Solar and climate- no longer taboo

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Paul Hudson of the BBC writes:

This is an exciting time for solar physics, and its role in climate. As one leading climate scientist told me last month, it’s a subject that is now no longer taboo. And about time, too.

His article is, ahem, illuminating:

For as long as I have been a meteorologist, the mere suggestion that solar activity could influence climate patterns has been greeted with near derision.

Quite why this has been the case is difficult to fathom. But it’s been clear for a long time that there must be a link of some kind, ever since decades ago Professor Lamb discovered an empirical relationship between low solar activity and higher pressure across higher latitudes such as Greenland.

Perhaps the art of weather forecasting has become so dominated by supercomputers, and climate research so dominated by the impact of man on global climate, that thoughts of how natural processes, such as solar variation, could influence our climate have been largely overlooked, until very recently.

In fact new research published this week & conducted by the Met Office and Imperial College London, showing how solar variability can help explain cold winters, will come as no surprise to readers of this blog.

Most studies in the past have largely focused on the sun’s brightness, but this research has discovered that it’s the variation in the sun’s Ultra Violet (UV) output that’s crucial.

According to the new paper, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, when UV output is low, colder air than normal forms over the tropics in the stratosphere. This is balanced by a more easterly flow of air over the mid-latitudes. The cold air in the stratosphere then makes its way to the surface – leading to bitterly cold easterly winds across the UK and parts of Europe.

When UV output is higher, the opposite is true, with warmer air making its way to the surface, and carried across the UK and Europe from the west.

Of course there are other factors involved in determining our weather, and this alone does not mean scientists have discovered the holy grail of long range forecasting.

Looking globally the research makes clear that the impact of the sun’s changing UV output acts to redistribute heat, with cold European winters going hand in hand with milder winters in Canada and the Mediterranean, for example, with little impact on overall global temperatures.

The work is based on an 11 year solar cycle, with the regional temperature changes associated with the peaks and troughs of the UV cycle effectively cancelling each other out over that time.

But there are some scientists who believe that there are longer term cycles, such as the bi-centennial cycle and that on average over the coming decades solar activity will decline.

If so, not only will cold European winters become more common, but global temperatures could fall, too, although the general consensus amongst most scientists at the moment is that any solar-forced decline would be dwarfed by man-made global warming.

This is an exciting time for solar physics, and its role in climate. As one leading climate scientist told me last month, it’s a subject that is now no longer taboo. And about time, too.

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R. Gates
October 15, 2011 8:40 pm

philincalifornia says:
October 15, 2011 at 7:29 pm
R. Gates says:
October 15, 2011 at 7:15 pm
Many people don’t know about it, but a really great resource to cut through a lot of the fluff on the internet is to go right to Google Scholar:
http://www.scholar.google.com
=====================================
I couldn’t find you on there ……. ????
___
You made me smile Phil…thanks!

R. Gates
October 15, 2011 8:56 pm

Geoff Sharp says:
October 15, 2011 at 7:28 pm
The cycles may have been declining slowly in that timeframe but they are still amongst some of the highest cycles recorded in the last 100 years. The key point of course is to factor in the positive PDO which needs to be added to other effects such as UHI and high EUV readings (the UHI providing a false rise).
_____
The PDO is certainly something to consider. With La Nina conditions dominating this phase of the PDO we certainly are getting less heat moving from ocean to atmosphere. I do disagree with your “false rise” statement based on UHI. Satellite readings over the past 30 years are not corrupted by UHI effects. Global temps increased during this period…the only issue is cause or causes.

R. Gates
October 15, 2011 9:01 pm

philincalifornia says:
October 15, 2011 at 7:29 pm
R. Gates says:
October 15, 2011 at 7:15 pm
Many people don’t know about it, but a really great resource to cut through a lot of the fluff on the internet is to go right to Google Scholar:
http://www.scholar.google.com
=====================================
I couldn’t find you on there ……. ????
_____
Thanks Phil…you made me smile! It should be noted that WUWT can’t be found under http://www.scholar.google.com either, though the research of some of WUWT scholarly contributors can, which is a credit to this site..

October 16, 2011 1:29 am

R Gates
It seems you haven’t looked at the UHI refs I gave you. Please show you have. One reason the correlation holds that Smokey gave from the Arctic, is because thermometers there were relatively free of UHI bias (and had ultra-long records too since they needed to know). See here Unfortunately over the last decade, UHI corruption may have crept in here too.
Leif you’re no doubt correct… as far as you go. Geoff is no doubt correct as well. Personally, from this ref I’ve already given here, I think there’s no doubt the Sun has been on a long extended high, that was still continuing its effect to 2000 even though the gas may have been turned down somewhat since 1980. Like slowly boiling a pan of water.

Matt G
October 16, 2011 3:39 am

UHI’s, are mainly a problem over recent decades contaminating the instrumental record, where urban sprawl is continuing and not so much a problem with stationary urban areas.
There is an exception with establshed urban areas, but I haven’t seen research covering this yet. That involves the increased energy use in cities, especially since the invention of central heating, increasing bigger buildings and increasing traffic. All these are significant energy inputs to the local atmosphere.
For those that don’t know what it was like before central heating, during cold winters only one room in the house may have been heated, where everybody would have kept warm. The rest of the rooms were far too cold to be in, unless wrapped up with winter clothes. Nowadays all rooms in the house are genrally warm enough to wear a t-shirt and be comfortable. That is a big difference in energy used to keep our rooms warm, and all of this must eventually escape and warm the local surrounding atmosphere.

October 16, 2011 5:02 am

Leif Svalgaard says:
October 15, 2011 at 7:50 pm
They are very good as the physics is straightforward. The EUV data has calibration uncertainties.
Thanks for your links but I am struggling to see how your references change anything. I can’t see where the SEM EUV values are challenged, which is the major issue as TSI is not important. Do you have EUV proxy data that is reliable that can dispute the much lower baseline EUV floor during SC23/24 min shown in the SEM data?
It is now established [e.g. http://www.leif.org/research/SSN-Workshop1-Weighting.pdf ] that the sunspot number since 1945 is 20% too high, so your statement may be a bit misleading.
Not misleading at all. Even with the 20-22% discount SC 21/22/23 cycles are amongst the highest measured in the last 100 years. You don’t need to sell me the Waldmeier factor, the LSC is born partly on his indulgence.

October 16, 2011 5:20 am

R. Gates says:
October 15, 2011 at 8:56 pm
The PDO is certainly something to consider. With La Nina conditions dominating this phase of the PDO we certainly are getting less heat moving from ocean to atmosphere. I do disagree with your “false rise” statement based on UHI. Satellite readings over the past 30 years are not corrupted by UHI effects. Global temps increased during this period…the only issue is cause or causes.
The PDO is more than something to consider, it may be the strongest climate driver.
I was referring to GISS and Hadley as to the UHI effect. But dont make the mistake it is all about thermometers, urban heat islands also raise the actual temperature in real terms (small) that is outside any meager rise that CO2 is capable of.

October 16, 2011 6:05 am

Lucy Skywalker says:
October 16, 2011 at 1:29 am
Personally, from this ref I’ve already given here, I think there’s no doubt the Sun has been on a long extended high
That is the myth I’m trying to dispel. You can see more here: http://www.leif.org/research/How%20Well%20Do%20We%20Know%20the%20Sunspot%20Number.pdf

October 16, 2011 7:37 am

Geoff Sharp says:
October 16, 2011 at 5:02 am
Leif Svalgaard says:
Thanks for your links but I am struggling to see how your references change anything. I can’t see where the SEM EUV values are challenged, which is the major issue as TSI is not important. Do you have EUV proxy data that is reliable that can dispute the much lower baseline EUV floor during SC23/24 min shown in the SEM data?
SEM suffers from the same problem as all the other UV measurements, namely instrumental noise and uncertainty. As for climate, SEM is not important as the wavelength is so short that none of UV gets down below 100 km altitude.
Not misleading at all. Even with the 20-22% discount SC 21/22/23 cycles are amongst the highest measured in the last 100 years.
cycles 17 (137), 18 (152), 19 (190) [mean 160} were as high as or higher than 21 (155), 22(158), 23 (120) [mean 144]. So the last three cycles do not stand out as anything special. Perhaps the real issue is that cycles 16, 20, and 24 were the lowest.

October 16, 2011 8:05 am

Geoff Sharp says:
October 16, 2011 at 5:02 am
Do you have EUV proxy data that is reliable that can dispute the much lower baseline EUV floor during SC23/24 min shown in the SEM data?
Conclusion from
http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/news/2011ScienceMeeting/docs/presentations/1b_DeLand_Solar%20Cycle%20UV_NEW.pdf
“Solar UV proxy data at minimum of Cycle 23 (2007-2009) are not significantly different from previous cycles”

R. Gates
October 16, 2011 8:58 am

Geoff Sharp says:
October 16, 2011 at 5:20 am
R. Gates says:
October 15, 2011 at 8:56 pm
The PDO is certainly something to consider. With La Nina conditions dominating this phase of the PDO we certainly are getting less heat moving from ocean to atmosphere. I do disagree with your “false rise” statement based on UHI. Satellite readings over the past 30 years are not corrupted by UHI effects. Global temps increased during this period…the only issue is cause or causes.
The PDO is more than something to consider, it may be the strongest climate driver.
I was referring to GISS and Hadley as to the UHI effect. But dont make the mistake it is all about thermometers, urban heat islands also raise the actual temperature in real terms (small) that is outside any meager rise that CO2 is capable of.
————-
I have studied the PDO a bit and am certain that the so-called “great climate shift” of 1976-77, related to the PDO, also began the late 20th century warming run. It is this event, along with still unresolved solar effects and things like Bond Events that keep my skeptical side active.
In regard to the actual heat coming from the thousands of cities around the world, this of course adds to the actual sensible heat that satellites can measure, but is, taken in totality, still rather meager in size. But no matter the size, it is still anthropogenic in origin.
Despite my skeptical perspective on CO2 and climate change, I am still persuaded that the geologically speaking very rapid buildup of CO2 by humans is having an effect on the climate. Recent studies show that carbon is accumulating in the atmosphere even faster than it did during the PETM some 55 million years ago, which brought a huge climate change and species loss to the planet.
One final thing that I am watching closely is the warming of the North Central Pacific. This is not atypical of a cool PDO and La Nina, but it also happens to be where there is a major upwelling deeper water from the global THC. If heat is being “hidden” in the deeper ocean, when it decides to come back up so to speak, the North Central Pacific is one of the places warmer water would come out of hiding.

October 16, 2011 10:30 am

R. Gates says:
October 15, 2011 at 8:55 am
To what would you attribute the disconnect between solar activity and CET since about 1980?
……………
It is early 1990s.
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/CET-winter.gif
Difficult one to untangle. I would assume major contributing factor is a steep rise in the North Atlantic SST since 1990, which has now peaked.

Matt G
October 16, 2011 3:24 pm

R. Gates says:
October 15, 2011 at 8:55 am
To what would you attribute the disconnect between solar activity and CET since about 1980?
Cloud albedo, read a while ago a report from the Met Office that claimed sunshine hours had increased over the last few decades in England. Not too different from the observed satellite data mentioned before, with the 5 percent decline in global levels.
This can be confirmed here.
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/actualmonthly/
Just select England, sunshine, annual.

October 16, 2011 10:58 pm

Leif Svalgaard says:
October 16, 2011 at 8:05 am
“Solar UV proxy data at minimum of Cycle 23 (2007-2009) are not significantly different from previous cycles”
I am talking about EUV measured in the 26-34 nm range. Your referred proxy records do not seem to cover this region. I see there is no mention of the SOHO SEM data?
Your other reference states “Near-Ultraviolet changes more than TSI, explaining 1.0 K variations at ~40 km, top of O3 layer” this is an area you decide to ignore. Many are suggesting upper level atmosphere changes have an influence on climate.
So the last three cycles do not stand out as anything special.
They are amongst the highest recorded in the past 100 years even with 20% haircut back to 1945. The graph is indisputable or are you going to procrastinate yet again?
http://sidc.oma.be/html/wolfaml.html

October 17, 2011 2:47 am

R Gates
I’m delighted you’re inviting WUWT readership to Boulder Co.
WRT science here, I’m falling behind with other things and probably you’ve also left this thread behind. So I’ll only say outline things, and then drop this thread.
First, I hear your comments re satellite temps over the last 30 years. I still say, again, look at my UHI work. This demonstrates, to me, that there are still very serious questions to answer – and I wonder if the calibration of satellites has itself been influenced by UHI. You have to remember that satellite measurement, for all it is a brilliant idea, is still not a direct measurement but a proxy that has to be calibrated.
Second, I’ll just note that there are serious questions that have been swept under the carpet, concerning the use of ice core proxy measurement of CO2 pre-1959.
Third, I repeat that the annual turnover of CO2 in both oceans and vegetation is an order of magnitude higher than our CO2 turnover. Again I don’t get the feeling that you’ve even examined this. I have examined in close detail the close correspondence between CO2 emissions and CO2 rise: and if one looks VERY closely, the correlation breaks down and reveals itself to be sheer coincidence for a limited period – which observation is backed up by the commonsense notion that natural cycles can easily absorb our emissions.
Fourth, I see that Leif’s solar arguments re the sun seem to support you. I hope to research these further. So far, every time I’ve looked again, I came to the conclusion that there WAS significant increase in solar activity over the last century overall. And even if, at this late hour, I am persuaded by Leif, it still does not take away the UHI problem noted above.
Fifth, of course, is the vilification of those who argue as I do, cogently with lots of clear science and years of experience, Professors Segalstad and Jaworowski being two of them.

October 17, 2011 2:51 am

… Jaworowski & Segalstad are concerned with CO2 and CO2 in ice. Segalstad also shows how the “manmade CO2” argument is not scientifically backed up, there are serious challenges to the “evidence” of the isotopes that warmists use to bolster this.

October 17, 2011 5:08 am

Geoff Sharp says:
October 16, 2011 at 10:58 pm
I am talking about EUV measured in the 26-34 nm range. Your referred proxy records do not seem to cover this region. I see there is no mention of the SOHO SEM data?
The calibration uncertainty increases as we go to shorter wave lengths so the SEM data is even more uncertain that the other UV. But the 26-34 nm range does not penetrate down below 100 km [and are in the milliWatt/m2 range] so have no influence on climate.
Your other reference states “Near-Ultraviolet changes more than TSI, explaining 1.0 K variations at ~40 km, top of O3 layer” this is an area you decide to ignore. Many are suggesting upper level atmosphere changes have an influence on climate.
Even so, the near-UV are the ones for which there were no changes detected between minima.
They are amongst the highest recorded in the past 100 years even with 20% haircut back to 1945. The graph is indisputable or are you going to procrastinate yet again?
First the graph does not include the ‘haircut’. Second as I showed, SC 17, 18, 19 were higher still so the last three cycles are nothing special. Of the 9 cycles the last 100 years, SC21,22,23 were among the 7 top most active ones, so yeah that makes them the highest recorded?
Lucy Skywalker says:
October 17, 2011 at 2:47 am

October 17, 2011 9:39 am

Stanford Poll: Large majority of Americans support government solutions to global warming
http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2010/pr-global-warming-poll-061010.html

October 17, 2011 4:28 pm

@R. Gates “Pretty much by any metric you wish to choose, overall solar activity has been declining since 1980,”
http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/tmp/images/ret_4638.gif

Simeon
October 17, 2011 11:17 pm

So you’re saying the primary source of heat and light in the solar system affects the earths climate? What poppycock.

October 18, 2011 6:55 am

Falling solar wind speed drives El Niño , rising solar wind speed SW drives La Niña :
http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/tmp/images/ret_15396.gif
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml
The inverse of short term land temperature deviations. Which is why it is quite common to have a colder N.H. winter just before an El Niño.

Brian H
October 19, 2011 5:54 pm

Lucy Skywalker says:
October 17, 2011 at 2:51 am

Have you seen this post? http://judithcurry.com/2011/10/17/self-organizing-model-of-the-atmosphere/
Based on this site: http://www.climateprediction.eu/cc/Main/Entries/2011/9/13_What_Drives_Global_Warming.html
Money quote:

The atmospheric CO2 at a [given] time is described [predicted] very well by the CO2 concentration observed 12 months before, exclusively (auto-regressive model). This model has been posted earlier. However – and this is a most important finding -, CO2 does also not influence any other of the system variables including global temperature. It remains completely autonomous.

(My inserted [ ] interpretations of the Germanic English vocabulary.)

October 20, 2011 7:30 am

Brian H says:
October 19, 2011 at 5:54 pm
Have you seen this post? (What Drives Global Warming?)
„. The self-organized model builds a dynamic system model – a system of nonlinear difference equations. The model shows a high accuracy of 77% given the fact that there is noise and uncertainty in the observational data. Figure 1 plots the observed vs predicted global temperature anomalies of this model retrospectively for the past 23 years and predictively for the next 6 years till October 2017. It is supplemented by the uncertainty of the predictions as a range where actual temperatures will most likely be observed in. Concluding from that graph, no significant further global warming is expected in the coming 6 years. Temperatures rather remain at the current level of warming.
(Frank Lemke)

[Bold Character by Volker]
Hi Brian,
I do not really know what the climate prediction model of Frank Lembke includes, but the point here is that it is a mathematical extrapolation for 6 years until October 2017 analysing the global temperature frequency spectra of the past 23 years. That means that the cause of the single temperature frequencies of this time interval of 23 years remains in the dark. I think there is no doubt that in general this model can be used taking the data from last 2 or 3 millennium to predict the global temperatures maybe for a longer time interval. Now, the question ‘What drives global warming?’ suggests that a heat driver is found. But no mechanism is shown; still mathematical gymnastic with recent global temperature proxies.
I have choosen a different scientific method to predict the global temperatures for about 1000 years, and have analysed simple all heliocentric synodic pattern of celestial objects in the solar system back for 50 years, 2000 years and 5000 years, which are well known from NASA ephemeris for this 6000 years. From this I have fitted the strength of each celestial couple empirical in a summation index called Geometric Harmonic Index (GHI).
There are some GHI x calculated with different time steps of i.) 1 year, ii.) 1 month, and iii.) 1 day for the time intervals of i.) 6000 years, ii.) 2000 years and iii.) -60 +30 years.
You can lokk fo a comparison of the results with some 4 plots A, B, C, D, with well known reconstructed temperature proxies from the literature.
Because of the origin of the terrestrial temperature frequencies, also of the past 23 years, it takes no wonder that a summation of some high frequency synodic pattern of the celestial objects shows a remarkable correlation with the pattern extrapolated out of known global temperature spectra done by Frank Lembke:
http://www.volker-doormann.org/images/2017_comp_ghi12.gif
I think the very important point here is that my temperature spectra have a basis in the motion of
real celestial bodies, its heliocentric frequencies, and positions on the length of ecliptic. I have no idea, which mechanism drives the terrestrial global temperature, but however, that makes the matching geometry pattern not untrue, rather it suggests that the main global temperature pattern has its ‘origin’ in the periodic motions of couples in the solar system including the Sun.
Clearly this pattern is superimposed by the impedances of the earth and its frequencies of: 1/1.186 years ^-1, (Chandler wobble), 1/2.371 years ^-1 (QBO), and 1/11.862 years^-1, (Jupiter). The QBO frequency is twice the ENSO frequency of 1/4.742 years^-1.
More here.
V.

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