From the University of Adelaide
University of Adelaide-led research will help pinpoint the impact of waves on sea ice, which is vulnerable to climate change, particularly in the Arctic where it is rapidly retreating.
Published today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A, the research reports the first laboratory experiments testing theoretical models of wave activity in frozen oceans.
“Sea ice is both an indicator and agent of climate change,” says project leader Dr Luke Bennetts, Research Fellow in the School of Mathematical Sciences.
“Sea ice covering the ocean surface is white and efficiently reflects the sun’s rays, keeping the oceans cool. When it melts it reveals the dark ocean beneath, which absorbs the solar radiation and becomes warmer – and that, of course, further weakens the ice.
“Waves break up the ice so that it melts more easily. In addition, exposing larger areas of the ocean surface provides a larger area for the wind to generate waves, which further promotes the breaking.”
To date, however, climate models haven’t included the impact of waves on sea ice.
In collaboration with Dr Tim Williams, of the Nansen Environment and Remote Sensing Centre in Bergen, Norway, and Professor Dany Dumont, of the University of Quebec in Canada, Dr Bennetts conducted experiments modelling ocean waves travelling through ice floes in a wave basin and measuring the wave energy.
“Wave energy is scattered by ice floes and is transferred into collisions between ice floes and into waves running over the tops of the floes, both of which impact the ice cover,” Dr Bennetts says.
“Wave-ice interactions occur over hundreds of kilometres into the ice-covered ocean. We need to develop models that predict the distances waves will penetrate so we can determine which regions of sea ice are more susceptible to breaking up.
“Regional variability in sea ice is presently not very well understood, with models under-predicting the extent of Antarctic sea ice and over-predicting the extent in the Arctic. Our research will lead to better physics in climate models and hopefully help answer these questions (among others).
“We need to take into account the impact of waves to accurately forecast future scenarios for sea ice.”
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“Sea ice covering the ocean surface is white and efficiently reflects the sun’s rays, keeping the oceans cool. When it melts it reveals the dark ocean beneath, which absorbs the solar radiation and becomes warmer – and that, of course, further weakens the ice.”
Hasn’t this happened every summer for millennia?
“Better forecasts for sea ice under climate change”
Edit to “Better forecasts for sea ice”.
Its time to drop the moronic “change” addendum to everything about climate.
Climate is a chaotic-nonlinear system. It is always changing.
Climate means climate change.
I have a photo of a boat breaking about 4 inches of ice in a bay in Canada’s arctic taken September 22, 1965. Another photo, same place, taken September 14, 2014 (49 years later) shows much more ice. Conclusion: Weather changes.
“Better forecasts for sea ice”
Yes, if it gets warm enough they will be able to forecast “No ice year round.” and be right. Hurrah.
There are some major problems with what Electromagnetic radiation the “Ice” is absorbing and what is being reflected. Everyone is looking at the “visible light” part of the spectrum which is being absorbed or reflected based on how dirty or rough the surface is at any particular time.
I have not seen anyone monitoring UV,IR or microwave portions of the energy received from the sun or the heat being conveyed from the ocean floor because of the molten layer below the surface of the earth. There is lots more to be studied before we get even close to understanding the weather on this planet.
An important reference on how “water absorbs IR is contained in the following report:
Water absorption spectrum – London South Bank University
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html CachedWater Absorption Spectrum. Water and global warming Absorption spectra of gaseous, liquid and solid water The vibrational spectra of liquid water
What about Orca waves ?
http://youtu.be/p3xmqbNsRSk
I like the way they talk about ice being white (albedo) but neglect to mention that sea ice also keeps the ocean warm by preventing it radiating it’s heat away, it works two ways.
The use of the term warm where polar ice and ocean water is concerned is an exaggeration.
They are ignorant. Climate change has nothing to do with sea ice and all attempts to make the connection have failed. Antarctic ice is wider and thicker than ever and Arctic would be too if it wasn’t for the warm Gulf Stream water carried into the Arctic Ocean by North Atlantic currents. Learn about that by reading my article “Arctic warming in not greenhouse warming” in E&E22(8):1069-1083(2011).
I think Clive Best has already covered this topic. Linked the tidal cycles (long term) to the breakup of ice cover and subsequent interglacials. Just a theory, mind you.
Wonder if they are including 1925 Arctic information in their modelling ?
http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/054/mwr-054-04-0168b.pdf
Or 1922 ?
http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/050/mwr-050-11-0589a.pdf
How the Arctic warmed in early 20th C [but not why]……….
http://www.arctic-warming.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/FIN_Feb2010_WEB_CC_Arctic19191.pdf
“We need to be given some more money”!
If waves matter then is it possible that the ever growing fleet of icebreakers has had a measurable effect?
I have yet to find good info on that. As it is “anthropogenic” in cause, you would think they would study that. Oh wait, they cannot tax the world over a few icebreakers.
Come on, folks: Waves are just acting like they always have, and any significant changes in wind patterns haven’t been observed in spite of the IPCC-induced rumours…i.e. stick to the natural cycles and your sea ice predictions will beat the IPCC with 100:1.
I’ts probably all those oil tankers that are causing global waving.
Less snow everywhere, higher temperatures, bigger waves, problems with stranger winters and so on. More than that, our bodies do not adapt so quickly to the climate changes. It is not the first climate change in the history (warming or cooling), but it still is shocking to see how it happens. If you’re interested in this subject, you can read more about the global warming here: http://www.arctic-warming.com/?page_id=46.
‘….rapidly shrinking..’
Er – no…..
The changing Arctic
Dr. Hoel, who has just returned, reports the location of hitherto unknown coal deposits on the eastern shores of Advent Bay – deposits of vast extent and superior quality……The oceanographic observations have, however, been even more interesting. Ice conditions were exceptional. In fact, so little ice has never before been noted. The expedition all but established a record, sailing as far north as 81o29′ in ice-free water. This is the farthest north ever reached with modern oceanographic apparatus…..
In connection with Dr. Hoel’s report, it is of interest to note the unusually warm summer in Arctic Norway and the observations of Capt. Martin Ingebrigtsen, who has sailed the eastern Arctic for 54 years past. He says that he first noted warmer conditions in 1918, that since that time it has steadily gotten warmer, and that to-day the Arctic of that region is not recognizable as the same region of 1868 to 1917.
Many old landmarks are so changed as to be unrecognisable. Where formerly great masses of ice were found, there are now often moraines, accumulations of earth and stones. At many points where glaciers formerly extended far into the sea they have entirely disappeared.
The change in temperature, says Captain Ingebrigtsen, has also brought about great change in the flora and fauna of the Arctic. This summer he sought for white fish in Spitsbergen waters. Formerly great shoals of them were found there. This year he saw none, although he visited all the old fishing grounds.
There were few seal in Spitzbergen waters this year, the catch being far under the average. This, however, did not surprise the captain. He pointed out that formerly the waters about Spitzbergen held an even summer temperature of about 3º Celsius; this year recorded temperatures up to 15º, and last winter the ocean did not freeze over even on the north coast of Spitsbergen.
http://www.climate4you.com/ClimateAndHistory%201900-1949.htm#1922: The Changing Arctic; warming in Svalbard
Sad as it is, mainstream climate science has ended up in a turmoil of non-scientific, hastily invented explanations why the IPCC climate models fail instead of looking for the real reasons.
Here is a good start:
A paper published today in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics finds a “strong and stable correlation” between the millennial variations in sunspots and the temperature in Antarctica over the past 11,000 years. In stark contrast, the authors find no strong or stable correlation between temperature and CO2 over that same period.
The authors correlated reconstructed CO2 levels, sunspots, and temperatures from ice-core data from Vostok Antarctica and find
“We find that the variations of SSN [sunspot number] and T [temperature] have some common periodicities, such as the 208 year (yr), 521 yr, and ~1000 yr cycles. The correlations between SSN and T are strong for some intermittent periodicities. However, the wavelet analysis demonstrates that the relative phase relations between them usually do not hold stable except for the millennium-cycle component. The millennial variation of SSN leads that of T by 30–40 years, and the anti-phase relation between them keeps stable nearly over the whole 11,000 years of the past. As a contrast, the correlations between CO2 and T are neither strong nor stable.”
Links: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13646826
Commented here: http://hockeyschtick.blogspot.no/2014/11/new-paper-finds-strong-evidence-sun-has.html
Nothing new under the sun, again.
Back in 1983, this guy actually did some science and physically measured the strain on icebergs:
Polar Ice: Problems with a Potential Natural Resource, Article #606 by Larry Gedney
http://www2.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF6/606.html
“Icebergs taller than a 50-story building and larger than the country of Belgium have been documented (it should be stressed here that we are speaking of fresh water ice derived from continental glaciers–not ice floes which are flat expanses of frozen sea water sometimes the size of small continents).
One might regard such a massive piece of real estate as being almost indestructible (except through melting, of course), but the fact is that they are remarkably fragile, and often unexpectedly shatter into many smaller fragments. The tendency for them to do this has long baffled investigators.
Now, Vernon Squire, an oceanographer with the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge, England, may have discovered the reason.
Squire and his colleagues mounted “strainmeters” on a number of icebergs in the Antarctic and monitored the small distortions resulting from the “surf” around the bergs’ margins. It was found that each iceberg has a unique resonant frequency of vibration, depending on its size and shape. Although it would seem that ordinary ocean waves should have little effect on such a massive body, if the wave frequency matches that of the iceberg (or of one of its harmonics), the expansion and contraction induced could build to the point where the iceberg shatters. A good analogy, says Squire, would be that of a singer’s voice shattering a wine glass.
The process is then repeated with the smaller pieces, each of which has a higher resonant frequency, until the bulk has been reduced to the point that only waves of unattainable frequency could damage it further.”
Vernon Squire continued his research at the University of Otago NZ, does no-one do academic research before they come up with a “new” idea?
“Break-up of Sea Ice by Ocean Waves” Vernon Squire, Pat Lanahorne, U. Otago
“Waves are the principal determinant in the breakup of sea ice, acting both to fracture sheet ice initially into discrete ice floes and to limit the size of ice floes thereby formed. While mathematical models to predict how waves propagate into and through sea ice exist, they do not synthesize all we know about the properties of sea ice. In particular, this project investigates how the incessant action of intense waves in Arctic and Antarctic waters can hasten the eventual demise of sea ice, by gradually weakening it in the manner of the fatigue of an aircraft wing subjected to continuous oscillation in flight. The aim is to estimate the lifetime of sea ice in various scenarios.”
Again, from the “It happened before” vault, NOAA archives
http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/050/mwr-050-11-0589a.pdf
THE CHANGING ARCTIC.By GEORGE NICOLAS IFFT.
Under date of October 10 1922 the American consul at Bergen Norway , submitted the followlng report the State Department, Washington, D.C.
“The Arctic seems to be warming up. Reports from fishermen, seal hunters, and explorers who sail the seas about Spitzbergen and the eastern Arctic, all point to a radical change in climatic conditions, and hitherto unheard-of high temperatures in that part of the earth’s surface.
The oceanographic observations have, however, been even more interesting. Ice conditions were exceptional. In fact, so little ice has never before been noted. The expedition all but established a record, sailing as far north its 8l 29′ in ice-free water. This is the farthest north ever reached with modern oceanographic apparatus. The character of the waters of the great polar basin has heretofore been practically unknown.”