Solar Geomagnetic Ap Index Hits Zero

This is something you really don’t expect to see this far into solar cycle 24.

But there it is, the Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite shows the sun as a cueball:

The Ap index being zero, indicates that the sun’s magnetic field is low, and its magneto is idling rather than revving up as it should be on the way to solar max. True, it’s just a couple of data points, but as NOAA’s SWPC predicts the solar cycle, we should be further along instead of having a wide  gap:

The Ap index generally follows along with the sunspot count, which is a proxy of solar activity.

And here’s the daily Ap geomagnetic data. The Ap is bumping along the bottom:

Graph by Jan Alvestad

 

The long term Ap has been on a downtrend, ever since there was a step change in October 2005:

The overall data looks pretty anemic:

This page is normally updated once a day by Jan Alvestad. All values are preliminary.

[Solar Terrestrial Activity Report]

h/t to Joe D’Aleo and thanks to Jan Alvestad for keeping this data and plotting it.

Solar and geomagnetic data (last month)

Date Measured

solar flux

Sunspot number Planetary A index K indices (3-hour intervals) Min-max solar wind speed (km/sec) Number of flares (events)
STAR NOAA STAR NOAA Daily low – high Planetary Boulder C M X
20101222 77.7 12 0 0.0 0 0-0 00000000 00001100 287-381
20101221 77.9 12 0 1.3 1 0-3 01001000 11101100 347-457
20101220 77.9 12 0 8.5 8 3-18 13222223 13222223 346-479
20101219 80.9 11 0 1.4 1 0-6 10000002 11000112 345-415
20101218 80.5 0 0 2.3 2 0-5 11001001 11101211 353-446
20101217 81.6 11 11 3.1 3 0-7 21001111 31001221 383-524
20101216 84.1 11 23 4.6 5 0-9 21210111 21220221 433-567
20101215 86.9 22 11 8.9 9 3-27 34111111 44222211 544-655 1
20101214 90.3 34 33 11.1 11 5-18 12233323 13233323 491-757 1
20101213 87.7 49 46 5.4 5 2-9 22200022 32211212 385-611
20101212 89.4 52 23 3.8 4 0-15 00001312 00001422 293-445
20101211 86.9 23 25 0.9 1 0-3 00000001 01001001 284-354
20101210 88.4 40 33 0.3 0 0-2 00000000 00000110 321-349
20101209 86.8 54 22 1.8 2 0-3 11000001 11200110 341-404
20101208 87.2 48 22 2.8 3 0-7 11001021 12111222 337-445
20101207 87.1 31 34 3.9 4 2-7 10102111 01112211 342-385
20101206 88.5 28 35 2.4 2 0-4 00011111 01121121 269-351
20101205 87.9 42 47 0.8 1 0-4 00000001 00011101 270-274
20101204 87.4 52 48 0.6 1 0-3 00100000 00101010 270-314
20101203 86.8 47 27 1.1 1 0-5 01000000 02000000 270-337
20101202 86.5 38 32 2.6 3 0-6 21001000 11000110 339-360
20101201 86.5 44 25 1.8 2 0-4 10000011 10100210 338-358 1
20101130 86.4 36 24 3.0 3 2-4 01011110 12021110 345-402
20101129 82.5 24 31 3.1 3 0-5 00111110 01221111 348-437
20101128 80.1 34 34 6.1 6 0-12 22101231 23212221 384-460
20101127 76.5 38 11 11.9 12 0-67 00001164 00001243 294-520
20101126 76.2 12 23 1.6 2 0-4 00001111 00001110 344-390
20101125 77.9 25 22 3.6 4 2-6 12111110 02112110 382-477
20101124 75.8 23 11 4.4 4 3-6 11111122 11221221 426-518
20101123 75.3 12 12 7.8 8 3-15 21311332 21312321 452-537

This page is normally updated once a day by Jan Alvestad. All values are preliminary.

[Solar Terrestrial Activity Report]

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Mom2girls
December 23, 2010 5:20 pm

Dr. Svalgaard, you mention the sun being here before, in 1645. I hate to read anything into anyone’s comments but does this mean you think we’re headed into a Maunder and not Dalton minimum?
Thanks for contributing to this discussion, as always!

tucker
December 23, 2010 5:31 pm

from mars says:
December 23, 2010 at 1:30 pm
Well, the Solar Minimum began in 2008. That not prevented 2010 being so far the hottest year on record.
The Earth has been warming since the 1970s, while at the same time solar activity was in the decline, after peaking in the 1950s.
A new Dalton Minimum will not cause significant global cooling, the impact of the enhanced Greenhouse effect is overwelmingly bigger. The data show that clearly.
***************************************
I hope you had your tin foil hat on while typing this drivel. Since you believe everything someone feeds you, I happen to have a bridge that I’m selling in Brooklyn.

mike g
December 23, 2010 5:40 pm

Dave Springer says:
December 23, 2010 at 10:52 am
I don’t suppose this will do anything to stop the flood of legal immigrants from New York to Texas.
=================
Actually, that is a cause for grave concern. As they flood in from points north, many of them bring with them the mental disease that is liberalism.

December 23, 2010 5:46 pm

“And the Sun’s corona is millions of degrees hotter than the photosphere. These simple observations point to the energy source of the Sun being external. ”
Really? What rubbish. – Anthony
Well, why don’t you be the one person to explain it then, because no one else has.

James of the West
December 23, 2010 5:54 pm

Do we really know what happened to global temps in the Maunder or Dalton? We have some anecdotal evidence but hardly a comparable dataset.
I think this will be an opportunity to make some good observations and learn something new if we have a similar event unfolding.

John Day
December 23, 2010 6:02 pm

@jay curtis

The sun has been as smooth as a baby’s butt for more than a few days now. What are the odds it will climb back out of the current funk? Maunder Minimum on the way?The sun has been as smooth as a baby’s butt for more than a few days now.
What are the odds it will climb back out of the current funk? Maunder Minimum on the way?

I think it’s already started. The 2800Mhz microwave flux is back up to 80 (from 78 yesterday) and the Xray flux is increasing slightly. A few new tiny specks now visible in the NE quadrant.
On the far side we can still see (via the STEREO peekaround satellites) the old sunspot #1131, the largest in solar cycle #24, is still magnetically active. Should be rotating back into Earth view in about a week (if it can keep itself organized).
You can check all this out for yourself here: http://www.solarcycle24.com/
So, old Sol will certainly bounce back. But it’s going to be a very small cycle, max smoothed sunspot number around 70 or so.
In any case, it will be the “Eddy Minimum”, not Maunder, if we do enter another Grand Solar Minimum.
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/06/13/online-petition-the-next-solar-minimum-should-be-called-the-eddy-minimum/

James F. Evans
December 23, 2010 6:23 pm

MDR states: “If there corona were gone, the change in the radiative energy flux incident on earth would be changed by only a small, fractional amount.”
Pure speculation.
We don’t know what the situation would be if the “corona were gone”.
And, let’s hope we never find out!

NovaReason
December 23, 2010 6:39 pm

Chris Reeve says:
December 23, 2010 at 10:49 am
I have a question for the electric sun people… I constantly see them purporting that, like on Earth, fusion is an effective energy sink, i.e. it takes more energy to get fusion going than you get out of it… therefore requiring a huge amount of electrical energy being transported to the sun through some mysterious means I can’t quite figure out, given that over 14 billion years, any widely distributed energy in the vacuum would have been all gobbled up… I digress.
How can you possibly assume that’s a valid concept though, given that the human energy input is needed specifically to provide the things that a stellar core provides… high temperature and pressure, conducive to producing fusion. It was my understanding that once the reaction was triggered, it was sustainable ONLY through maintaining high temp and pressure.
Is that fundamentally wrong? Does it require more electricity or energy, sans triggering containment and thermoregulation, to MAINTAIN a fusion reaction than it produces?
Because otherwise, I can easily imagine that there’s an intrastellar/intrasolar electrical component, but the concept of pulling in essential unimaginable amounts of electricity from the ether for all of the stars in the galaxy… where exactly did you say all that electricity comes from (laws of thermodynamics and all that)? And why hasn’t the Universe already reached a final entropic stage?

Zeke the Sneak
December 23, 2010 6:42 pm

John Day says:
December 23, 2010 at 4:57 pm
Zeke, you’re missing the point. “Temperature is not energy”. In this case it’s the “kinetic temperature” of the fast-moving molecules in the corona:
1/2mv² = 3/2kT
where v is the average speed. Yes, theoretically, even a single molecule could have a million-degree temperature if it moved fast enough. But temperature only makes sense in a useful way in very large distributions of mass.

Thank you, and it is the motion of these particles accelerating that should interest us very much. Charged particles, in normal diffusion and Brownian motion, show temperatures in the chromosphere of 5800K, and even lower temperatures have been measured (3800K). But at 2,000 km, there is an abrupt temperature rise to 2 million degrees.
A possible explanation is that since plasmas are well known to form double layers where there is a difference in voltage between two locations, there is a double layer here in the sun’s plasma. Double layers accelerate particles across the sheath. (This technology is used to propel space craft.) The presence of the double layer in the lower corona would explain the following phenomena:
1. sudden temp rise to 2 mill K
2. double layers in plasma are always a source of radio waves
3. protons of the solar wind accelerate, and gain speed the further away from the sun they get, indicating they are in an efield (traveling outward to the heliosphere, another DL)
4. the electrons follow a reverse curve from the positively charged ions at the double layer, and so the plasma begins to leap into an arc mode at the photosphere.
Yes it is tenuous and yes it is just the motion of particles. Yet Don Scott and Wal Thornhill have shown how the application of plasma physics and electrical priciples explain the motion of these particles in the sun’s atmosphere.

MVB
December 23, 2010 6:51 pm

Shoot the shoulds!
TX. Great info! Always love learning about the sun. Quiet indeed, and interesting to see how climate will be affected – may finally help quantifying cosmo-climatological forcings.
BUT… making a posting about the oh-so-low activity at what just as well could be the bottom in an usually up and down swinging graph, and then – much worse- comparing that weekly data point with the prediction for monthly smoothened data, come on now… that’s right up there with putting some instrumental temperature record average for one hot year at the end of a multiyear smoothened proxy graph for temperatures and then saying “look! We are here! See this gap!”.
So, in regards to potentially “jumping the gun”, I agree with Luis
(Luis Dias says:
December 23, 2010 at 10:55 am
The graph is too noisy to take any kind of “aha” moment… it’s still very possible for the graph to catch up to the prediction. Check the spikes.)
Perhaps it’s all in the language that was used to frame the unusual low.
This is something YOU REALLY DON’T EXPECT TO SEE this far into solar cycle 24. But there it is, the Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite shows the sun as a cueball: The Ap index being zero, indicates that the sun’s magnetic field is low, and its magneto is idling rather than revving up AS IT SHOULD BE on the way to solar max. True, it’s just a couple of data points, but as noaa’s swpc predicts the solar cycle, WE SHOULD BE further along instead of having a wide gap: …
It’s like saying “we should be seeing this, but”, “Ice breaks off sooner than expected”, etc. The mentality that something is “wrong” with reality when reality doesn’t match a prediction is something I’m accustomed to see among ‘warmistas’, and wish can be steered clear from among the more scientifically inclined here. If you go jump at every low temperature and low solar activity datapoint, disturbingly similar to how CAGW-hotheads send out press releases (a la the tunes of “This is much worse than expected”, “according to our predictions, this wouldn’t be happening until so many years from now”, etc.) whenever there’s unusually hot weather, or as some hype any solar flare, then you begin to lose the scientific high ground, IMO. Same goes for the polar ice data reporting.
In the long run, I think it’s simply better to wait a couple weeks or months, or ideally: until the smoothened data catch up with the smoothened predictions you want to compare ‘m too. Or just shoot the shoulds and word it a bit more objectively.
Ya know what I mean? :-/

December 23, 2010 6:58 pm

James of the West says:
December 23, 2010 at 5:54 pm
Do we really know what happened to global temps in the Maunder or Dalton? We have some anecdotal evidence but hardly a comparable dataset.
I think this will be an opportunity to make some good observations and learn something new if we have a similar event unfolding.
#####
You are not allowed to suggest that the temp measurements in those times were
1. inaccurate
2. sparse
Also, The term “global average” only has meaning in those periods. Now, its officially meaningless.

John Day
December 23, 2010 7:11 pm

@Christolph Dollis

“And the Sun’s corona is millions of degrees hotter than the photosphere. These simple observations point to the energy source of the Sun being external. ”
Really? What rubbish. – Anthony
Well, why don’t you be the one person to explain it then, because no one else has.

You’re conflating temperature, an intensive property of matter, with energy, an extensive property of matter.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Temperature, being intensive, does not depend on the amount of matter. A gram of water can have the same temperature as an entire ocean.
Heat energy, measured in joules or calories, being extensive, does depend on the amount of matter, in an additive way. A gram of water, even if heated to a million degrees, does not contain as much energy as an entire ocean of water.
Conservation Law: Energy is always conserved. There is no conservation law for Temperature.

Tom in Florida
December 23, 2010 7:31 pm

Chris Reeve says: {December 23, 2010 at 12:28 pm}
“By the way, none of the responses thus far have begun to grapple with the various enigmas which Wal Thornhill brings up.”
How bout this:
http://www.tim-thompson.com/grey-areas.html

MDR
December 23, 2010 7:41 pm

James F. Evans says:
December 23, 2010 at 6:23 pm
MDR states: “If there corona were gone, the change in the radiative energy flux incident on earth would be changed by only a small, fractional amount.”
Pure speculation
We don’t know what the situation would be if the “corona were gone”.
And, let’s hope we never find out!


Why not? I think it would be interesting from a scientific perspective. It’s likely that (at least some) aspects of the conventional wisdom would be challenged.
In fact, from your “let’s hope we never find out” comment, it seems that you do indeed know that a missing corona would be an overall negative. Please fill me in; I’d like to know.

D Janeway
December 23, 2010 8:00 pm

Luis Dias says,
The graph is too noisy to take any kind of “aha” moment… it’s still very possible for the graph to catch up to the prediction. Check the spikes.
Luis, check the smoothing.

December 23, 2010 8:05 pm

Mom2girls says:
December 23, 2010 at 5:20 pm
Dr. Svalgaard, you mention the sun being here before, in 1645. I hate to read anything into anyone’s comments but does this mean you think we’re headed into a Maunder and not Dalton minimum?
It all depends on if the Livingston & Penn effect holds up or not. If it does, we’ll have a Maunder Minimum, if not, just a ‘normal’ small cycle, like 100 years ago. It is too early to tell. Now, contrary to common belief, a Maunder Minimum does not mean total absence of solar activity, just that sunspots are much harder to see [smaller, warmer, not clumped together, etc]. There will still be cosmic ray modulation [as there was during the MM], still be aurorae [at high latitudes, but fewer at low latitudes]. If this happens [and as a solar physicist I pray it will, but is enough of a skeptic not to count on it] we’ll learn a lot. I don’t believe that the climate will be much worse [colder], so am not concerned. You can form your own pet theory about that.
Christoph Dollis says:
December 23, 2010 at 5:46 pm
These simple observations point to the energy source of the Sun being external. ”
Really? What rubbish. – Anthony
Well, why don’t you be the one person to explain it then, because no one else has.

See below for a [wrong] explanation of coronal heating. Solar energy generation is not under debate any more, that was figured out back in 1938.
James F. Evans says:
December 23, 2010 at 6:23 pm
MDR states: “If there corona were gone, the change in the radiative energy flux incident on earth would be changed by only a small, fractional amount.”
Pure speculation.

Not at all, because we can measure the radiative energy flux.
We don’t know what the situation would be if the “corona were gone”.
Perhaps you don’t know. Just pay attention, then, to the free lessons you can get on the blog.
Zeke the Sneak says:
December 23, 2010 at 6:42 pm
Yet Don Scott and Wal Thornhill have shown how the application of plasma physics and electrical priciples explain the motion of these particles in the sun’s atmosphere.
So go see what they believe happens. [Except, of course, it doesn’t]. There are many theories about coronal heating. In fact, too many. There may be more than one mechanism. In general terms it works like this: The solar atmosphere is permeated by a magnetic field. The lower part of that field is rooted in the photosphere where violent motions [convection] move the field around, at times twisting and shearing the field. A twisted field has more energy in it than a quiet, regular, ‘straight’ field, and is notoriously unstable [as anymore trying to build a fusion machine will know] and explodes easily, heating the atmosphere. That is one reason why the corona is hot. Another is that waves are generated by all that surface motion. As these waves travel upwards in the rapidly thinning corona, the wave steepens and eventually breaks into a ‘shock wave’ also heating the plasma [much like cracking of a whip]. A third reason is that the magnetic field points in different directions and at the boundaries between differently directed magnetic fields, the fields can reconnect [as we have direct observed by spacecraft about the Earth]. Such changes on the magnetic fields can create electric currents that also can heat the plasma. so, many ways to skin that cat, and possibly they are all active at the same time.
When solar physicists say they “don’t understand how the corona is heated” it general means that they can’t agree on which one of several possibilities is the most dominant [maybe there is single dominant one].

Holugu
December 23, 2010 8:09 pm

These simple observations point to the energy source of the Sun being external. ”
Really? What rubbish. – Anthony

Right.
Well, the plasma cosmologists are making prediction. Kinda normal, everyone who has some hypothesis/theory does that, so one can say, predict away!
During the past 4 years, I was watching them, in wait, to prove them wrong. What is irksome is that I couldn’t so far. Couldn’t nail them wrong. Rats!
Kath:

Any competing theory has to be good enough to explain all aspects of stellar evolution, as well as variations that exist in our universe.

One small problem. The stellar evolution is an ad hoc theory. Let alone the evolutionary aspect–sort of an application of hermetic as above so below–a biomorphization of the observable differences of stellar bodies. Beside the supernova explosion, we really can’t see the “evolution” of stars. It is a model, and that is very important to remember. In fact, based on a careful study of pictures of supernovae, I again have to concede the irksome phenomenon of plasma cosmology being a better fit for the observations.
Well, I can hope that one day, they’ll predict something that they will hang themselves with, can’t I?

johanna
December 23, 2010 8:18 pm

Mac the Knife said:
“From unforgiving experiences, I know there is far more to fear from “big bad snow and ice”, be it ‘weather’ or ‘climate change’ induced, than there will ever be from 3C of ‘global warming’. ”
———————————————————————–
Well said, Mac. From a human perspective, it would be better if the AGW crowd was right. There are good reasons why the tropics are populated, and the poles are not.
Where did you live?

Holugu
December 23, 2010 8:22 pm

One thing I’ve forgotten to add. Magnetic lines reconnection
Only astronomers with a cursory exposure to theory of electricity can come up with that concept. Ask any lowly electrical engineer and he would laugh what a good joke that is. It is as mythical as darkwing duck. It does not exist.
Again, one of these irksome thingies that plasma cosmologists do seem to explain without any hooks that I can grab and throw back at them. They’re smooth. I hate those guys guts!

Zeke the Sneak
December 23, 2010 8:42 pm

Dr S, the abrupt temp rise above the sun’s photosphere happens evenly around the sun, not in a chaotic and lumpy way, which would be expected if it is the result of so many explosions and supposed reconections. The positive particles of the solar wind accelerate and continue to accelerate into the solar system, radio frequencies are generated, and the incoming electrons give the photosphere “the appearance, temperature and spectrum of an electric arc” (CER Bruce). That is one simple mechanism, a double layer in plasma, to explain all of these important, defining aspects of the sun.

BillyBob
December 23, 2010 8:46 pm

“Do we really know what happened to global temps in the Maunder or Dalton?”
There are very few years below 8C mean in the CET.
From 1688 to 1698 there are 5 years below 8 and one 8.0.
I think there are only two 7.x and one 6.x after 1698.
http://www.junkscience.com/MSU_Temps/HadCET_an.html
http://hadobs.metoffice.com/hadcet/cetml1659on.dat

Holugu
December 23, 2010 8:50 pm

Sorry for getting a bit off topic,… just blowing some steam.
Here in Vancouver BC, it’s relatively balmy, but that is normal. There was some dusting by snowflakes about a month ago. 2 inches. It is still likely that there would be some cover later in January/February.
I remember looking at the graph of ice age periods years ago and it was quite clear to me that we are nearing the end of the interglacial. In fact, we seem to be a bit past that. I wish it were possible to keep it that way, but I have little illusions that we can change the underlying nature of the cyclical phenomenon. Not that far into the future, we will be freezing our butts off. Unfortunately, there will be a lot of meat popsicles as a result. Yea, I too wish it was really globally warming out there, my decrepit arthritic bones would welcome it with “open arms”.

James F. Evans
December 23, 2010 8:51 pm

Dr. Svalgaard: “Not at all, because we can measure the radiative energy flux.”
Don’t be silly.
If one part of the system or process was missing, we don’t know what effect it would have on the over all system, or the rest of the system.
It’s an unknown… a hypothetical (because it’s never happened in Man’s experience) which can’t be answered.
But, please. carry on, your certainty, in the face of the unknown, only reveals how little we really know…

D Janeway
December 23, 2010 9:07 pm

Jay Curtis says,
The sun has been as smooth as a baby’s butt for more than a few days now. What are the odds it will climb back out of the current funk? Maunder Minimum on the way?
Anyone?
It’s too early to tell. If the LP effect continues, it would be a Maunder event instead of a Dalton event. As of now it LP is on track. See
http://www.leif.org/research/Livingston%20and%20Penn.png

December 23, 2010 9:15 pm

Holugu says:
December 23, 2010 at 8:09 pm
we really can’t see the “evolution” of stars.
To speak about ‘evolution of stars’ is a bit wrong, as the word /evolution/ invokes the wrong image of things. Stars don’t evolve in the biological sense of that word. They do like you and I, they ‘age’. If you look at a large number of people, you’ll see all ages represented: young, middle, and old. So you can directly SEE that aging takes place. If you come back and look at the same people some years later, they will have aged, and you can see that.
Same with the stars. There are about 100 so-called globular clusters in the Galaxy, each containing typically a million stars, that were born at the same time and in the same neighborhood [unless you’ll postulate that they all decided to get together for your enjoyment at this present time], so they have the same birthday and initial chemical composition. And in contrast to people, stars AGE at different rates. This does not mean that time is flowing at a different rate. If we look at a life-cycle: you are born, grown up, mature, and die, then you can define age relative to that timeline. Massive stars age [that is, eventually, die] a lot faster than small stars, so when we look at the million stars some will be large and other will be small, so some will be young and some will be old. If you make a 2D plot where each star is represented by a point placed according to its temperature [color] on one axis and luminosity on the other axis, you’ll find that the points do not scatter wildly about, but lie on definite ‘lines’ and ‘areas’ on the plot. This most famous astrophysical plot is called the Hertzsprung-Russell digram [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_cluster ] and shows you the age of each star. Not in time [they were all born at the same time], but in how far along their life they are. Different clusters are born at different times, so give us different snapshots of the life cycles of stars. What we see in this way matches very closely what the misnamed ‘theory of stellar evolution’ predicts [or explains is a better word], so we have high confidence in its veracity.
Holugu says:
December 23, 2010 at 8:22 pm
One thing I’ve forgotten to add. Magnetic lines reconnection
Only astronomers with a cursory exposure to theory of electricity can come up with that concept. Ask any lowly electrical engineer and he would laugh what a good joke that is.

That is because your lowly electrical engineer does not deal with this in the domain of his expertise and knowledge. If he laughs, it is because he doesn’t know. Like the discussion between two little boys about where babies come from. One says they come with the stork and the other is trying to explain about s e x, and s p e r m, and e g g s. The first boy laughs at that good joke.
Reconnection is observed in space and in the laboratory, e.g. http://mrx.pppl.gov/