outcalt : Emeritus Professor of Physical Geography, University of Michigan sent me this graph two days ago, showing his application of Hurst Rescaling to the Ap Solar Magnetic Index data. Using that method, he has independently identified the “step function switch off” I reported in Feb 2008:

The major regime transition is at the maximum of the integral at 2005.71, which corresponds to October 2005, the same date I identified.

Clearly the sun entered into a magnetic funk then, and has yet to come out of it.

We live in interesting times.

For more on Hurst ReScaling, see this paper: SIO_HurstReScale

UPDATE: As I expected he would, Dr. Leif Svalgaard takes exception to this characterization of the identification of October 2005 being a regime changepoint, saying:

While I agree that the sun is going quiet, the ‘step change’ is spurious. It is mainly due to a sporadic, single magnetic storm in September 2005: http://hirweb.nict.go.jp/sedoss/solact3/do?d=2005%2c09%2c04 and here is the next rotation: http://hirweb.nict.go.jp/sedoss/solact3/do?d=2005%2c10%2c01 You can find many such steps.

Such step changes happens all the time: http://www.leif.org/research/Ap-1844-now.png They are just weather, not climate.

I don’t think his analogy holds promise, because after the step change the “climate” of the solar dynamo stayed low, and then produced the lowest value in the record going back to 1844. See Leif’s graph (click to enlarge) which I’ve annotated:

While this is akin to the sustained drop starting in early 1871, clearly this was something new in the entire record.If we use smoothing to remove what Leif describes as weather noise, and magnify, we can see how this looks to be unique in the last century of data:

While it could be argued that this was a “weather” event, the facts remain that:

  1. In the 14 months prior to Oct 2005, the Ap index was on the rise
  2. It was a very sharp drop spanning a little over a month.
  3. It has not recovered to the average values in the preceding 14 months since then.
  4. Weather events are usually short term dynamics. The 2 rotation periods of the sun Leif refers to aren’t capable of maintaining the step change for the years following October 2005.
  5. Following the event, the Sun produced the lowest Ap value in the record in Dec 2008.
  6. Projections by others, including Livingston, suggest the sun has entered into a quiet magnetic state.

While I defer to Dr. Svalgaard’s overall superior knowledge on the dynamics of sun, and agree there are many sharp transitions in the Ap record, this looks to me to be a step change event of merit based on the factors listed above. I’ve yet to see a fully convincing explanation that this was a spurious event rather than a regime changepoint. But, I remain open to seeing such an explanation.

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crosspatch
July 4, 2012 10:52 am

Well, there is weather and there is weather. You can have a “cold snap” where temperatures are low for a while and return, or you can also have an exceptionally cold winter where the entire season sees temperatures mostly below normal but still doesn’t signal a fundamental change in climate regime. So — I think we still have to wait and see. That said, we should look very carefully at what goes on over the next 5 years or so. All of the signs, portents, and omens point to likelihood of colder weather coming over the next 20 years.

July 4, 2012 10:57 am

GeoLurking says:
July 4, 2012 at 10:20 am
So what would be the Hurst Rescaling of the data using your refinement of the sunspot activity?
No idea specifically, and you may call that confirmation bias, but I basically agree with the author, as it is clear that solar activity is on the downslope. I was just pointing out that the Figure you referred to is misleading if interpreted as showing a direct measure of solar activity.
vukcevic says:
July 4, 2012 at 10:27 am
“the various other things you claim are unsubstantiated conjecture”
Agree. No point in restating what is well known and part of the accepted science.

What you are claiming is not part of accepted science.

July 4, 2012 10:58 am

GeoLurking says:
July 4, 2012 at 10:20 am
So what would be the Hurst Rescaling of the data using your refinement of the sunspot activity?
No idea specifically, and you may call that confirmation bias, but I basically agree with the author, as it is clear that solar activity is on the downslope. I was just pointing out that the Figure you referred to is misleading if interpreted as showing a direct measure of solar activity.
vukcevic says:
July 4, 2012 at 10:27 am
“the various other things you claim are unsubstantiated conjecture”
Agree. No point in restating what is well known and part of the accepted science.

What you are claiming is not part of accepted science.

kadaka (KD Knoebel)
July 4, 2012 11:27 am

Holy Higgs boson! It’s even noted by Wikipedia!

Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention
In Thomas L. Friedman’s 1999 book The Lexus and the Olive Tree the following observation was presented: “No two countries that both had McDonald’s had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald’s”. While that statement was somewhat tongue-in-cheek, his point was that due to globalization, countries that have made strong economic ties with one another have too much to lose to ever go to war with one another. Regardless of whether the statement is true, the conclusions to be drawn are unclear. The global expansion of McDonald’s restaurants is a relatively recent phenomenon when put into the context of the history of warfare, and, with a few notable exceptions, has proceeded into relatively stable markets.
The 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia is a counterexample to the theory, both countries having McDonald’s at the time (started in 1990 and 1999, respectively).[25] Other conflicts that provide possible counterexamples, depending on what one considers “a war”, include the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, the bombing of Serbia, and the Kargil War along with ongoing skirmishes between India and factions of Pakistan over the Kashmir region.
The appearance of McDonald’s does not end an existing state of war: the states of Lebanon and Israel have been under a state of war since 1973, with South Lebanon occupied until May 2000 and a significant flareup in 2006, which did not hinder the establishment of McDonald’s franchises in Israel and Lebanon in 1993 and 1998, respectively. The two countries engaged in a brief war in the summer of 2006, although the Lebanese Armed Forces were not a party to the fighting, the Israel Defense Forces action being taken instead against the paramilitary group Hezbollah.

Correlation is not causation, etc. But a cause does not have to yield an absolutely consistent effect to be valid due to confounding factors.
And India and Pakistan have backed down from “the nuclear option”. McDonald’s correlates with pacification.

July 4, 2012 11:29 am

Leif Svalgaard says: July 4, 2012 at 10:24 am
Vuk will tell you that is probably a new important discovery 🙂 brought about by “A luxury strictly reserved for the spare time mental unproductive activity”
Possibly, possibly.
“Never let the brain go idle. ‘An idle mind is the devil’s workshop.’ And the devil’s name is Dr. Alzheimer. ” GC.
since the subject is the Ap index , here is bit ignored by the experts:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/Tromso.htm

Douglas Cohen
July 4, 2012 11:31 am

Douglas Cohen says:
July 4, 2012 at 10:15 am
and noticed a temperature downtrend in the last part of the 19th century with distinct dips at around 1890 and 1910 — that is, 10 years or so past the 1880 and 1990 dips in the solar index. Is this just a coincidence? I wonder.
Vuk will tell you that is probably a new important discovery 🙂 brought about by “A luxury strictly reserved for the spare time mental unproductive activity” \sarc [just in case you misunderstood]
I agree it’s just a straw in the wind, the product of ten minutes idle curiosity, proving nothing at all, just like the idle observations of all those 18th and 19th century beginning geography students noting how neatly the bulge of South America fit into the concavity of Africa when they first saw a map of the South Atlantic. (Oh, wait..)

July 4, 2012 12:20 pm

vukcevic says:
July 4, 2012 at 11:29 am
since the subject is the Ap index , here is bit ignored by the experts:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/Tromso.htm

For good reasons as it is nonsense, the product of “mental unproductive activity”
Douglas Cohen says:
July 4, 2012 at 11:31 am
I agree it’s just a straw in the wind, the product of ten minutes idle curiosity, proving nothing at all, just like the idle observations of all those 18th and 19th century beginning geography students noting how neatly the bulge of South America fit into the concavity of Africa when they first saw a map of the South Atlantic. (Oh, wait..)
somewhat pompous and pretentious to think that your ten minutes of idle curiosity will produce a similar revolution of science, but, hey, you can join Vuk in the genius department.

July 4, 2012 12:24 pm

Hey Doc
Take another look at Tromso, just added a bit.
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/Tromso.htm

Brian D
July 4, 2012 12:48 pm

I really don’t think we’ll know whether this is a true regime change or not until the next minimum and into cycle 25. It’s obvious that step changes happen all the time, its just what happens in the years after that that are of interest. So for now it is weather. If this is a new climate we’ve entered into, that’s awesome, because now we have it on tape. What’s new to us is old news to the old flame, though. Even nature has to take a rest now and again.

crosspatch
July 4, 2012 12:51 pm

“Correlation is not causation”
Well, I would say there is a very strong correlation between pirates and global warming. I mean, just look at what has happened since the pirates in Somalia started up.

July 4, 2012 1:04 pm

vukcevic says:
July 4, 2012 at 12:24 pm
Take another look at Tromso, just added a bit.
To paraphrase Ovid: Adding nonsense to nonsense and soon you have a big pile. As a ‘practical and experienced engineer’ [p.s. I would not let you build my bridge] you should now that changes in the external field on the time scale of changes in Ap cannot penetrate to [and into] the core where the main field is generated [look up skin effect].

July 4, 2012 1:05 pm

vukcevic says:
July 4, 2012 at 12:24 pm
Take another look at Tromso, just added a bit.
To paraphrase Ovid: Adding nonsense to nonsense and soon you have a big pile. As a ‘practical and experienced engineer’ [p.s. I would not let you build my bridge] you should know that changes in the external field on the time scale of changes in Ap cannot penetrate to [and into] the core where the main field is generated [look up skin effect].

July 4, 2012 2:20 pm

Neither I would attempt to build one.
Ignoring evidence, will not make it go away.
I think Ovidius also said: I speak of facts, doubt is within you.

rgbatduke
July 4, 2012 2:35 pm

Well, I would say there is a very strong correlation between pirates and global warming. I mean, just look at what has happened since the pirates in Somalia started up.
Ah, a fellow Pastafarian. Cool noodlings, my brother!
I reside in Beaufort, NC at the moment — one-time home to Blackbeard, home to an annual “Pyrate Invasion”, and summer residence of many graduates from East Carolina University in nearby Greenville. In other words, there are pirates everywhere you look. Although we had a cool (almost cold!) June, July has been scorching so far — for Beaufort.
The evidence doesn’t lie.
rgb

July 4, 2012 2:55 pm

vukcevic says:
July 4, 2012 at 2:20 pm
Ignoring evidence, will not make it go away.
Spurious correlations [that furthermore violate the laws of physics] are not evidence.

July 4, 2012 3:49 pm

The warmists create their problem by insisting on the Unique Solution so fond of engineers: there is only one correct answer (one best) so anything else that might appear to be a solution is an error (or poorer) by definition … once you have selected the answer. This syndrome (USS) is useful when it comes to building bridges that don’t fall down under us, but not so useful is knowledge, rather than practicality, are your goals. It’s applicable here.
Anthony could be right and Leif could be right. Same phenomenon, under X circumstance, leads to dead sun. Under Y circumstance, not-so-dead. Skeptics allow there to be more than one reason for an observed phenomenon.

George
July 4, 2012 4:45 pm

Interesting in context, and it sent me on a __ hour browse re: Hurst coefficients. Fortunately, today is pack for vacation day, so the sidetrack was welcome.

Douglas Cohen
July 4, 2012 5:14 pm

agree it’s just a straw in the wind, the product of ten minutes idle curiosity, proving nothing at all, just like the idle observations of all those 18th and 19th century beginning geography students noting how neatly the bulge of South America fit into the concavity of Africa when they first saw a map of the South Atlantic. (Oh, wait..)
somewhat pompous and pretentious to think that your ten minutes of idle curiosity will produce a similar revolution of science, but, hey, you can join Vuk in the genius department.
Never claimed to be a genius — just like all those beginning geography students weren’t geniuses.
The point is that the naive amateur eye will notice things that the expert eye has learned to ignore because those experts have been carefully trained to look elsewhere for significance.
Rather than trying to come up with some more prose designed “to put me in my place” — amusing as that may be to you, are you sure it improves your character? — you might want to estimate the probability that the correspondence in the two curves is just a coincidence. I wouldn’t be sure how to do it, but I’ll bet you could if you wanted to.

July 4, 2012 5:54 pm

Douglas Cohen says:
July 4, 2012 at 5:14 pm
The point is that the naive amateur eye will notice things that the expert eye has learned to ignore because those experts have been carefully trained to look elsewhere for significance.
I think that is myth. Experts are experts because they are good at spotting significance.
you might want to estimate the probability that the correspondence in the two curves is just a coincidence.
Yes, there are standard ways of doing that. An expert can often do that simply by looking [having training in spotting significance]. But in judging, the expert also takes into account how plausible on physical grounds the correlation is. And that is where the correspondence fails in your case. Sometimes the experts are wrong [as with the case of the Africa-South America fit], but that is extremely rare, which is part of the determination of the overall probability.

LC Kirk, Perth
July 4, 2012 5:55 pm

Kadaka 11.27
Similarly, no two countries that ever joined the Euro have been at war since (though many of them were perpetually at war with each other prior to that). But how ironic, to be united in eternal peace by financial stupidity, culinary vulgarity and nutritional suicide. And how delightfully human. Aliens would be appalled..

Keith Pearson, Formerly bikermailman, Anon No Longer
July 4, 2012 6:12 pm

Whether weather (of the terrestrial or space variety) or politically, not so sure I like living in interesting times. It *was* a curse, you know.

Paul Vaughan
July 4, 2012 9:01 pm

The step-change alone did not define the changepoint. It just happens to be the point where the integral crossed the deviation baseline. It was a big step. It covered a large range. That range intersected the baseline. However, that alone does not make a changepoint; there has to be persistence of deviations towards either vertical side of the baseline on either horizontal side of the baseline-crossing step. A polarity flip in deviation persistence is what defines a changepoint. This changepoint is not spurious. It is real. However (and this is important), the interpretation of what this particular changepoint indicates has been quite sloppy. Best Regards to All.

July 4, 2012 9:23 pm

Paul Vaughan says:
July 4, 2012 at 9:01 pm
This changepoint is not spurious. It is real.
As far as solar activity is concerned, perhaps. The signature in Ap is spurious, just a coincidence, as there are many other Ap-steps not coinciding with any solar changepoints..

rbateman
July 4, 2012 10:07 pm

Dr. Lurtz says:
July 4, 2012 at 4:35 am
Picard, working at the Observatorie de la Paris during the Maunder Minimum, claimed to have measured a slightly shrunken sun by means of his painstaking timing method. There being no others at the time capable of measuring the Solar diameter, it is hard to prove or disprove, unless the Sun once again falls into a prolonged period of spotlessness. That we may yet have opportunity to witness.
Leif Svalgaard says:
July 4, 2012 at 9:23 pm
Precisely what one would desire, a lone coincidence whereby a root process might be discovered, rather than a tangled mess of indicators. Part of the process of elimination is already done for you.

James Bull
July 5, 2012 12:31 am

This is why I like this BLOG so much here in the middle of a serious discussion on the sun and what it is isn’t doing someone picks up and runs with a silly thread on McD’s and the two weave together and make for a great and informative read, if a little off the wall.
James Bull