Guest Post by Willis Eschenbach (@WEschenbach on eX-Twitter)
I see that Mad Keir Starmer, the frontman for the grunge rock band performing at the current UN Climate Conference Of The Parties under the name of “The UK”, has unilaterally declared that the UK will cut its CO2 emissions by 81% from 1990 levels by 2035. I do love that it’s 81% and not 80% … but I digress.

I also note that the UK Office of Budget Responsibility estimates that the UK getting to net zero by 2050 will cost £321 billion UK pounds (~ $410 billion US dollars) … and again, I gotta laugh that it’s not £320 billion, it’s £321 billion …
Now, I’ve said at various times that folks who propose big-dollar plans to attempt to reduce future temperatures should be legally required to calculate how much cooler the world will be in 2050 IF (and it’s a big if) the IPCC estimates of the effects of CO2 on temperature are accurate.
So lets take Mad Keir’s UK plan as a test case. Here’s a look at the UK CO2 emissions record.

Figure 1. UK emissions since 1850
Looks pretty impressive, all right. They’ve cut their emissions by half since 1975. Of course, in reality the reduction is much smaller. A lot of the emissions reductions resulted from the offshoring of UK manufacturing that’s hollowed out the UK economy, so the CO2 is produced in another country and UK folks get to feel all noble.
But Mad Keir’s not talking about that, so I won’t either.
However, here’s a bit of a different look at the exact same data. This shows the UK emissions as a yellow line as in Figure 1, and the rest of the world’s emissions (less the UK) as a red line.

Figure 2. CO2 emissions, UK and rest of the world.
Now, the IPCC says that the change shown by the red line of CO2 emissions has warmed the earth by about 1.4°C … so this gives us the first intimation that the temperature change from the UK emissions will be minuscule, trivially small.
In fact, that graph makes it clear that nothing the UK does will make a measurable difference in global temperatures.
But how small exactly? To estimate how much difference the UK sacrifices will make, here is a graph of a couple of simplified possible future UK scenarios.

Figure 3. Future possible scenarios for UK emissions.
The scenario shown in blue freezes the UK emissions at the current (2022) level. The red line drops emissions to 19% of the 1990 levels by 2035 and then to net zero by 2050.
Since some folks are allergic to math, I’ve put the actual calculations as an appendix. But the results are as follows:
The difference in CO2 emissions between the blue scenario and the red scenario is about 5.5 fewer gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2 emitted by 2050.
At 17.3 Gt of CO2 emissions per ppmv of atmospheric CO2 change, that’s a change of 0.32 ppmv of CO2.
So IF (and it’s a big if) the IPCC estimates of the effects of CO2 on temperature are accurate, then all of the time and effort and stacks of money expended by UK taxpayers will result in the earth being cooler in 2050 by …
…
… wait for it …
…
… a whopping 0.003°C.
Seriously. All that wealth and human effort, all the government regulations and interference, all the suffering of the poor from skyrocketing energy costs, to MAYBE cool the world by seven ten-thousandths of a degree in 2050.
Call me crazy, but I think if everyone in the UK knew that all that Net-Zero 2050 would achieve is a POSSIBLE cooling of 0.0007°C by 2050, that idea would die instantly.
Now, Keir has said he hopes other countries will follow the UK’s lead and we can cool the world by a degree or so. To see if they’ll do that, let’s see how much it would cost to MAYBE cool the world by 1°C by 2050.
At a UK cost of $408 billion to make our lovely planet cooler in 2050 by 0.0007°C, making it 1°C cooler would cost $580 TRILLION dollars.
By comparison, the total of all the revenue collected (and often wasted or trousered) by all of the governments on this marvelous earth is about $15 trillion dollars per year … so even if every government everywhere spent every dime of their taxpayer’s money on the insane war against CO2 from today until 2050, we still wouldn’t cool it by 1° C.
And if Mad Keir thinks China, India, Russia, Brazil, or their like will sign on to that insanity, well, that’s why he’s Mad Keir. He likely thinks of it as insurance against disaster, but that’s like paying $2000 per year for years on an insurance policy that in case of catastrophe pays you $750 … just to pick a random payout number …
My warmest regards to all,
w.
THE USUAL: Please quote the exact words that you are discussing. I’m happy to defend my words. I can’t defend your re-statement of my words in a different form.
APPENDIX: First, here’s my usual trigger warning, Calvin regarding the mathiness.

With that settled, the total mass of the atmosphere is approximately 5.1 x 10^18 kg. 1 ppmv of CO2 in the atmosphere is equivalent to:
- 2.13 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon
- 7.8 Gt of CO2 (as CO2 has a molecular weight 44/12 times that of carbon)
Approximately 45% of emitted CO2 remains in the atmosphere, while the rest is absorbed by oceans and land
So a 1 ppm increase in atmospheric CO2 ≈ 17.3 Gt of CO2 emissions. And the UK change of 5.5 Gt of CO2 converts to a 0.32 ppmv decrease in atmospheric CO2
Next, under a “business as usual” scenario, by the time we get halfway to 2050 the CO2 level will be ~ 450 ppmv. The 2022 level was 425.6. Per IPCC assumptions, the average change in forcing over the period is ~ log2(450/425.6)*3.7 W/m2. The change including the UK reduction is log2( (450-.32) /425.6)*3.7 W/m2. The difference between these is the change due to the UK reduction, which is 0.0038 W/m2
Finally, the IPCC assumes a climate sensitivity of 3°C per doubling of CO2, which is 0.8°C per additional W/m2. This gives us our final figure of a POSSIBLE change of 0.003°C from the UK foolishness.
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Keir Starmer is a plague on all our houses.
I have no doubt that net zero will achieve bugger all cooling.
WanKier and deludEd speak, at best, for <23% of the UK electorate.
Within 100 days the evidence was clear – they are a bunch of clowns who will bring themselves down once they start bickering.
According to my sources, Willis, the correct appellation for Sir Keir Starmer KCB is Two-Tier Keir.
But you knew that.
The use the word ’emission’ implies CO2 is a pollutant. This is palpably false.
CO2 is universally vital for plant life through photosynthesis.
It is therefore the magic molecule and a most desired one at that. Increased CO2 levels mean increased global fertility as NASA has amply demonstrated.
The alleged link between CO2 and global warning can be dealt with by invoking the Null Hypothesis concept as there is no correlation between these two issues.
Planet Earth is still emerging from the effects of the Little Ice Age. There is 2.5C to go before we reach the levels recorded over last 4,000 years by the Chinese and other well documented proxies, leading back 6,000 years to the Climate Optimum.
The Earth has reached this chilly clime on more than one occasion all, without the influence of CO2 or any other gas for that matter. Emergence from the depths of the recent Little Ice Age is due to other global events.
It is clear that there is a direct correlation between population growth and CO2 levels. Both have been steadily rising since 1800.
With the UN forecasting the world’s population to be about 11 billion in the year 2100 then a forecast level of CO2 will be about 600 ppm, regardless of the activity of the Alarmista movement.
The delicious irony in all of this is that CO2 is needed for greening the planet. According to recent releases by NASA this aspect of life is well under way.
Mr Eschenbach has pointed out on many occasions in his statistical analyses, changes in CO2 lag behind those of the temperature.
If CO2 is pollution, then why are there no legal actions taken to keep people from exhaling?
The quoted precision of numbers in this article brings to mind Augustine Law Number XXXV: “The weaker the data available upon which to base one’s conclusion, the greater the precision which should be quoted in order to give the data authenticity.”
No, Willis, we get to feel like crash test dummies
I am guessing that adding a 1 to the UK Office of Budget Responsibility numbers makes people think that they have been carefully calculated when in fact they are probably rough estimates and only include at most half the real costs!!
The OBR estimate of achieving net zero in Britain is total fantasy. The cost of net zero to New Zealand has been independently calculated as at least 5 trillion dollars. This is one million dollars per head. The equivalent cost for Britain is 50 trillion pounds.
https://nypost.com/2019/12/08/reality-check-drive-for-rapid-net-zero-emissions-a-guaranteed-loser/
Wait! If ALL the rich countries impoverished themselves by doing the same, we might achieve TEN TIMES these results! Imagine a paradise where we are 0.007C cooler by 2050!!
Boy, those penguins and polar bears will be thanking all those poorly educated children (from inadequate school funding) and people in morgues (dead from inadequate healthcare funding) for those 0.007C. I hope they send us a nice card with lots of heart-eyes emojis on it.
How people can’t see through this scam is mind-boggling.
About 1957, my old Grammar School gained a new concrete cricket pitch. Before the concrete dried, a student observed of two fellow student brothers named Kier, by scratching into the concrete –
“Kier One is a queer one.
Kier Twi is queer too.”
Each time the UK PM is mentioned, this poem haunts my mind.
Does anyone else have this irritating type of trigger word recall?
Added: Is lust for personal money gain so strong that otherwise-capable people fail to accept and act upon such plausible analysis as Willis gives here? I have here admitted to a brain defect. What stops Sir Kier from admitting to his? Geoff S
Sir Keir, Willis. Have some respect.
And the band is ‘Sir Keir and the Tosspots’.
I go about calculating the effect of climate change in a slightly different way to Willis.
I frequented a lot of bars in my youth where my mates and I would debate anything and everything, flies crawling up walls etc. which often spoiled the evening. So we pledged to solve arguments by sticking to facts, giving us more time to drink and chase women.
Beer Mat Maths was usually a satisfactory conclusion. Otherwise known as a Sanity Check. Rough and ready but it gave us an idea if we were in the ball park with the debate in the first place.
The one rule being that it had to be simple enough for all of us to understand, and none of us were very bright. Which is why we spent half our lives in bars.
In this case I calculated time rather than temperatures to determine when we would all melt. And I did it a while ago so have used 0.3 for atmospheric CO2 content rather than 0.4 and I’m too lazy to change it.
I’ll add another observation I posed to Willis on X, and he thought it pretty inconsequential, and I agree. That is, no one has ever taken consistent temperature measurements of the air 1m above the oceans surface (Stevenson screen height) which are 70% of our planet. But if it’s not been done, we don’t know if it’s inconsequential or not.
And a final one. Whilst the Keeling curve illustrates the total atmospheric CO2 increase over time, why isn’t it on two scales? Natural and man made.
Story Tip
The madness is well analyzed here:
https://notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com/2024/11/15/no-airports-no-imports-no-meat-cold-homes-starmers-dystopian-future/
Ubelieveable what these people are doing.
The White Cliffs of Dover are an apt backdrop. Limestone is an absolutely huge store of carbon.
It useful to know who much CO2 has been sequestered and where it now lies.
Gigatonnes Carbon (1 tonne of carbon = 3.67 tonnes of CO2)
100,000,000 All sedimentary rocks on Earth, limestone, marble etc.
38,000 Dissolved in the oceans
5,000 stored in fossil fuels
618 In the atmosphere as CO2 (1850)
895 In the atmosphere as CO2 (2024)
654 Emitted by humans since 1850 as CO2
279 – Of which remains in atmosphere
375 – Of which absorbed by increased plant growth and into oceans
So if we want to ‘fix’ planet earth and return it to how it was during the Cambrian explosion of life… we need to release the 100 Peta-tonnes (10e15t) of carbon stored in sedimentary rocks back into the atmosphere, most of which will then be dissolved back into the oceans or fertilise plant growth.
So far we’ve released 654 out of 100,000,000 gigatonnes. More work to do I think!
Excellent article – thanks Willis. It will come in useful when discussing the UK’s miniscule part of global emissions, etc..
Btw, Starmer is also known as “Two-Tier Keir” (2TK) because policing under his govt appears lenient towards folk who commit crimes in the name of some causes while throwing the book at others who espouse different, non-approved ones.
In the run-up to our election he picked up another tag: “Free Gear Keir” when it was revealed that he, his wife and others had accepted gifts of suits, spectacles, tickets to football matches and Taylor Swift concerts, etc..
And the UK change of 5.5 Gt of CO2 converts to a 0.32 ppmv decrease in atmospheric CO2
I think this is wrong. You’ve failed to correct from ppm by mass to ppm by volume.
The average molecular mass of dry air is 29.0 and that of CO2 is 44.0 (to 3 significant figures), giving a factor of (44.0/29.0) = 1.52.
You therefore have to divide 0.32 by 1.52 to find the ppm by volume. This is then 0.21 ppmv.
Do you agree ?
I disagree. The fundaments factor is the conversion between carbon emissions in Gt and ppmv in the atmosphere. This is 2.13 GTC = 1 ppmv. We never use ppm by mass.
To convert CO2 emissions to ppmv (parts per million by volume) remaining in the atmosphere, here’s the calculation process:
Basic Formula:
Therefore:
So, for the 5.5 Gt of CO2 emitted, we get 5.5 * .45 *.273 / 2.13 = 0.32 ppmv.
Regards,
w.
It’s rather confusing to use GtC as a unit, because elemental carbon is not a gas (at normal temperatures).