Global Eruption Rocks the Sun

The Solar Dynamics Observatory insignia. It re...
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I should point out that thanks to the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), we can see things that we’ve never seen before. So while this event is unprecedented in the history of science, it is likely “business as usual” for old Sol. h/t to Dr. Leif Svalgaard.  – Anthony

From NASA Science News: On August 1, 2010, an entire hemisphere of the sun erupted. Filaments of magnetism snapped and exploded, shock waves raced across the stellar surface, billion-ton clouds of hot gas billowed into space. Astronomers knew they had witnessed something big.

It was so big, it may have shattered old ideas about solar activity.

“The August 1st event really opened our eyes,” says Karel Schrijver of Lockheed Martin’s Solar and Astrophysics Lab in Palo Alto, CA. “We see that solar storms can be global events, playing out on scales we scarcely imagined before.”

Global Eruption (movie_strip, 550px)

Click to play an extreme ultraviolet movie of the August 1st global eruption. Different colors represent different plasma temperatures in the range 1.0 to 2.2 million K. Credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

For the past three months, Schrijver has been working with fellow Lockheed-Martin solar physicist Alan Title to understand what happened during the “Great Eruption.” They had plenty of data: The event was recorded in unprecedented detail by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory and twin STEREO spacecraft. With several colleagues present to offer commentary, they outlined their findings at a press conference today at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco.

Explosions on the sun are not localized or isolated events, they announced. Instead, solar activity is interconnected by magnetism over breathtaking distances. Solar flares, tsunamis, coronal mass ejections–they can go off all at once, hundreds of thousands of miles apart, in a dizzyingly-complex concert of mayhem.

Global Eruption (STEREO2, 200px)

NASA’s twin STEREO spacecraft surround the sun. [STEREO home page]

“To predict eruptions we can no longer focus on the magnetic fields of isolated active regions,” says Title, “we have to know the surface magnetic field of practically the entire sun.”

This revelation increases the work load for space weather forecasters, but it also increases the potential accuracy of their forecasts.

“The whole-sun approach could lead to breakthroughs in predicting solar activity,” commented Rodney Viereck of NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, CO. “This in turn would provide improved forecasts to our customers such as electric power grid operators and commercial airlines, who could take action to protect their systems and ensure the safety of passengers and crew.”

In a paper they prepared for the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), Schrijver and Title broke down the Great Eruption into more than a dozen significant shock waves, flares, filament eruptions, and CMEs spanning 180 degrees of solar longitude and 28 hours of time. At first it seemed to be a cacophony of disorder until they plotted the events on a map of the sun’s magnetic field.

Title describes the Eureka! moment: “We saw that all the events of substantial coronal activity were connected by a wide-ranging system of separatrices, separators, and quasi-separatrix layers.” A “separatrix” is a magnetic fault zone where small changes in surrounding plasma currents can set off big electromagnetic storms.

Global Eruption (locations, 550px)

Locations of key events are labeled in this extreme ultraviolet image of the sun, obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory during the Great Eruption of August 1st. White lines trace the sun’s magnetic field. Credit: K Schrijver & A. Title. [larger image]

Researchers have long suspected this kind of magnetic connection was possible. “The notion of ‘sympathetic’ flares goes back at least three quarters of a century,” they wrote in their JGR paper. Sometimes observers would see flares going off one after another–like popcorn–but it was impossible to prove a link between them. Arguments in favor of cause and effect were statistical and often full of doubt.

“For this kind of work, SDO and STEREO are game-changers,” says Lika Guhathakurta, NASA’s Living with a Star Program Scientist. “Together, the three spacecraft monitor 97% of the sun, allowing researchers to see connections that they could only guess at in the past.”

Global Eruption (SDO, 200px)

An artist’s concept of the Solar Dynamics Observatory. [SDO home page]

To wit, barely two-thirds of the August event was visible from Earth, yet all of it could be seen by the SDO-STEREO fleet. Moreover, SDO’s measurements of the sun’s magnetic field revealed direct connections between the various components of the Great Eruption—no statistics required.

Much remains to be done. “We’re still sorting out cause and effect,” says Schrijver. “Was the event one big chain reaction, in which one eruption triggered another–bang, bang, bang–in sequence? Or did everything go off together as a consequence of some greater change in the sun’s global magnetic field?”

Further analysis may yet reveal the underlying trigger; for now, the team is still wrapping their minds around the global character of solar activity. One commentator recalled the old adage of three blind men describing an elephant–one by feeling the trunk, one by holding the tail, and another by sniffing a toenail. Studying the sun one sunspot at a time may be just as limiting.

“Not all eruptions are going to be global,” notes Guhathakurta. “But the global character of solar activity can no longer be ignored.”

As if the sun wasn’t big enough already….

Author: Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA

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ge0050
December 16, 2010 6:19 pm

The Universe is 13.7 billion years old. If you claim otherwise, you have put yourself outside serious discussing.
Really? It seems like only yesterday that science was claiming the universe was 18 billion years old. Given that almost every theory ultimately proves to be incomplete/wrong, the current guesstimate of 13.7 billion is unlikely to be correct.

December 16, 2010 6:52 pm

ge0050 says:
December 16, 2010 at 6:19 pm
Given that almost every theory ultimately proves to be incomplete/wrong, the current guesstimate of 13.7 billion is unlikely to be correct.
You’re right about that! It might turn out to be more like 13.697 billion …

ge0050
December 16, 2010 7:03 pm

The number 13.7 billion years implies the universe is finite. That seems unlikely.
I find it much easier to believe that our “universe” is simply a local event, resulting from a “big bang” in a much larger universe. The dark energy we observe is the evidence of the energy and matter is the much larger universe, that was present when the star that gave birth to our universe went super nova in a “big bang”. The CMBR we observe is the event horizon of the black hole in our parent universe. We and all the other “black holes” have been time shifted due to acceleration so that we coexist in space, but not in time. This multiverse we see in the wave-particle nature of quantum mechanics. Each universe has N black holes, that give birth to N black holes, which themselves are new universes. This N^N^N… exponentiation creation rate of new universes is seeking to create an infinite number of universes, as it plays out all possibilities, as it seeks the answer to life, the universe, and everything. This search for the ultimate truth is “God”, or “Deep Thought”, depending on your belief system. Unfortunately, this still leaves the question of the first universe, the ultimate parent. The chicken and egg problem.

December 16, 2010 10:01 pm

ge0050 says:
December 16, 2010 at 7:03 pm
Unfortunately, this still leaves the question of the first universe, the ultimate parent. The chicken and egg problem.
It is turtles all the way down…

December 17, 2010 1:11 am

Leif Svalgaard says:
December 16, 2010 at 2:45 pm
………….
1. Only a naïve would believe that at height of Cold war, intercontinental ballistic missile threats, following Cuban crisis, space race, etc, etc that Soviets were telling the Americans whole truth and nothing but truth !
2. This is real important. For simplicity I kept my formula to two components, it is not all there, there are one or two more large magnetospheres.
What do you see in here at 1960’s?
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/EW.htm
A huge dip, same data is incorporated in here too (look at 1960’s)
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/LFC4.htm
I might incorporate it in the polar field, but there is no rush, 2025 minimum is taken care of , as you can see:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/LFC2.htm
My prediction are good for next 25-30 years, by than the new version will be ready.
3. I understand your irritation with my formula, and its superiority over Svalgaard-Cliver precursor, but that is science, someone was bound to come with something better.
Hey, no hard feelings !

Myrrh
December 17, 2010 3:28 am

Leif Svalgaard It is turtles all the way down..
Each called Brahma..? Our present Brahma is around middle age according to Vedic calculations, around 155 trillion years old, (life span of Brahma 100 Brahma years, 72,000 kalpas of 4.32 billion years (a day or night); the life span 311.04 trillion years is less than one nimesa, one second, of the life of the beginningless Lord, which is the Soul of the Universe.
Leif Svalgaard replying to ge0050 You’re right about that! It might turn out to be more like 13.697 billion..
Are these adjustments made because speed of expansion increasing?
Increasing into what space? I’ve read recently that Einstein meant ‘time’ as discrete unit of measurement, not the whole concept of time – is this right?

December 17, 2010 4:22 am

vukcevic says:
December 17, 2010 at 1:11 am
My prediction are good for next 25-30 years, by than the new version will be ready.
It is a common [and time honored] trick to add more ad-hoc terms when a formula fails so yours is no different. If such terms can be added in a natural manner, it is science. If they are added ad-hoc, it is not. In your case, I don’t see how it will work, nor have you explained how it will, and the notion that in 30 years, the ‘new version will be ready’ is silly. Just keep adding new terms a posteriori each time the formula fails means that it has no predictive value. There is no irritation on my part; if something works, I’ll be the first to jump on the bandwagon. In your case, it does not.

December 17, 2010 4:30 am

Myrrh says:
December 17, 2010 at 3:28 am
Increasing into what space? I’ve read recently that Einstein meant ‘time’ as discrete unit of measurement, not the whole concept of time – is this right?
The galaxies are not moving through space. They are at rest [except for small local movements due to gravitation from nearby galaxies. It is ‘space’ itself that is stretching everywhere.
At some level, both space and time [spacetime] may be ‘foamy’ and quantized. Nobody has really figured this out yet, so there is more to be discovered.

Myrrh
December 17, 2010 4:59 am

Chris Reeve, I should be grateful if you’d have a go at answering my question re what’s at the centre of our galaxy.
I’m not sure I’ve grasped the concept of plasma, (Leif please join in here if you want). I’m thinking of it as what used to be called the ether layer of matter, but it’s also used to describe it as affected by some other energy, as in our Ionosphere the plasma is acted on by the sun. Is ‘plasma’ used to describe this ‘neutral ether’ or ‘ionised’?
What is actually happening to the ‘ether/plasma’ in the centre of our galaxy?
Ancient texts say there is a connection between the centre of our galaxy and the centre of the universe we’re in, which is in the direction of Pleiades. Across ether/plasma does EU fit as energy source for the centre of our galaxy, (to create the plasmoid thingy at the centre)?

December 17, 2010 6:27 am

Leif Svalgaard says:
December 17, 2010 at 4:22 am
…………..
When cornered you tend to talk through a hole in your hat:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/LFC4.htm
was discussed here and on SC24 even before polar field formula was constructed (2years ago), and that can be easily verified.
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/EW.htm
was known for some time now, but I never bothered to connect it to CET’s.
As said: ‘I understand your irritation with my formula, and its superiority over Svalgaard-Cliver precursor, but that is science, someone was bound to come with something better.
Hey, no hard feelings !’
Here is another opportunity to smash the ‘charlatan’ and his ideas;
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/12/15/arctic-oscillation-spoiling-nasa-giss-party/#comment-552248
and
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/12/15/arctic-oscillation-spoiling-nasa-giss-party/#comment-552273

December 17, 2010 6:58 am

L.S
If such terms can be added in a natural manner, it is science. If they are added ad-hoc, it is not. In your case, I don’t see how it will work, nor have you explained how it will.
Ad-hoc, my foot . Published in Jan 2004 (page 2)
http://xxx.lanl.gov/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0401/0401107.pdf

ge0050
December 17, 2010 7:04 am

The galaxies are not moving through space. They are at rest [except for small local movements due to gravitation from nearby galaxies. It is ‘space’ itself that is stretching everywhere.
Wasn’t it recently discovered that a vast area of galaxies are in motion towards/away from a single spot? This is not explained by current mainstream cosmology. Could be be evidence for EU, or maybe new arrivals though the singularity (navel) of our local universe or ???

December 17, 2010 7:21 am

vukcevic says:
December 17, 2010 at 6:58 am
Ad-hoc, my foot . Published in Jan 2004 (page 2)
The ad-hoc bit goes all the way back to then trying to patch up your faulty sunspot formula. And it doesn’t even work. As Feynman used to say “the easiest one to fool is oneself”. Very applicable in your case.

December 17, 2010 7:24 am

ge0050 says:
December 17, 2010 at 7:04 am
Wasn’t it recently discovered that a vast area of galaxies are in motion towards/away from a single spot? This is not explained by current mainstream cosmology.
Galaxies are clustered and the clusters are part of super clusters. Gravity moves vast numbers of galaxies within the local cluster/super cluster. This is very much explained. ‘Mainstream’ is mainstream because it works.

December 17, 2010 9:19 am

The truth is incontrovertible, malice may attack it, ignorance may deride it, but in the end; there it is. – Winston Churchill.
But in the end; there it is:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/LFC2.htm

James F. Evans
December 17, 2010 9:26 am

Myrrh:
Plasma is NOT ether.
Plasma consists of charged particles, free electrons and ions. As opposed to neutral atoms, where electrons are in balance with protons within the structure of the atom.
Plasma is where the electrons have been stripped away from the nucleus of the atom.
Plasma is subject to the fundamental force of Electromagnetism.

December 17, 2010 12:02 pm

One, Chris Reeve, I really appreciate your posts.

“We live in an era where there are real and profound personal consequences for those who openly challenge the conventional framework.”

Two, as opposed to …?

December 17, 2010 2:12 pm

Myrrh,
Is ‘plasma’ used to describe this ‘neutral ether’ or ‘ionised’?
Plasma is matter that has enough ions separated from some of their electrons that, while the total average electric charge of the plasma may be near zero, the separation of charges into positively charged ions and negatively charged ions (including in many cases a large amount of regular atoms that haven’t separated their charges, but there are enough that have that it acts like a plasma) is sufficient that the whole behaves as a plasma including has the ability to transmit electricity and so produce magnetic fields. Plasma makes up the majority of the visible universe and is all around us.
Strike a match? You’ve just created a plasma. Turn on a fluorescent light? Plasma. Lightning? Plasma. Sun’s corona? Plasma. Northern lights? Plasma. Ionosphere? Definitely plasma.
Etc.
Plasma is relatively rare on Earth where we’re familiar with solids, liquids, and gases, but it is exceedingly common in space.
Yet, for some reason, while acknowledging it exists, mainstream cosmologists haven’t fully grasped the importance of plasma and electrical phenomena in space in my lay opinion.
It’s easier to measure magnetism at a distance than it is directly measure electron flow (electricity). So mainstream scientists have been surprised many times to discover just how much magnetism exists in space. Everything from the Sun to the Northern lights were basically assumed not to be magnetic, until scientists (such as Kristian Birkeland) showed that they are.
So mainstream scientists are postulating that some huge, massive magnetic fields that we can measure in space are essentially created internally in the various bodies, like in the core of the Earth, to use one example, or in the Sun’s alleged internal dynamo.
Plasma cosmology proponents and their arguably more radical electric universe brethren don’t necessarily deny that their may be internal electrical processes within the planets and stars, but what they insist on is the majority of these magnetic fields are actually created by electron (electricity) flow in space plasmas.
In fact, they hypothesis that these often flow in so-called “Birkeland currents” — that the magnetic fields generated by the electric current within the plasmas condense the current into narrow bands, usually twinned, that intertwine and twirl.
You’ve observed this phenomena if you’ve ever observed the (mind-boggingly beautiful) Northern Lights in person or if you’ve ever looked at the close-up video of the Sun’s surface).
In short, mainstream astrophysicists say the Sun’s internal dynamo produce its immense and stunning (and pretty much unpredicted) magnetism, solar wind, etc. Plasma cosmology proponents say maybe so, but the majority of this can be explained by interstellar and even intergalactic flows of electricity.
That we can see evidence of both in how the galaxies form, and from directly measured magnetic fields and solar wind in our solar system, and by inference from observing many other events in the universe that can be more elegantly explained using known, laboratory reproducible plasma physics rather than speculating about black holes, and dark matter and dark energy.
Both dark matter and dark energy were “discovered” when it was learned that the amount of visible matter in galaxies, including plasma, is woefully insufficient to explain the formation of or angular momentum of galaxies.
And yet, computer models show that galaxies can form with these qualities using plasma physics with the known quantities of matter visible through observation.
I am not overtly impressed by the “computer modelling” aspect of that, but I do find plasma cosmology far more elegant than continually “discovering” new forms of matter and energy, not because we’ve actually, you know, discovered them … but because mainstream’s cosmology’s theories and calculations don’t explain the universe we see unless you add them in to their equations.
On the nature of stars: The theory that they are internally nuclear powered was devised by Sir Arthur Eddington, a very smart man by all accounts. But he knew, and said, that the competing theory was that the Sun drew energy through some unknown process from the surrounding solar system (and galaxy).
If true, that would quickly and easily explain why the corona of the Sun can be 1-3 million K in temperature, while the surface of the Sun (nearer the supposedly super hot core) is about 6,000 K.
So, according to the standard model, the Sun is amazingly hot in its core, cools down toward its surface, and heats up outside of its surface, in its atmosphere.
There are two main theories used to explain this:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Coronal_heating_problem
but neither one of them is sufficient according to their own mathematics. Mainstream scientists use a combination of, “We don’t really know”, hubris, and, “probably both,” to explain this observation.
Ironically, that article refers to Alfvén waves, named after Hannes Alfvén, as one of the possible partial explanations of the coronal heating problem. Yet Hannes Alfvén, who received the 1970 nobel prize in physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (the theoretical basis for the fictional “caterpillar drive” in the Tom Clancy submarine thriller, Hunt for Red October), used his nobel speech to caution physicists, and in particular astrophysicists, that they are overlooking much that is important regarding plasmas in space.
Is that not irony? I think it is. The takeaway point is that not everyone who believes plasma and electricity play a far, far bigger role in space than mainstream science currently accepts are idiots.
Would Sir Arthur Eddington, knowing more about the coronal heating problem, be as certain about his internal fusion solar model? Or would Eddington have been a little less certain?
I can’t tell you. Indeed, I can’t tell you who’s right here.
But to say the mainstream cosmology, astrophysics, and solar physics models things satisfactorily is a stretch … they are all very beautiful, on paper.
I love mathematics. I believed them for a long time just because the math is so damn beautiful.
But, their predictions are very often wrong, and they throw new “fudge factors” to maintain the models, especially in cosmology.
That troubles me. Keep an open mind, I say.
Leif may be right, but right or wrong, he doesn’t appear to be especially open minded. Leif said:
“‘Mainstream’ is mainstream because it works.”
That’s one of the reasons it might be, but that’s by no means the only one as readers of this site should know.

Myrrh
December 17, 2010 2:14 pm

Leif Svalgaard says: December17, 2010 at 4:30 am
Yes, I didn’t make that clear, I was assuming the current view that space itself was stretching, but that doesn’t preclude there being another space for it to be stretching itself in. Since the Big Bang theory begins with a beginning..
James F. Evans says: December 17, 20 at 9:26 am
I was sure I had read it described as such, from which my question, is the same word used as that concentrated in ionisation? If in our atmosphere the Ionosphere is charged plasma, what is it being charged?
You may have to take me step by step through this..
Ether may have got itself another name, I’ve just come across Quintessence to describe it. As the fifth essence or element beyond the standard earth, air, fire and water of ancient chemistry.
If plasma isn’t ether, what is ether?

December 17, 2010 2:35 pm

Myrrh,
“If plasma isn’t ether, what is ether?”
Ether is a hypothetical medium needed to transmit waves of electro-magnetic energy and in particular of photons (light).
There is nothing in the mathematics requiring ether to have charge separation, or any particular electric charge, for this purpose to the best of my understanding. Einstein said that his special relativity theory allowed for there to be this type of ether, but that mechanics may allow for yet another, to do with accelerating objects in space. I have my doubts that ether in either of these senses is real and physical. I think we’re grasping for a concept to explain things there. We know light does, in fact, reach us, and we wonder how if it has nothing to travel through (we now say that space is teeming with virtual products popping in and out of existence due to the laws of quantum mechanics and, no, I don’t think that’s the “ether” either).
Regardless of what ether is, it isn’t plasma. Plasma’s quite real and non-theoretical. Moreover, it’s easy to make and to observe. There’s probably some in the room with you now, most likely in your computer monitor. (Even if you’re using an LCD or cathode ray tube monitor, they’ll still be some in there: But good luck finding the “ether”!)

December 17, 2010 2:45 pm

Typo correction:
“into positively charged ions and negatively charged ions”
must be read:
“into positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons”
For that to be accurate and make sense.

Tom in Florida
December 17, 2010 3:01 pm

Christoph Dollis says:{December 17, 2010 at 2:12 pm}
” The theory that they are internally nuclear powered was devised by Sir Arthur Eddington, a very smart man by all accounts. But he knew, and said, that the competing theory was that the Sun drew energy through some unknown process from the surrounding solar system (and galaxy).”
So there is an unknown process that draws energy to the Sun and that is the basis of EU?

Myrrh
December 17, 2010 5:37 pm

Christof Dollis –
Ether is a hypothetical medium needed to transmit waves of electro-magnetic energy and in particular of photons (light).
Thank you. I think I got confused here because of reading that plasma was thought by some to make up 99% of the universe.
Einstein said that his special relativity theory allowed for there to be this of ether, but that mechanics may allow for yet another, to do with accelerating objects in space.
OK, I may also have misread, misunderstood what I read, but read that Einstein said that ether was essential for his theory of relativity, that it didn’t work without it. I’ve just found that others like Maxwell used it, but it seems to have become superceded by the idea of vacuum. Can’t yet find why.
Regardless of what ether is, it isn’t plasma. Plasma’s quite real and non-theoretical. ..
The Ionosphere is where it’s made by the action of UV light from the sun, so I’ve read, doesn’t this mean that it is also being made in the Troposphere or is the greater density and pressure lower down that precludes this happening?

Myrrh
December 17, 2010 5:39 pm

Ah, apologies, should be Christoph. And forgot to close italics.

December 17, 2010 6:58 pm

“So there is an unknown process that draws energy to the Sun and that is the basis of EU?”
It is considered among the most aggressive, ambitious hypothesis in the EU cosmology, and not every EU supporter buys into it. The process speculated, however, is electricity flows within interstellar plasmas, with stars forming the foci (and that galaxy clusters themselves align along other electrically charged paths).
EU proponents also claim this accounts for the very large percentage of twin and tri star systems in the galaxy. They claim when the electrical stress on the star becomes too great, the star splits to increase the surface area, thus reducing the stress on it. They further claim gas giant planets can be ejected from stars in a similar process … and that coronal mass ejections, far from being unexplained, are a more minor form of the same process, albeit involving much less electrical stress on the star.
True?
I’m not willing to dismiss it out of hand just because it isn’t what I was taught as a kid.
It would, however, go a long way to explain the Sun’s, and other stars’, non-stop fluctuations, in a way that a nuclear fusion powered model doesn’t seem to so well.