The news last week was the quick turnaround, this year it is the speed of ice growth.
JAXA extent shows sharp growth, exceeding the 2009 rate, and almost as fast as 2005:
JAXA AMSR-E Sea Ice Extent -15% or greater – click to enlarge
In the last week, over a half million (505,938) square kilometers of Arctic Sea Ice has been added, one of the fastest gains in the satellite record.
On October 6th 2010 JAXA sea-ice extent has now broken through the 6M km2 line with 6,015,156 km2
10,04,2010,5892656 10,05,2010,6001406 10,06,2010,6035625 10,07,2010,6095781 10,08,2010,6205781 10,09,2010,6316563 10,10,2010,6398594
The DMI 30% extent chart could very well exceed the 2006 line in the next day or two, it has already exceeded the 2005 line.
And, compared the 2007 year, the refreeze is looking strong at CT:
Note though that Cryosphere today’s image has not updated since 10/07/10. Hopefully it will be back online tomorrow. There’s been some sensor issues seen at the NANSEN sea ice page the last few days, and since CT also uses the same data, that may be the issue.
UPDATE: Reader “AJB” offers this plot:
At Antarctica, after a weather induced dip, ice is rebounding and above normal, as well as ahead of this time last year. We have bipolar growth this week.
NSIDC Antarctic Sea Ice Extent – 15% or greater – click to enlarge
Scott BL says:
October 11, 2010 at 5:13 am
It’s just a personal opinion but I still think it’s the Mpemba effect. i.e. the warmer the surface waters are, the quicker they turn into ice.
Steve from Rockwood, I don’t think he has been banned, he just will be woken when one of those two events happens. The first not likely, the second not too far away now.
It’s nice to see the ice recovery happen so people can forget how low it got this summer compared to most guesses on here 😀
Andy
rbateman says:
October 11, 2010 at 1:43 pm
Phil. says:
October 11, 2010 at 12:50 pm
Actually it didn’t, it’s presently drifting into the mouth of Glacier strait between Ellesmere Island and Coburg Island.
If you don’t know the answer you don’t have to make one up.
Did you bother to watch as it got deep-froze into place by all the rapidly accelerating sea ice by visiting the daily Aqua/Terra images?
As for your assertion that I don’t know the answer:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100903072655.htm
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Earth_From_Space_Giant_Iceberg_Enters_Nares_Strait_999.html
http://www.polarfield.com/blog/tag/petermann-glacier/
The world seems to disagree with you, Phil. . They say it drifted into the Nares Strait.
I watched it get surrounded and pinned by advancing Sea Ice.
What exactly is your point?
That you don’t know what you’re talking about and that the Petermann ice island is not surrounded and pinned in the Nares strait and therefore you couldn’t have watched that happen!
I told you where it is but apparently you can’t read a map.
http://www.sailwx.info/shiptrack/shipposition.phtml?call=47557
This just in: ice forms in the Arctic once it gets colder
Anthony
Its your bliog of course, and one of the great things about is that it lets dissenting views have a say. R Gates is no troll and his views stimulate comments. Banning him from sea ice threads will surely only let your detractors point out to the wider world that WUWT is no different to other blogs that censor views.
As I say its entirely your call but R Gates has always been polite and knowlegable even if he can be opinionated and (we think) wrong.
tonyb
R. Gates says:
October 11, 2010 at 5:01 pm
Yawn….
Wake me if:
1) The Arctic Sea Ice extent ever gets back above it’s longer term (30+ year) average.
2) CryoSat 2 Data is released.
Well that post is deserving of retribution is it not? What possible contribution to this blog does his arrogant dismissal make? It looks like he was aiming for to insult and deride and belittle and even though I look enjoy reading many of his posts this particular one was childish.
I would hope that R Gates sees the error of his ways and makes his apologies to the ‘PTB’.
We need different voices with different views and perspectives IMHO however we could do without the sarky childish silliness of someone who cannot engage and so tries to spoil the debate. Come on Mr Gates man up and big up eh?
Cassandra King
We have many contributors who make silly or frivolous comments at one time or another. R Gates is not unique in this. As I say it is Anthony’s ‘home’ but the punishment-and its consequences for the reputation of this blog-seem rather severe in comparison to the crime.
tonyb
tonyb,
I see your point but where is the line drawn? I think AW made the right call on this and it might just offer R Gates the attitude adjustment he needs.
I hope he comes back later because I enjoy reading his perspective and most of his posts.
Dear Mr. Watts:
Would it be possible to include the 1979 to 2000 average on the Arctic ice extent graphs or otherwise provide this information so we can do an arctic comparison on the same basis as the antarctic graph?
Also, could you include an arctic image comparable to the Cryosphere Today images for October 7th that shows the average for that date or the mean level for the month of October over the period 1979 to 2000 so we can measure the arctic ice recovery against this historical base rather than comparing it to the lowest possible level which occurred in 2007?
Comparison of multiple year averages would be preferable as variations in daily ice extent clearly exist from year to year as the JAXA extent graph provided above shows. Based on the JAXA extent graph, the lines for the various years do not show any extended period of time that any two years report the same values. In 2010 the ice extent for the month of April appears to have been higher than it was for any of the other years on the graph, but this did not prevent the 2010 line from falling to a level below the other years in June. In July, 2010 did not remain below all the years. Another example is June of 2007 which was greater than 2006 and 2010, but this did not prevent July of 2007 from falling well below 2006 and 2010. Based on the graph, the best prediction appears to be that the level for a given day in 2010 will not be the same as any other day in the 2002 to 2009 period. Based on the JAXA extent graph, it also does not appear possible to use the average for a particular month as an indication of where the ice extent will be in relation to other years in future months. Due to this annual variability it might be more meaningful to use a multiple year average to discern any trend in the state of the Arctic ice rather than watching ice extent on particular days and comparing it to a date with the lowest observed ice extent coverage.
Would ice volume provide a better indicator of the state of Arctic ice than ice extent?
As you are aware, PIOMAS has an ice volume anomaly chart based on a model (direct observations are not available for all periods), that if accurate (and I take it you do not believe it is accurate), may provide a better indicator of the state of the arctic ice. Direct satellite observations from CRYOSAT-2 should let us know if the PIOMAS model has been providing accurate information or not. The value of the PIOMAS volume anomaly chart is that it compares current conditions to the average conditions for multiple years for a given date.
Could you post an ice extent anomaly chart that compares current conditions to the average for that date for the 1979 to 2009 period? Cryosphere today may have such a chart. This would appear to be a better indicator of arctic ice trends than comparing 2010 to years after 2002, since all the years after 2001 appear to be below the 1979 to 2000 average ice extent.
The fluctuations in ice extent in the JAXA graph would appear to be clear indicators that more than just arctic air temperature affects the ice. Warming of waters entering from the Pacific and in some cases from the Atlantic which cause basal melting may exceed the impact of surface melting of arctic ice from air temperatures. Additionally, the amount of ice export through the Nares and Fram straits and weather systems over the Arctic also have an impact on ice extent. With so many factors which influence ice extent, it appears preferable to use multi-year averages to develop a trend line rather than using the conditions of any given day or a short time period to determine if a recovery of arctic ice has occurred.
REPLY: Visit the Sea Ice Page, available from the menu bar – Anthony
Found it, thanks.
In spite of the recent growth, it looks like 2010 is below the average and the multi-year trend is toward less arctic ice. Per the anomaly chart for today it appears the arctic ice needed another 1.499 million km squared of growth by this date before it recovered to the average while antarctic ice is .540 million km squared ahead of the average.
Has anyone ever done any serious studies of the effect that thousands of ice breakers- and the ships that follow them- have on the breaking of arctic ice which then becomes more vulnerable to melt and wind dispersal.
tonyb
I was cautioned strongly when I was a physics major against extrapolating from two points on a curve. Which is what “trends” represent. I also know that people see what seem to be patterns in random distributions which really aren’t there. I also accept that it is impossible to predict the future, whether by consulting an Oracle, examining chicken entrails, or using computer models, or by any other means.
Given the huge failures to date in attempting to make long term predictions of weather itself, and even a good many failures in quite short term predictions of weather, I would support reasearch in how to improve weather predictions, which I would imagine would take a great deal more developement of instrumentation and much more and better instrument placement than is available to folks like Anthony as of now.
From history itself, I know that there have been warm periods and cold periods, and that before the Petroleum Age, which began in the 1850s, life was pretty darn miserable for humans and “critters” alike. Life was far more tolerable during warm eras, and said warm eras have been few and far between in history.
This effort to artifically make temperatures cooler is akin to mass suicide, IMHO. Variance of temperature at the top end is not that important, in agriculture, but relatively minor variations at the low end determine whether crops fail or not, and I know from personal experience, having been reared on a farm in NW Iowa, from the time I was 3 years old through the summer of my 13th year, 1949, that excessively wet springs or wet autums play havoc in raising and harvesting crops.
There is a finite amount of air on Earth at any time, and air is a compressible fluid. When colder air comes towards the equator from either polar region, the approximate same volume of warmer air has to replace it. Some years, or series of years, more cold air moves towards the equator, sometimes little. I can’t imagine why anyone would get excited over natural processes such as this, unless they were making the error of extrapolating from two points on a curve into the future (projecting a so-called “trend”).
“Those whom the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad.”
tonyb says:
October 12, 2010 at 12:29 pm
Has anyone ever done any serious studies of the effect that thousands of ice breakers- and the ships that follow them- have on the breaking of arctic ice which then becomes more vulnerable to melt and wind dispersal.
tonyb
_____________________________________________________________
A better question is how many icebreakers can go through one metre thick ice?
Or how many icebreakers can go through two metre thick ice?
I’ll assume 100 icebreakers total.
Then the next question is how often (annually) do these icebreakers travel through said ice thicknesses?
I’ll assume ten trips/year, and a mean travel length through the sea ice of 1,000 km.
The final question is, how wide of a path does each icebreaker make? I’ll assume 40 metres or 0.040 km.
So I get 40,000 km^2 annually, or 110 km^2/day.
Which I think is a small number with respect to daily sea ice growth/decay.
We also need to consider natural breakups and movements of the ice pack, given my albeit very limited understanding, the ice pack moves and breakups occur 247.
Also the wetted surface of the ice pack is ~2D, meaning the difference in the wetted surface going from a uniform ice pack (100% concentration) and say 0.001 km^2 (1000 metres^2 or ~30 metres on each side for a square chunk) separated chunks, at say one metre thick (ignoring rho of ~0.92 for the moment) is 4*30*1/1000 = 0.12 0r a 12% difference, which is << 1.
You are most welcome to come up with your own set of assumptions and numbers thereof.
IMHO, icebreakers have little effect on the Arctic sea ice pack in total on an annual basis.
The large Ice free area on the russian side where the Island Ostrov Kotel lies will be the main area that fuels the continued steeply upward graph motion…By the time it gets iced over we can move on to the Bering Straits & everywhere else.
I’m finally starting to relax….there will be Winter this year!!
EFS junior
You are exactly right on the number of dedicated ice breaking ships. But look at this from the US army corps of Engineers who conducted a 1994 feasibility study on the practicalities of greatly expanding the existing Russian northern sea route.
http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/NSR.pdf
The number of ships capable of breaking ice- cargo vessels etc-as opposed to ships specifically built for breaking ice, numbers in the thousands.
The extent of the sea routes travelling through the arctic has startled me. i suspect the constant breaking of ice must have some impact on overall ice levels.
tonyb
LarryOldtimer says: (October 12, 2010 at 12:44 pm) There is a finite amount of air on Earth at any time, and air is a compressible fluid.
And I continue to wonder what the volume of air contained under pressure in the millions of car, truck and tractor inner tubes would be. The air just seems thinner than it was when I was breathing it as a youngster…
TonyB says:
October 12, 2010 at 3:55 pm
EFS junior
You are exactly right on the number of dedicated ice breaking ships. But look at this from the US army corps of Engineers who conducted a 1994 feasibility study on the practicalities of greatly expanding the existing Russian northern sea route.
http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/NSR.pdf
The number of ships capable of breaking ice- cargo vessels etc-as opposed to ships specifically built for breaking ice, numbers in the thousands.
The extent of the sea routes travelling through the arctic has startled me. i suspect the constant breaking of ice must have some impact on overall ice levels.
tonyb
_____________________________________________________________
Hmm, my first real job was with CRREL back in 1975, I then moved on, and finally ended up here working at WES for the USACE ERDC.
Most of my work experience is with deep-draft harbors, moored ship motions, navigation at entrance channels, and military sealift (LOTS/JLOTS), I’ve been on about 40 cargo ships, even a Russian icebreaking tanker (inbound and outbound transits of Barbers Point Harbor, HI).
The report you cited, AFAIK, lists only icebreakers, so I don’t know exactly where in the CRREL report you cited, where the “number in the thousands” comes from.
If you don’t mind, could you point me to the section of that report (or other sources) that mentions “numbers in the thousands” as somehow I am unable to find that sentence/section in said report?
BTW, the ultimate ship database source is Lloyd’s Register, both online and hardcopy, annually (but it’s been awhile since I’vve used their data products;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd's_Register
http://www.lr.org/sectors/marine/Services/Classification/index.aspx
Hidden in R. Gates post is the sneaky comment about waking him up when Arctic ice grows back to the 30 year average. I wonder what would happen if these long term averages were “arbitrarily” centered on 2007.
EFS Junior
Sorry, I was doing this late at night on a 7 inch screen and came across a variety of very long reports which I scanned through and saw this reference as a passing quote in one of them. I pasted it to here in case I couldnt find it again this morning when I used my regular computer
In one of the items I came across it mentioned that the detailed information was contained in an Appendix of some report. It was along the lines of the numbers of ships capable of moving through ice up to 0.5m in thickness and how they rode over the ice to crush it rather than pushing it aside. (the laymans perception) It mentioned there were 110 ice breakers in the world and that the USA had only a couple at that time and it was a plea to get the govt to fund more in order to exploit trade.
The report I cited here (which may or may not be the one with the Appendix) was the most comprehensive and interesting (to me) as it was in a narrative form, rather than a technical one. It listed various sources of sea ice information prior to the satellite era which I required for an article I’m writing on the Arctic ice melt during the 1920-1940 period.
It also mentioned arctic sea routes which I was also interested in as we had some discussion here a few months ago regarding the opening up of a northern sea route. The tonnage moving through these arctic sea routes I found astonishing (but it wouldn’t be news to you with your background)
The report was also intriguing as it listed the years when it was impossible to get through the routes, for example it wasn’t possible in 1971 but it was in 1958.
I will have a proper read through of this report on a decent sized screen and see if I can find the reference again relating to the numbers involved of ‘ice breaking ships’ or whether it ocurred elsewhere.
As I say I was originally more intersted in the pre satellite ice information which partially related to my query as to whether shipping (in all its forms) caused any seasonal break up of ice cover that would not otherwise occur.
Sounds like you could write a book on your experiences. Can you suggest any good sources of pre 1979 sea ice coverage?
tonyb
tonyb says:
October 13, 2010 at 2:12 am
EFS Junior
Sorry, I was doing this late at night on a 7 inch screen and came across a variety of very long reports which I scanned through and saw this reference as a passing quote in one of them. I pasted it to here in case I couldnt find it again this morning when I used my regular computer
In one of the items I came across it mentioned that the detailed information was contained in an Appendix of some report. It was along the lines of the numbers of ships capable of moving through ice up to 0.5m in thickness and how they rode over the ice to crush it rather than pushing it aside. (the laymans perception) It mentioned there were 110 ice breakers in the world and that the USA had only a couple at that time and it was a plea to get the govt to fund more in order to exploit trade.
The report I cited here (which may or may not be the one with the Appendix) was the most comprehensive and interesting (to me) as it was in a narrative form, rather than a technical one. It listed various sources of sea ice information prior to the satellite era which I required for an article I’m writing on the Arctic ice melt during the 1920-1940 period.
It also mentioned arctic sea routes which I was also interested in as we had some discussion here a few months ago regarding the opening up of a northern sea route. The tonnage moving through these arctic sea routes I found astonishing (but it wouldn’t be news to you with your background)
The report was also intriguing as it listed the years when it was impossible to get through the routes, for example it wasn’t possible in 1971 but it was in 1958.
I will have a proper read through of this report on a decent sized screen and see if I can find the reference again relating to the numbers involved of ‘ice breaking ships’ or whether it ocurred elsewhere.
As I say I was originally more intersted in the pre satellite ice information which partially related to my query as to whether shipping (in all its forms) caused any seasonal break up of ice cover that would not otherwise occur.
Sounds like you could write a book on your experiences. Can you suggest any good sources of pre 1979 sea ice coverage?
tonyb
_____________________________________________________________
TonyB,
Thanks for the reply.
I did my own web search and found this link;
http://www.institutenorth.org/servlet/content/maritime_news.html
Their first link is to the “Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report” see page 71 (75 in Acrobat) Table 5.1 and page 73 (77 in Acrobat) Map 5.1, there you will find ~6000 transits from 2004, however very few of these transits were through the Arctic sea ice proper, as most were either outside or along the perimeter.
The only data prior to 1979 that I’ve used is from this paper;
“Whither Arctic sea ice? A clear signal of decline regionally, seasonally and extending beyond the satellite record”
by Meier, Stroeve, and Fetterer
http://www.igsoc.org/annals/46/a46a251.pdf
Figure 3. Adjusted Hadley September ice extent, 1953–2005 (black), with linear, exponential and quadratic fit lines (gray).
I’ve extracted the TIFF image from Figure 3 and reconstructed their time series, updating it through 2010 (Excel 2010 spreadsheet). The data from 1953-1978 are from various nationals sea ice charts, the original dataset is gridded HadlSST1. I’ve done quite a bit of analyss on this dataset, mainly shifting the 1953-1978 era downward in 0.250E6 km^2 chunks, as I assumed that sea ice charts would cover larger areas than the 15% extent areas from NSIDC 1979-2010.
I’ll keep looking for additional information (I downloaded a bunch of stuff already on Arctic shipping in the modern satellite era, but don’t know right now if it’s of any use, I’ll scan through them though) on pre-1979 Arctic shipping, and Arctic shipping in general, and pass along relevant materials for your search.
In the meantime could you post the link to the information you’ve cited in your post?
Thanks,
Junior
Junior
The info was cited in the link I gave
http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/NSR.pdf
I’ve looked through it today but can’t see any mention of thousands of ships with ice breaking capability (as distinct to actual ice breaking vessels) I looked through a number of reports on this small screen last night so may be I didn’t see it in its proper context.
I searched (i think) on something like ‘reduction in arctic ice extent caused by ice breaking ships.’ I got lots of stuff most much too technical for my needs.
ll
If you come across anything relating to that subject or -my original interest-arctic ice extent pre satellite- please let me know.
I will read your two links with interest (but not on this small screen!
tonyb
TonyB says:
October 13, 2010 at 3:33 pm
Junior
The info was cited in the link I gave
http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/NSR.pdf
I’ve looked through it today but can’t see any mention of thousands of ships with ice breaking capability (as distinct to actual ice breaking vessels) I looked through a number of reports on this small screen last night so may be I didn’t see it in its proper context.
I searched (i think) on something like ‘reduction in arctic ice extent caused by ice breaking ships.’ I got lots of stuff most much too technical for my needs.
ll
If you come across anything relating to that subject or -my original interest-arctic ice extent pre satellite- please let me know.
I will read your two links with interest (but not on this small screen!
tonyb
_____________________________________________________________
Well I found a literal ship load of information today after several hours of searching the web, mostly PDF’s and a few Word *.doc’s.
I’ll start with this link;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barr_(Arctic_historian)
http://www.arctic.ucalgary.ca/
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/
Lots and lots of PDF’s in that last link.
Dr. Barr has published extensively on the Northern Sea Route, mostly historical and focused on the USSR/Russia.
I’ve also looked into Historical Arctic Sea Ice charts, Arctic shipping (historical as well as expected futures if the sea ice goes away seasonally).
There also appears to be several texts on Arctic exploration and shipping.
I’ll post some further links in follow-up posts.
I think someone could write a fairly good book on all this stuff.
Correction to previous post;
Last link is a no-go, as it’s their Arctic Journal and has none of Dr. Barr’s publications.
🙁
EFS Junior
Great information, I will look through it thoroughly and follow the links.
I have bookmarked this thread to pick up anything else you might write.
The Northern Sea route is going to be a big thing in the coming years and there will be political and financial repercussions surrounding it. Always assuming nature doesnt thumb ber nose at everyone by reverting to LIA conditions!
tonyb
tonyb says:
October 14, 2010 at 1:46 am
EFS Junior
Great information, I will look through it thoroughly and follow the links.
I have bookmarked this thread to pick up anything else you might write.
The Northern Sea route is going to be a big thing in the coming years and there will be political and financial repercussions surrounding it. Always assuming nature doesnt thumb ber nose at everyone by reverting to LIA conditions!
tonyb
_____________________________________________________________
THE FULL MONTY!
OK, so I found Dr. Barr’s webpage here (with links to publications and transactions);
http://www.arctic.ucalgary.ca/index.php?page=people&cop=view&id=4
This one may have already been mentioned on WUWT;
History of sea ice in the Arctic;
http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/oce/mholland/papers/Polyak_2010_historyofseaiceArctic.pdf
Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes (Chapter 8);
http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap1-2/default.php
ACSYS Historical Ice Chart Archive;
http://acsys.npolar.no/ahica/summary.htm
Environmental Working Group Joint U.S.-Russian Arctic Sea Ice Atlas;
http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g01962_ewg_sea_ice_atlas/index.html
Historical Sea Ice Time Series from the Atlantic Arctic;
http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/dss/id=106.267
Advances in sea-ice data sets for XX century within the WMO Global Digital Sea Ice Data Bank (GDSIDB) project;
http://icoads.noaa.gov/marcdat2/P_Vasily_Smolyanitsky.pdf
Investigation of Arctic ice cover variance using XX century historical ice charts information and last decades’ microwave data (WMO FTP, there may be other good stuff there);
ftp://www.wmo.int/Documents/PublicWeb/amp/mmop/documents/JCOMM-TR/J-TR-22-CLIMAR-II-Proceedings-not-web/PDF-files/III_14_Smolianitsky.pdf
Discovery of the Northeast Passage: the Voyage of the VEGA, 1878-1879;
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42790/1/10708_2004_Article_BF00221241.pdf
Observed sea ice extent in the Russian Arctic, 1933-2006;
http://seaice.alaska.edu/gi/publications/mahoney/Mahoney_2008_JGR_20thC_RSI.pdf
CCIN Historical Variability of Sea Ice;
http://www.socc.ca/cms/en/socc/seaIce/pastSeaIce.aspx
United States Arctic Research Commission;
http://www.arctic.gov/
Introduction to the background papers (www.arctic-transform.eu);
http://arctic-transform.org/download/Intro.pdf
Arctic Shipping (www.arctic-transform.eu);
http://www.arctic-transform.org/download/ShipBP.pdf
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING ON THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE;
http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol03/tnm_3_2_1-17.pdf
ARCTIC SEA ICE CHANGES AND FUTURE ACCESS FOR MARINE NAVIGATION;
http://acsys.npolar.no/meetings/final/abstracts/posters/Session_4/poster_s4_170.pdf
ARCTIC SHIPPING;
http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:2da3ee1c-12be-4ab3-ab6f-b0bc1a4e54a2/SRINATH_BADARI_NARAYANA.pdf
An Arctic Dream-The Opening of the Northern Sea Route: impact and possibilities for Iceland;
http://skemman.is/is/stream/get/1946/6099/1/An_Arctic_Dream_The_Opening_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route_impact_and_possibilities_for_Iceland.pdf
This next one is in Russian, but it is their Polar Museum, I would think that this would be the proverbial “gold mine’;
http://www.polarmuseum.ru/
http://www.russianmuseums.info/M132
Russia and the Arctic Circle;
http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/56816/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/EA9555BF-CA2F-4176-86B6-8F4DEB6689E3/en/Russia_and_the_Arctic_Circle.pdf
The Northern Sea Route;
http://www.sof.or.jp/en/report/pdf/200103_rp_ar0103e.pdf
The Northern Sea Route;
http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/clr-norden-nsr-en.PDF
Across The Top Of The World: USCG Northwest Passage 1957;
http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/Northwest_Passage1957.pdf
International Northern Sea Route Programme;
http://www.fni.no/insrop/
Accounts from 19th-century Canadian Arctic Explorers’ Logs Reflect Present Climate Conditions;
http://seagrant.uaf.edu/nosb/2005/resources/arctic-explorers.pdf
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA);
http://amap.no/acia/
About the Arctic Portal Mapping System;
http://arcticportal.org/maps
A Tsarist Attempt at Opening the Northern Sea Route: The Arctic Oeean Hydrographie Expedition, 1910-1915;
http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Polarforsch1975_1_6.pdf
Unprecedented low twentieth century winter sea ice extent in the Western Nordic Seas since A.D. 1200;
http://www.gcess.cn/UserFiles/File/john-Macias-Fauria_2009_ClimDyn.pdf
Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present State and Future Potential;
http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/96621/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/AC98AB8E-7FE2-4441-88FA-8A026C799787/en/FNI-R1300.pdf
Bibliography on the History of Arctic Marine Science of the 20th Century;
http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/hist_oceanogr/Day_Bibliogr_History_Arctic_Marine_Science.pdf
Can we reconstruct Arctic sea ice back to 1900 with a hybrid approach?;
http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/4/955/2008/cpd-4-955-2008.pdf
http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/4/S600/2008/cpd-4-S600-2008.pdf
The Dehn Collection of Arctic Sea Ice Charts, 1953-1986;
http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g01111_dehn_charts/index.html
National Ice Center Arctic Sea Ice Charts and Climatologies in Gridded Format;
http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g02172_nic_charts_climo_grid/index.html
Sea Ice Charts of the Russian Arctic in Gridded Format, 1933-2006;
http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g02176_aari_charts/
Environmental Working Group Joint U.S.-Russian Arctic Sea Ice Atlas;
http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g01962_ewg_sea_ice_atlas/index.html
Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route (Book $$$);
http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/geophysics/book/978-3-540-24448-6
http://www.springerlink.com/content/m7q5743v750705l0/
Arctic Sea Ice Data Sets in the Context of Climate Change During the 20th Century (Book $$$);
http://www.springerlink.com/content/hx2566t765q322k0/
Perspectives of Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage in the twenty-first century (Paper $$$);
http://www.springerlink.com/content/m1323270759m0242/
THAT’S ALL FOLKS!