LE BOURGET near PARIS, FRANCE – DECEMBER 7, 2015 : American politician and environmentalist Al Gore at the Paris COP21, United nations conference on climate change. Credit: Frederic Legrand – COMEO / Shutterstock.com
Michael Bastasch
4:05 PM 07/25/2017
While on a whirlwind media tour to promote his new film, former Vice President Al Gore claimed that global warming would create millions of refugees fleeing more intense and frequent extreme weather events.
ThinkProgress editor Joe Romm asked Gore in a Monday interview what humanity needed to do to deal with “the potential for tens of millions of refugees” from global warming.
Gore suggested the number could be higher before giving the following answer:
The Max Planck Institute and others are now saying that some significant regions of the Middle East and North Africa may become uninhabitable because of the rise in both the temperature and humidity. And that will increase the flows of refugees. Africa by mid-century will have more people than either China or India, and by the end of the century more people than India and China combined. And subsistence agriculture is being hit harder than any other vital system in our civilization, because of the timing of the rainfalls, the concentration and timing of the big [extreme weather] events, and the problems of drought. Right now, the U.N. has warned of the worst humanitarian disaster since 1945: 20 million people on the verge of famine. So, we’re going to have to prepare for it, and that means insulating our structures of governance against the kind of disruption that we have seen in some European countries.
The Brexit vote was partly affected by this. The most powerful billboard was one showing endless lines of swarthy-looking refugees on the border of Europe. This is a major, major challenge. Just as the next six or eight months are going to be particularly challenging for American democracy, the next several decades are going to be a test of the character and courage for humanity.
Gore paints a dire picture of humanity’s future without drastic changes to the global economy — namely, a shift away from fossil fuels. However, Gore’s claim is just that: a claim.
A recent study predicted that as many as 2 billion people could become “climate refugees” by the end of the century, due to rising sea levels. Most famously, the United Nations Environment Programme quietly removed a web page claiming that 50 million “climate refugees” would exist by 2010. The UN pushed its prediction to 2020.
Gore spoke with ThinkProgress as part of a media tour to promote his new film, “An Inconvenient Sequel.” It’s the follow-up to his 2006 film, “An Inconvenient Truth,” that has been widely credited with sparking the global warming movement.
While Gore’s first film enjoyed widespread acclaim, it was riddled with failed predictions. The Daily Caller News Foundation reviewed Gore’s 2006 film last year to see how well the predictions fared — they didn’t do well.
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Tags: Al Gore, An Inconvenient Sequel, Energy
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Same old same old-
1989-
Funny how we’ve always got that ten years to act. Every ten years we get a new window.
Always in motion is the future…….
Including that of grant cash…..
Sometimes far less than ten years: “We have 50 days to save the world”
That was back in 2009.
That’s why they always pitch to kids and young adults – they don’t remember the LAST time they told us this bulls***.
Hey Al, and monkeys will fly out of my butt (however not for 10yrs)
I thought the Left wanted more refugees to keep up their voting base.
Do you think we will see a mea culpa from Gore once the science actually is settled? Based on what I know about the red/blue team approach to climate science being pursued by the current administration, the science will be settled before too long and the conclusions will not be what Gore wants to hear.
Gore is a fool with no understanding of scientific principles and what he says is hardly worth any consideration. The person I would like to see knocked down a peg is Gavin Schmidt, who if he is the scientist he claims to be must accept the consequence of applying the scientific method to the absurdly high sensitivity he accepts without question.
co2isnotevil
You say
“Gore is a fool with no understanding of scientific principles and what he says is hardly worth any consideration.”
Hmmm . . . . . . . .
Whilst agreeing about the Algoreithm’s seeming lack of understanding of science [how much real, how much, if any, put on for personal enrichment, I do not know], but I suggest that
Al Gore is N O T a fool.
I understand he is seriously wealthy – with a number of [exceedingly well-lit] beach-front properties (Hypocrite did I hear?? Ohhh Surely not!) – and not a few dollars from parlaying politics into profitable plays – possibly prudent CO2 regulation related.
Inheritance(s?) helped, but his own manoeuvrings have not impoverished him.
At all.
As it should be in any Republican presidency.
If I had one one-hundredth of the pelf of our own snow-magnet, Al Gore to the Hundred-and-Fifty-First, I would retire next Monday.
I haven’t, so I won’t.
Auto
In case people are worried , St Gore extensive use of private jets means on this tour he is at little risk of having to mixing the ordinary people and deal with hassle of airport check-ins etc.
Now don’t you feel better !
Gore has been exposed as a self-promoting fraud and charlatan:
Tom Nelson @tan123 Jul 24
Al Gore Can’t Save the Global Warming Cult; The fake science has been exposed | Frontpage Mag https://twitter.com/tan123/status/889451786330832897
Frontpage Excerpt:
The difference between the 2006 Academy Award winner and the updated version is that now volumes of counter-evidence and exposure of the manipulation of climate data make it obvious that catastrophic anthropogenic global warming (AGW) is a progressive cult-belief and alternative energy boondoggle, not real science…
Nar knr I reckon he is just doing a little publicity stunt for his new film…jus say’n y know.
?w=640
Here’s my preview below
Out of Africa II by any chance? What with the raining polar bears I guess we have it in black and white now.
What is happening in the next six to eight months in America that is going to challenge democracy and why will it not be happening in 9 months? Does massage Al know something nobody else does?
Ah yes, him.. massage Al. Like the movie, I see what you’ve done there, ironA.. you’re speaking of Al (Happy Endings) et al. Some things just get funnier with age and context , for sure.
It isnt GW, it is Merkel that is flooding Europe with African refugees.
No, the flood of refugees is because of the chaos, wars and total anarchy that US foreign policy has created the middle east over the past three decades.
Greg………………Very Close. It is the Regime Change practice and the lies of our Gov’t to render small countries into rubble and death, all for humanitarian purposes and install Democracy. What lies.
I wonder how many commenters here know the real reason for Libya and now Syria.
How many of you believe Assad gassed his own people in Ghouta and Khan Shay-Khun?
Gore is more despicable than ever to blame the economic migrants (not refugees) on GW.
Yo, Greg–you better get a tuition refund from the Liberal university that brainwashed you into believing the most unsubstantiated ideology imaginable (it reminds me of Pravda’s propaganda from the ’80’s!)
Merkel (along with many EU leaders) are welcoming Muslim refugees without even a database to check who they are and why they come.
Interviews with these “refugees” find they’ve got one objective–a peaceful Muslim takeover of Europe.
Your ideology requires that you object to my statement but the facts stand.
The flood of refugees is a created situation.
Barbara Spectre. Just spend a few seconds to search for her, watch the first YouTube video you see.
I wonder how many commenters here know the real reason for Libya and now Syria.
≠========
$$$$$. Petrodollars.
…. meanwhile,
40-50 cm of fresh snow fell yesterday morning in the French Alps
while further south the forest fires (fairly common at this time of the year) are blamed on the global warming. Nothing unusual about either.
It feels like 7-8°C colder than usual in Europe.
Yes, relatively cool summer in south of France. Hovering around 30 deg C for the last 3 weeks. Typically we’d be getting around 35 for July August. Got over 40 deg C in 2003.
The same in Spain, we are well bellow 40 ºC
I blame overpopulation and corrupt and despotic governements myself.
Plus the chaos caused when US led “coalitions” decide to play “regime change” to throw out said “despots” without any plan of what will follow . eg Saddam, Ghadaffi , Assad …. do you see any pattern forming there?
Not to mention fermenting the coup d’etat in the Ukraine and then blaming the backlash on Russia like the coup d’etat never happened.
Greg: an excellent comment. The EU are also to blame: remember Baroness Ashworth [Blair`s poodle] and Kerry, so say nothing of Juncker and others` madness about a European army.
Again…
Barbara Spectre.
Greg,
“fermenting” ? I didn’t know wine was involved. I think you meant fomenting. I’m going to foment some grapes right now.
Despite glowing reviews from left wing critics, Gore’s movie, ” An Inconvenient sequel” rates 4.8 out of 10 from viewers on IMDB.
It is instructive to note that two of the worst movies ever filmed ,” Plan 9 from Outer Space” and “Reefer Madness” scored 4.0 and 3.8.
The public has spoken!
I think the inconvenient truth for the hysterical Al Gore is that most of the people now know that all this time he’s been peddling pure bullsh|t:
How dare you. Sharknado is the definitive worst movie ever. It gets 3.3. But if you get cult-classic amusement out of that sort of thing, try Holiday on the Buses, a genuinely sickening movie. It gets 5.3. If Gore’s film gets less than Holiday on the Buses I am glad to report we of the counter-argument are home and hosed!
Yes! Sharknado is the best movie ever!
“Griff July 26, 2017 at 3:37 am”
There is more truth and science in that film than Al’s.
Well Patrick, nobody, green, left, right or anything else in the UK has ever heard of Gore and we couldn’t care less, frankly…
Griff,
Here in the UK a lot of us have heard of Gore (particularly school teachers like myself). We all think he’s a fool and a peddler of lies.
David Smith,
I thought Griff spoke for all of U.K. and Europe.
Are you a real person?
We need to get that English judge to fact-check Gore’s new movie. He found a lot of errors in Gore’s first movie.
Rotten Tomatoes is far more widely used than IMDB for movie reviews. It rated 74% on RT, which is quite good. And your point is all the more irrelevant since the movie has not even been released yet. There have been a few private screenings, and screenings for critics, but it does not open in regular theatres until July 28.
A major cause of refugee flight is overpopulation with subsequent pressure on facilities and lack of opportunities.
This is something this site does not tend to like to confront as there are always immediate cries of Malthus. However poor countries are different to rich ones with their ability to cope.
As an example, Syria had a bad drought in the 1960’s with a population of some 4 million. The bad drought a few years ago saw the country with a population of 22 million. This sort of increase is replicated in many countries with Nigeria set to hit 400 million in a few decades. It would need the most consistently perfect and stable climate to sustain that sort of population increase and as we all know there has never been such a thing. Result? As population soars even a modest run of bad weather will put enormous strain on a country’s ability to feed itself let alone improve itself to the stage whereby refugees see no need to look elsewhere.
tonyb
With respect to the continent of Africa, it’s nothing that Ultra Super Critical Coal-Fired and nuclear plants can’t fix. They need reliable electricity, air conditioning, and real water/sanitation infrastructure. Not a bunch of pearl-clutching peace corps types foisting cheapy solar gadgets and insufficient solutions on the ‘natives’ to ‘help them progress’.
The people of Africa don’t want to leave their countries, besides they grew up acclimated to that heat. They want middle-class lives, opportunities for their kids, and access to education.
I remember a native aide worker interviewed by the BBC on public radio a decade ago saying that the ability to read by artificial light after 8 PM would transform his countrymen. He was talking about how the kids were being deprived of basic services and utilities we take for granted here . . . while we listen to arrogants and colonials like Gore mewl about how they perceive CO2 affecting them and their sorry understanding of the dynamics of weather.
The average American housewife wastes more water rinsing her dishes for 10 minutes than what an African woman in some villages spends two hours collecting every day from five miles down the road and carries home on her head.
The Chinese have taken note. They are supplying some African countries with infrastructure loans at 2-3% interest without the collateral theft of a country’s resources as an additional cost. Sure, the Chinese want to develop those commodities in country, but they also want an efficient infrastructure for their business there, and good living conditions for the workers and managerial teams they are sending there from China. The World Bank and IMF, OTOH, just figured out how to steal and enslave.
“I remember a native aide worker interviewed by the BBC on public radio a decade ago saying that the ability to read by artificial light after 8 PM would transform his countrymen.”
and now that is a reality, thanks to the programmes of selling reasonably priced solar LED lighting (with phone chargers).
These replace kerosene lamps – the inefficient, hazardous means of lighting for off grid Africans previously. and since kerosene is expensive and takes up much of a household’s disposable income, it improves their life in more than one way.
“Griff July 26, 2017 at 3:40 am”
They had phone chargers before solar powered lights.
I could just dismiss Al Gore as a has-been politician trying to cash in on his name recognition. I could forgive him for his stupidity and utter disregard for facts. But the way he wants to force the developing countries into endless slavery, and works tirelessly to maintain the status quo, makes it an issue that needs a voice.
Cheap energy, beautiful clean coal, natural gas, universally available reliable electricity – these are what make it possible to emerge from poverty. To make the systems that avoid disastrous droughts and floods. To make it unnecessary to produce 12 children just in the hopes that a few will survive. To make efficient agriculture with transportation systems so famines cannot recur.
The greens and Gore are working tirelessly to prevent these people from emerging into the modern age. Just for his money-grubbing and patronizing self-aggrandizement. This is the moral issue you should be addressing Mr. Gore. Not CO2. Humanity.
Oh I can go to bed all content that we have sent a few LED lights on battery chargers to Africa and it’s transformed their life. They must not recognize the place because life is so much better especially those 3/10 men and 1/2 women that can’t read at all. Even those who can supposedly read is misleading because the level required to say one can read is very low.
So I am delighted to hear the Africans spend the nights reading War and Peace, and the works of Shakespear and all it took was a couple of LED lights.
Syria certainly looks over-populated.
http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BR9G76/countryside-in-northern-syria-BR9G76.jpg
It has been argued that the population increase in Syria was due to deliberate government policy. It was a parallel to pre-WWII policy in Germany and Japan to justify a lebensraum claim.
climatereason:
“Nigeria set to hit 400 million in a few decades. It would need the most consistently perfect and stable climate to sustain that sort of population increase and as we all know there has never been such a thing.”
Really? The population of Nigeria increased from 38 mill in 1950 to 160 mill in 2010. Four times as many in 60 years. And, obviously, they manged to feed the people.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria
henning
400 million is an awful lot more people than 38 million. Are you sure they will cope bearing in mind the various areas of conflict within the country causing farmers to flee certain areas?
. Look at the population increase in ethiopia and Iraq and various other countries not as fertile or as wet as (parts) of Nigeria.
tonyb
“A major cause of refugee flight is overpopulation with subsequent pressure on facilities and lack of opportunities.”
Another major cause of refugee flight is the refugees know they will get a big paycheck in Europe. If I were a dirt-poor inhabitant of an African country, I would be heading to Europe, too. Free money is hard to turn down, especially if you don’t have any to begin with.
Exodus of people from Africa and the Middle-East has nothing to do with global warming, it is 100% about the stupidity of the EU leaders for making it happen.
Sure, nothing to do with climate, more do with never knowing whether you will come home if you go to the market to buy food for the day, or whether your house will still be there when get home.
Killing another countrymen’s children and parents has a consequence.
Read: “Donald Trump just kept his most important promise on the Mideast” – Mulshine on Colonel Pat Lang’s site. [I warn you don’t make foolish comments on his site.]
http://turcopolier.typepad.com/sic_semper_tyrannis/2017/07/httpwwwnjcomopinionindexssf201707dont_look_now_but_donald_trump_just_kept_his_mosthtml.html
If that were the case, then the refugees would not be primarily from Africa. They would actually be from Syria.
+1000
Lol as it’s the effin libs and greens that WANT more refugees to flood into their countries.
An excerpt from Andrew Bolt’s article in Australia:
More from the above link showing that Al Gore and the Greens are all about letting the refugees and masses of third worlders waltz in:
THE GREENS’ OPEN DOORS
THE Greens’ happy-clappy multiculturalism demands for weak border laws and vilification of the “racist” West was the kind of moral posturing many Australians thought cost nothing.
Now Islamist terrorism makes that posturing seem dangerous.
In a war to defend the West, the Greens seem on the wrong side. They demand we leave our doors wide open and suggest what’s inside is trash hardly worth defending.
From March of the Loons:
too funny……after telling how wonderful these illegals are….now Gore is using them as a threat
Exactly, Latitude. Seems simple but your comment is a very good and concise way of putting it. What total hypocrites and bullsh|tters they are!
Shh, the best standup comedian ever, Al, utters something about Africans. Sounds like he’s running for the Rusty Radiator Award next.
Algoreithm should win some kind of prize for recycling. This is another recycled scare, following sea level rise, extreme storms and droughtflood. He is utterly shameless.
Seriously this guy must be committing a Crime.
It must be Fraud or Deceitful conduct at least. He is trying to cajole people into harmful actions. Maybe he is in Contempt of the English Court system?
I don’t quite know under what auspice he should be tested but there must be one. Personally I believe he is a criminal and should be locked up!!
How can increased humidity be a problem in an arid and already uninhabitable desert?
And not only that, about 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of the desert is below the sea level. Based on the projections from the same source, it will flood in no time. Imagine an oasis bigger than lake Ontario in Sahara. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattara_Depression_Project
2016 Population
China 1.4 billion
India 1.3 billion
Africa 1.2 billion
Projected growth:
Africa could have more people than India and China combined by mid -century.
My question is… When do they start fleeing? A continental mass exodus on a Gorian scale should lead to a decline in Africa’s population. Unless the refugees will be fleeing from one part of Africa to another… In which case, the late Sam Kinnison devised a solution for this, at the time Al Gore invented Gorebal Warming.
Warning: Lots of F-bombs…
https://youtu.be/P0q4o58pKwA
“Africa could have more people than India and China …”
It is entitled. It is bigger than India and China, and Europe and the Lower 48 and Japan all combined. http://i.imgur.com/DPHhE.gif
Only if it can support those people on its own. It can’t though.
Cause and Effect.
As children we are taught an appalling simplification.
It is that ‘Deserts have crap climates and that is why no/few plants grow in them’
Wrong.
In fact, ‘Deserts have crap climates because there are no plants growing there’
Plants don’t go to deserts for the same simple reason that critters don’t – there’s nothing to eat.
Plants enjoy (need) a very varied diet – not just water and CO2 as many people seem to believe. They need phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sodium, iodine, copper just for starters.
Plants did used to grow in what are now deserts but and over millions of years, they basically cleaned the larder out. There is nothing left for them there and hence is why they spurn such places. All the plant-foody stuff that was there is now at the bottom of the ocean, sometimes revealing itself (and being useful again) in upwelling currents.
An because for every atom of carbon in any given plant there is one water molecule, a sizeable forest can be considered as a large lake or small inland sea. Not just the greenery you see but typically 10 timers more buried in the dirt beneath the forest.
Water is always water and particularly when inside glucose, cellulose or lignin structures, takes with it it huge affinity for itself.
So. Why do people like to live beside the sea if not because all that water moderates The Climate.
And so it is with forests or huge grasslands, all that water moderates the climate.
So for an existing desert it goes –
No plant food > no plants > no water storage in the dirt > extremes of annual & diurnal temperature > crap climate > no people/critters/plants > no water retention > crap climate and so on, round & round.
A positive feedback if ever there was.
You break that cycle by importing new plant food. This is precisely what Mother Nature does using Ice Ages.. The glaciers and ice-sheets clear away the tired old dirt and expose/grind up a whole fresh new lot.
They may even be considered as ploughs, creating a whole new rebirth of an old exhausted ‘thing’
Crazy innit.
Mother Nature uses a plough to create new dirt and we use ploughs to destroy the stuff.
I am not an expert, but I am under the impression that Israel has converted barren desert to productive lands, others can clarify but it is apparently feasible.
Another way to break the cycle is to put a bounty on goats, or otherwise prevent thi destructiveness, as Willis has noted.
Al should read the newspapers. Africa is already coming to Europe. It’s economic migration, fortune seeking if you want. The reason is the dismal state of many economies on that continent, not caused by any change in climate but by incompetent and corrupt governments, both directly a result of the tribal mindset. Hence a cultural problem.
They wont be fleeing. They will be dying.
What has happened in Africa is a salutary lesson in how not to do cultural integration.
What I am going to say will raise howls of horror in any liberal throats, and plenty of pursed libs in the more right wing of the leadership, and it doesn’t only apply to Africa, but also to the West.
The thesis goes something like this:
If you introduce technology or give away its fruits to uneducated, poor and deserving people, you will end up with even more poor uneducated and deserving people until you reach the point where by sheer force of numbers, poor uneducated and deserving people dominate the political process.
At which point any demagogue who vaguely resembles a poor uneducated deserving person can wrest control from those that know what they are doing and destroy the civilisation they now control.
One thinks of Venezuela. One thinks of Zimbabwe. One sometimes wakes up sweating thinking of California.
In short my thesis is summarized by a warning not to emancipate people with civilisation beyond the ability to educate them to understand what to do with their emancipation, once they have it.
Long ago an Indian academic was pilloried for saying that actually the real solution to his country’s population problem lay in education, Especially of women. “Indian women who are educated, have something better to do than have babies, and understand how not to have them”.
And that is in my final considered opinion the existential problem facing civilisation. It is more advanced than its citizens . And into that vacuum of understanding and education has been poured a destructive mix of cultural Marxism and anti-science and primitive religion.
Sites like WUWT are all we have left to spread enlightenment through a benighted world. Where people behave as scientists should, if science is to be useful.
Somepone once aksed me how much of my university course I had ever used. I confessed it was extremely little.
“So what was the point of it?”
“It didn’t teach me what to think. It taught be how to think. It didn’t pass on received wisdom, It taught me how to find out all by myself”
IN a small way WUWT can be proud to be a small university with a big global membership. That is all that stands between us and a new Dark Age of ignorance.
I have lived in Africa. I love Africa. I may even return to live there. But you do not remain a naive idealist long in Africa. Not past the first dead body in the road.
Of all that civilisation has to offer, the only real gift to Africa ultimately has been education, and knowledge. People have given Africa guns, bibles, korans, and aid. Nothing has come of any of it beyond more Africans killing other Africans. The colonial cities lie in ruins. no one had good reason or the education to keep civilisation going.
But schools. That is something else. Without education, peole eat bananas to stop Aids. With education, they use condoms, or die. Or ask for anti-virals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa
Civilisation in the final analysis is a way to maintain higher population densities at a higher standard of living than any other cultural structure. In order to do this is needs coherent system of self regulation – its cultural beliefs myths and moralities and taboos. Of these are discarded or replaced by more barbaric ones it ceases to function and tribalism re-emerges. And education is a tradition that should ultimately show why in the absence of any religion, its better to sacrifice a little personal freedom for the good of society as a whole. #
My fear is, we have lost sight of all of that. It has become politically expedient to teach people what to think. Not how to think.
Is this education?
Or is this?
And which most resembles you nearest school?
“If you introduce technology or give away its fruits to uneducated, poor and deserving people, you will end up with even more poor uneducated and deserving people until you reach the point where by sheer force of numbers, poor uneducated and deserving people dominate the political process.”
I submit that both China and India were full of poor, uneducated and deserving people 50 years ago.
Now look at the progress those nations have made.
I suggest that neither are democracies.
And both have concentrated on education, not just technology.
And they used fossil fuels to achieve that progress.
“I suggest that neither are democracies.”
India is absolutely a democracy. What is your evidence that it is not?
spend some time in India … the people I know refuse to return even for a visit.
Leo Smith, Bravo!!!!
Whenever Gore appears, yet again, I remember his reprehensible misrepresentation of the sensible Roger Revelle, whom I was privileged to listen to at the GSA New Orleans 1990 meeting.
Al, what if the planet is not warmed by mankind, but all the lava spewing from the centre of the Earth at millions of degrees?
He was giving the 97% climate change consensus adjusted value of the Earth’s core. What would Geology know about climate science figures.
“the potential for tens of millions of refugees” from global warming.”
Yup you betcha.
If we wreck the world economy chasing after “carbon pollution” thats exactly what would happen. Poor countries taking the worst of it naturally.
I thik poor old Al has over invested in renewables and the like. Seems he is trying to keep things going simply to prevent himself from becoming poor.
🙂
Cheers
Roger
http://www.thedemiseofchristchurch.com
Who is Joe Romm? He writes a global warming scare, solar good, wind good, coal bad, oil bad article almost everyday on Medium…it’s nauseating
He’s a former Clinton Administration bureaucrat and one of John Podesta’s “flying monkeys.”
The Daily Caller? We’re better than that!
Refugees are, overwhelmingly, caused by humans not the climate. link
In the meantime because of technology and increased CO2, the planet is greening.
A prosperous economy is not the enemy of the environment.
“Peak Car” … just in time for autonomous vehicles
Most cars spend most of their time parked. Presumably, autonomous cars could result in more efficient use and therefore require fewer cars.
On the other hand, autonomous vehicles could make home delivery a lot cheaper and result in roads clogged with delivery vehicles. link
I wouldn’t bet more than a friendly coffee on either outcome.
And because prosperous middle income people often garden and grow crops as entertainment rather than as an occupation so it does not go on any books. Unfortunately the increased size of individuals means that we will not reach peak car until they return to the sort of sizes of a few years ago. Typically the mini here is now the same size as the maxi, which was two models up, compared to the first mini.
No, Big Al, egomaniacal tyrants are driving the mass exodus from Africa and the Middle East. Thank heavens that you lost to W.