World's Worst Heatwave – The Marble Bar heatwave, 1923-24

With all the caterwauling over the record heat in Moscow over a few days due to a blocking high pressure zone, it would seem valuable to revisit a truly exceptional historical heatwave that occurred long before “global warming” became a buzzword.

From The Australian Bureau Of Meteorology, something the Aussies might remember and remind their MP’s of, given the recent downfall of labor to the climate policies they are pushing. It is still a stalemate, but it’s down to a few people.

From Wikipedia: The record for the longest heat wave in the world is generally accepted to have been set in Marble Bar in Australia, where from October 31, 1923 to April 7, 1924 the temperature broke the 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) benchmark, setting the heat wave record at 160 days.

CO2 was 305 ppm at the time. Imagine the press coverage if this happened now. From The Australian Bureau Of Meteorology:

The Marble Bar heatwave, 1923-24

source: http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm

Temperature chart

“Day by day maximum temperatures at Marble Bar over the period 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924. At the peak of the heatwave – between late December and late February – many days approached or exceeded 45°C”.

The world record for the longest sequence of days above 100°Fahrenheit (or 37.8° on the Celsius scale) is held by Marble Bar in the inland Pilbara district of Western Australia. The temperature, measured under standard exposure conditions, reached or exceeded the century mark every day from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924, a total of 160 days.

Temperatures above 100°F are common in Marble Bar and indeed throughout a wide area of northwestern Australia. On average, Marble Bar experiences about 154 such days each year. The town is far enough inland that, during the summer months, the only mechanisms likely to prevent the air from reaching such a temperature involve a southward excursion of humid air associated with the monsoon trough, or heavy cloud, and/or rain, in the immediate area. This may sometimes be associated with a tropical cyclone or a monsoon low. In the record year of 1923-24 the monsoon trough stayed well north, and the season was notable for its lack of cyclone activity. (In fact, the entire Australian continent was untouched by tropical cyclones throughout the season, a rare event in the 20th Century). The rainfall recorded at Marble Bar during the record 160 days was just 79 mm, most of it in two heavy, short-lived storms that developed after the heat of the day. Only a further 12 mm of rain fell before the following December. Severe drought prevailed across the Western Australian tropics, and stock losses were heavy. With no rain to speak of, and minimal cloud, there was nothing to relieve day after day of extreme heat.

The highest temperature recorded during the record spell was 47.5°C on 18 January 1924. There have been higher temperatures at Marble Bar, with the highest recorded being 49.2°C, on 11 January 1905 and again on 3 January 1922. But temperatures in other Western Australian towns have been higher: in a remarkable late-season heat-wave in February 1998, Mardie recorded a maximum of 50.5°C (on the 19th) – the highest temperature in Western Australia, and the second highest ever recorded in Australia using standard instrumentation (Oodnadatta, in South Australia, recorded 50.7°C on 2 January 1960). Several other recordings above 49°C were reported in the northwest on the days preceding Mardie’s record, and at Nyang, the average maximum over the entire summer exceeded 43°C. As in 1923-24, very dry conditions accompanied the extreme heat.

h/t to Steven Goddard

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August 21, 2010 10:54 pm

You didn t mention that BOM in its wisdom has seen fit to adjust the earlier temperatures for Marble Bar down so as to increase the warming trend by about 0.7C per 100 years- see
http://kenskingdom.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/the-australian-temperature-record-part-3-western-australia/
They do this throughout Australia to produce their quote High Quality unquote climate record to prove that global warming is affecting Australia more than anywhere else.
Ken
REPLY: Didn’t know that you’d done Marble Bar, thanks for the note – Anthony

Alex
August 21, 2010 11:33 pm

Few days? Few days heat in Moscow? What the hell you compare it with AUSTRALIA???
1. These were 50 (FIFTY!!!) days of heat in Moscow.
2. This happened NEVER, just NEVER before in Moscow.
3. Marble Bar is 21 deg south: it is nearly at equator. May be, you buy a map and take a look, where Moscow is?
What a ridiculous comparison!

J.Hansford
August 21, 2010 11:53 pm

I was always of the opinion that summer was hotter than winter…. This proves it;-)

August 22, 2010 12:00 am

Alex
The North Pole had its coldest summer ever. Central Siberia was cold. What happened in Moscow was just weather.

Ian E
August 22, 2010 1:46 am

Mark S says:
August 21, 2010 at 5:28 pm
This is a nonsense post. Like saying that Death Valley had a heat wave or that it was hot in Vegas. If ‘abnormally high’ is included in your definition of heatwave than this is a non-event. I agree with C James that this never should have been posted on WUWT.
Hi Mark S, Why not set up YOUR OWN blog? Then you can post whatever you wish! Mr Watts kindly allows us to post our views about issues arising, but you are NOT his editor and have no right to tell him what to post.

rbateman
August 22, 2010 1:51 am

The Inland Sea of California, 1862:
“The floods of December 1861-January 1862 were even more severe, making news around the world (see the pages from the Illustrated London News below). This deluge created an inland sea that spread over thousands of acres, deep enough that boats could sail over the tops of telegraph poles in the Sacramento Valley. ”
The Indians told the new Californians of an even worse one, where the entire Valley was inundated for 3 months.
The Settlers out here came because of the balmy winters. Not 30 years afterwards, you could find them talking of climate change, for the weather had turned cold, biting the hand of agriculture, and stayed that way for decades.
Nevertheless, after all the climate changes of the past 160 years, today, the floods in Pakistan, noted for such, is all about Anthropogenic Climate Change, and has Hillary Rodham Clinton doing a dance with a very dour face.

Nick
August 22, 2010 2:01 am

One more time…Marble Bar experiences six consecutive months with average maxima of well over 100F,and averages 154 daily highs of over 100F. The annual average temperature is 35.3C. There is no doubt that a 160 day sequence is big odds,but more for the sequence than the actual heat.
Steven G’s pointing out that Moscow averaged 15C over the last 160 days only serves to emphasize how exceptional the fifty day heatwave was [and the fact that climatically there is no similarity with Marble Bar]. Remember also that daily minima were above average daily maxima.
A few hundred people live in the Marble Bar area,as in the 1920s. In comparison…etc. This also removes one sense of “worst” from play.

Patrick Davis
August 22, 2010 2:41 am

Although my wife and I didn’t qualify to vote in the Australian federal election, she was involved in the ballot count last night. I watched the proceedings on ABC 24Hr News channel, and it was a “climate change” talk fest, and how Labor “let the Australian public down” by not implementing an ETS etc etc. All the other major channels were reporting something similar.
My wife said she saw thousands on ballot papers voting Green. Seems the Australian public have been seriously brainwashed in AGW propaganda.
A hung parliament for Australia, seems to parrot the UK situation recently. Labor are 1 seat behind Liberals, so it’s just the postal vots and the independents who are in the position to form a Govn’t. Interesting times.
There was another program on SBS the other night, talking about energy independence. There was one guy who stated that “We could have solar power 24hrs…blah blah blah..” I had to laugh. He was, obviously, suggesting doing what Spain is doing with it’s green solar power generation.

richard telford
August 22, 2010 2:44 am

REPLY: You really ought to read the whole article before jumping to an erroneous conclusion and making an accusation that I “made it up”. By definition, a heat wave is duration based.
———————————-
Nowhere in this article do you justify describing this as the worst heat wave. Your sources do not use the word “worst”. It would be reasonable to define worst in terms of mortality or economic/ecological damage. Its not reasonable to make up the definition.
REPLY: It’s also reasonable to define it by duration, as two or three day “heat wave” is far less severe than one lasting for weeks or months, and since no generally accepted standard exists for defining the severity of a heatwave, duration + temperature can be just as useful for defining severity. Mostly your issues hear are about your general dislike of this forum, as you’ve demonstrated with your opinions elsewhere. I’ll expect to see similar complaints from you lodged about the Russian heat wave with newspapers and forums that have used the word “worst”
http://www.grist.org/article/2010-08-09-moscow-deaths-double-in-russias-worst-ever-heat/
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/russian-heatwave-worst-1000-years.php
But as been demonstrated in comments further down, Russia has had some dandy heat waves in the past 1000 years. Why do Grist and Treehugger stand out as the only news outlets that define it as “worst” in the title?
Please post your complaints to those outlets here too.
– Anthony

Jimbo
August 22, 2010 3:47 am

Mark S
“The reason the Russian heatwave gets coverage is that people are dying, wildfires are burning, flights are canceled, and crops are dying. ”
————
The reason the Russian heatwave gets so much coverage is that we have instant media, satellite TV, the Internet, Co2 alarmism, mobile phones, apps etc.
There is nothing to see here Mark S, move along, move along.

NOAA said on 13 August 2010
“…greenhouse gas forcing fails to explain the 2010 heat wave over western Russia. The natural process of atmospheric blocking, and the climate impacts induced by such blocking, are the principal cause for this heat wave.”

What about the Pakistan floods, the heatwaves of Japan, the warm spell in western Europe and the unusual weather in the US and Canada last month?

“According to meteorologists monitoring the atmosphere above the northern hemisphere, unusual holding patterns in the jet stream are to blame. As a result, weather systems sat still. Temperatures rocketed and rainfall reached extremes. ”
source
“Blocking events naturally occur from time to time. There is evidence that low solar activity increases their numbers , and the sun is currently in a period of minimum activity”
source

What about the fires in Russia’s boreal forests, are they on the increase?

“Some contradictory evidence in the literature has led authors to question the likelihood of seeing an increase in boreal wildfire risk under warming of the Northern Hemisphere. Despite warming since about 1850 and increased incidence of large forest fires in the 1980s, a number of studies indicated a decrease in boreal fire activity in the last 150 years or so.”
Source: Girardin, M.P., A.A. Ali et. al. 2009. Global Change Biology, 15, 2751–2769 [pdf]

For those who still persist on blaming co2 on these recent weather events here is a word of caution from two journalists at the Guardian.
Guardian 6 January, 2010 – George Monbiot and Leo Hickman

Britain’s cold snap does not prove climate science wrong
Climate sceptics are failing to understand the most basic meteorology – that weather is not the same as climate, and single events are not the same as trends”

August 22, 2010 3:49 am

It is not so useful to select for a run of uninterrupted high temperatures, because just one low day can ruin a good story. Here are some answers to some questions posed above, like when did the record start and end, what did the annual maxima look like over the years, ditto minima. So here is an explanatory graph for Marble Bar. It used to be close to Australia’s main asbestos mine (started in the 1930s, closed in the 1960s), but even today people are being dignosed with mesothelioma, including a good friend from 20 years ago. Official weather records seem to have gone on to August 2006, after starting February 1901. Graph at
http://www.geoffstuff.com/Marble%20Bar.jpg
For some years we explored for gold even further inland at Paterson Range, near the then new gold mine of Telfer. There is a small period of overlap between the Marble Bar records and Telfer, which show that in the overlap time, Telfer is hotter than Marble Bar. Telfer is some 250 km ESE of Marble Bar.
Try 21 45 20 S, 122 13 58 E.
In a good week you might see a thin camel for scenic charm. Then again, you might not.
http://www.geoffstuff.com/Telfer.jpg

Jimbo
August 22, 2010 3:59 am

Mark S
“The reason the Russian heatwave gets coverage is that people are dying, wildfires are burning, flights are canceled, and crops are dying. ”
———-
Are people dying from heat OR from Vodka, other hard drinks and drowning?
See here, here.
Here is what alcohol is estimated to do in Russia each year:

“Such booze-induced accidents are typical in Russia, where, according to some estimates, alcohol is responsible for over 400,000 deaths a year—whether through heart disease, accidents, suicides or murders.”
Source: The Economist 29 July, 2010

Jimbo
August 22, 2010 4:13 am

Too often we lose sight of the past and precedence of such events. Too often there is the conclusion that we experience “unprecedented heat waves”…… – Anthony

This is what I keep reminding alarmists about, the past:
Global death toll from extreme weather events is declining
http://www.thegwpf.org/the-observatory/1378-indur-m-goklany-global-death-toll-from-extreme-weather-events-declining.html
The world’s worst natural disasters going back 900 years
http://across.co.nz/WorldsWorstDisasters.html
Top ten world’s worst natural disasters
http://www.dailycognition.com/index.php/2009/01/29/top-ten-worst-natural-disasters.html
The world’s the deadliest nautural disasters recorded
http://www.armageddononline.org/the-worst-disasters.html
Disaster overview
http://www.deathreference.com/Da-Em/Disasters.html
Famines since 440 BC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines
—————————————–
Epic disasters
http://www.epicdisasters.com/
Has There Been An Increase In the Number of Natural Disasters?
“So have there been more natural disasters in recent years? In a word, NO.
What we have, rather, is an increase in our ability to detect hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes.”
—————————————–
Ten worst floods in history
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/flooding/tenworst.shtml
Five worst forest fires
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/forestfires/tenworst.shtml
Ten worst hurricanes in history
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/hurricanes/tenworst.shtml
Ten worst tornadoes in history
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/tornadoes/tenworst.shtml
Ten worst avalanches in history
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/avalanches/tenworst.shtml
Ten worst landslides in history
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/landslides/tenworst.shtml
Worst natural disasters in history
http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/worstdisasters.shtml

 LucVC
August 22, 2010 5:02 am

Alex:
2. This happened NEVER, just NEVER before in Moscow.
__________________________________________
I dont buy this. if you go through Russian history the fires and heat waves are a frequent occurence. Many famous Russian writers write about. It looks like a constant to me in that region. If I am not mistaken someone in an earlier posting on the Russian heatwave made a posting listen some of them.

RoHa
August 22, 2010 5:31 am

I lived in Adelaide in the 1950s and 60s. Summer temperatures over 100F were common.

JimB
August 22, 2010 5:45 am

Debate settled…
According to our very own Sec. of State, weather IS climate…or something.
“Clinton said that on top of the Pakistan floods, which have forced millions out of their homes, the forest fires in Russia stand as another example. She said there’s no “direct link” between the disasters in Pakistan and Russia but that “when you have the changes in climate that affect weather that we’re now seeing, I think the predictions of more natural disasters are unfortunately being played out.”
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/08/21/clinton-links-pakistan-floods-climate-change/
JimB

Pascvaks
August 22, 2010 5:52 am

People are incredible, they don’t remember anything before they were born or after they die. They think that they’re the only ones who ever had it good or bad. This has simply got to change! This is a lazy, inexcusable habit that simply has to change. Wake up!

Mike Davis
August 22, 2010 6:31 am

Pascvaks :
Some of them do not remember things that happen while they are alive. Each and every event is the worst or best that ever happened depending on which side of the fence they are on and which fantasy they want to believe in.

August 22, 2010 6:47 am

The Pakistan/China/Iowa floods and the heat wave in Russia are prime examples of weather perturbed by volcanic activity. 5 VEI-4 eruptions in ’08 ’09 and then along comes Eyjafjallajökull. It could have been a lot worse. I’m just grateful it wasn’t.

Glenn
August 22, 2010 7:24 am

richard telford says:
August 22, 2010 at 2:44 am
REPLY: You really ought to read the whole article before jumping to an erroneous conclusion and making an accusation that I “made it up”. By definition, a heat wave is duration based.
———————————-
“Nowhere in this article do you justify describing this as the worst heat wave. Your sources do not use the word “worst”. It would be reasonable to define worst in terms of mortality or economic/ecological damage. Its not reasonable to make up the definition.”
Give yourself a break and drop the strawman. Anthony refers to temperature and global warming, not mortality or damage, and Marble holds the *world record* for *heat*wave. In context, it is the “worst”.

Dave
August 22, 2010 7:40 am

Something not being mentioned much in the context of the Moscow heatwaves is that Moscow tends to either have a rubbish summer or a heatwave. This one is particularly long-lasting – and hence, particularly warm – but the basic conditions for the weather around Moscow to lock into sunny&hot for weeks at a time are commonplace.

DirkH
August 22, 2010 8:15 am

richard telford says:
August 22, 2010 at 2:44 am
“[…]Nowhere in this article do you justify describing this as the worst heat wave. Your sources do not use the word “worst”. It would be reasonable to define worst in terms of mortality or economic/ecological damage. Its not reasonable to make up the definition.”
Do you complain to the NYT, the BBC, the ABC etc. etc. to hold them up to your high standard every time they report to a worst this or a worst that?

C James
August 22, 2010 8:45 am

Anthony…. I think our disagreement comes in with your description of this as being the “world’s worst” heatwave. Had you just stated it was the world’s longest heatwave, everyone could agree. It was certainly a newsworthy event but you put a human suffering connotation to it by using the word worst.
I find it hard to believe that the few residents of Marble Bar who were used to an AVERAGE of 154 days per year of 100F+ temperatures suffered more than the residents of Moscow who had NEVER experienced a 100 degree day and were used to highs in the low 70s.
Perhaps I spoke in haste when I said the post should not have been on WUWT, when I only take exception to the title of the post.
REPLY: OK fair enough, I can see your side of the argument. My view is that duration plus the temperatures (especially the lows) made it the worst. Unfortunately, unlike hurricane or earthquake scales, there is no heat wave scale that I’m aware of…but I’ve been thinking about how to create one to quanitify “worstness”. 😉
– Anthony

August 22, 2010 8:49 am

LucVC and Alex
Courtesy of WUWT bloggers, a translation from Russian of accounts of previous fires
Here are some interesting historical accounts of forest and peat fires in Russia dating back to the 13th century. There occur every few decades. I can’t be bothered to translate it all, but have translated a selection. If you have any doubts, you can find yourself a translator. As for death rates, one can only guess.
1298: There was a wholesale death of animals. In the same year there was a drought, and the woods and peat bogs burnt.
1364: Halfway through summer there was a complete smoke haze, the heat was dreadful, the forests, bogs and earth were burning, rivers dried up. The same thing happened the following year . . .
1431: following a blotting out of the sky, and pillars of fire, there was a drought – “the earth and the bogs smouldered, there was no clear sky for 6 weeks, nobody saw the sun, fishes, animals and birds died of the smoke.
1735: Empress Anna wrote to General Ushakov: “Andrei Ivanovich, here in St Petersburg it is so smoky that one cannot open the windows, and all because, just like last year, the forests are burning. We are surprised that no-one has thought about how to stem the fires, which are burning for the second year in a row”.
1831: Summer was unbearably hot, and as a consequence of numerous fires in the forests, there was a constant haze of smoke in the air, through which the sun appeared a red hot ball; the smell of burning was so strong, that it was difficult to breathe.
The years of 1839-1841 were known as the “hungry years”. In the spring of 1840, the spring sowings of corn disappeared in many places. From midway through April until the end of August not a drop of rain fell. From the beginning of summer the fields were covered with a dirty grey film of dust. All the plants wilted, dying from the heat and lack of water. It was extraordinarily hot and close, even though the sun, being covered in haze, shone very weakly through the haze of smoke. Here and there in various regions of Russia the forests and peat bogs were burning (the firest had begun already in 1839). there was a reddish haze, partially covering the sun, and there were dark, menacing clouds on the horizon. There was a choking stench of smoke which penetrated everywhere, even into houses where the windows remained closed.
1868: the weather was murderous. It rained once during the summer. There was a drought. The sun, like a red hot cinder, glowed through the clouds of smoke from the peat bogs. Near Peterhoff the forests and peat workings burnt, and troops dug trenches and flooded the subterranean fire. It was 40 centigrade in the open, and 28 in the shade.
1868: a prolonged drought in the northern regions was accompanied by devastating fires in various regions. Apart from the cities and villages affected by this catastrophe, the forests, peat workings and dried-up marshes were burning. In St Petersburg region smoke filled the city and its outlying districts for several weeks.
1875: While in western europe there is continual rain and they complain about the cold summer, here in Russia there is a terrible drought. In southern Russia all the cereal and fruit crops have died, and around St Petersburg the forest fires are such that in the city itself, especially in the evening, there is a thick haze of smoke and a smell of burning. Yesterday, the burning woods and peat bogs threatened the ammunitiion stores of the artillery range and even Okhtensk gunpowder factory.
1885: (in a letter from Peter Tchaikovsky, composer): I’m writing to you at three oclock in the afternoon in such darkness, you would think it was nine oclock at night. For several days, the horizon has been enveloped in a smoke haze, arising, they say, from fires in the forest and peat bogs. Visibility is diminishing by the day, and I’m starting to fear that we might even die of suffocation.
1917 (diary of Aleksandr Blok, poet): There is a smell of burning, as it seems, all around the city peat bogs, undergrowth and trees are burning. And no-one can extinguish it. That will be done only by rain and the winter. Yellowish-brown clouds of smoke envelope the villages, wide swaithes of undergrowth are burning, and God sends no rain, and what wheat there is in the fields is burning.

alex
August 22, 2010 10:08 am

marchesarosa says:
August 22, 2010 at 8:49 am
LucVC and Alex
Courtesy of WUWT bloggers, a translation from Russian of accounts of previous fires
//////////////////
Hi marchesarosa,
There are relatively regular fires in forests and peat bogs in Russia. I witnessed one of the worst years till now, 1972. However, what happened this year WAS UNPRECEDENTAL.
There is NOTHING comparable in written history of Russia. This means, at least for 1000 years:
http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2010/08/09/cnews/500943
You read, this July was 4 sigma out of norm. This means, such a July, statistically, may happen once in e^16=9 Millions years!
Clearly, something was wrong with THE CLIMATE this year. It is CLIMATE, not wheather, because the problems were all over the world, in both directions! It is important to understand, WHAT is the reason (no CO2 nonsense, of course).
I am very afraid, this winter will be EXTREMELY cold in Russia. I saw anormous amount of rowanberries in Moscow. This is usually a good hint for a very cold winter coming…