4096 4096 pixels on the solar photosphere by the Helioseismic and Magnetic
Imager (background image). We cross correlate wave field records of temporal length T at points on opposing quadrants (blue with blue or red with red).
From New York University: Researchers create ‘MRI’ of the sun’s interior motions
A team of scientists has created an “MRI” of the Sun’s interior plasma motions, shedding light on how it transfers heat from its deep interior to its surface. The result, which appears in the journal the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, upends our understanding of how heat is transported outwards by the Sun and challenges existing explanations of the formation of sunspots and magnetic field generation.
The Sun’s heat, generated by nuclear fusion in its core, is transported to the surface by convection in the outer third. However, our understanding of this process is largely theoretical—the Sun is opaque, so convection cannot be directly observed. As a result, theories largely rest on what we know about fluid flow and then applying them to the Sun, which is primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and plasma.
Developing a more precise grasp of convection is vital to comprehending a range of phenomena, including the formation of sunspots, which have a lower temperature than the rest of the Sun’s surface, and the Sun’s magnetic field, which is created by its interior plasma motions.
In order to develop their “MRI” of the Sun’s plasma flows, the researchers examined high-resolution images of the Sun’s surface taken by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. Using a 16-million pixel camera, HMI measures motions on the Sun’s surface caused by convection.
Once the scientists captured the precise movement waves on the Sun’s surface, they were able to calculate its unseen plasma motions. This procedure is not unlike measuring the strength and direction of an ocean’s current by monitoring the time it takes a swimmer to move across the water—currents moving against the swimmer will result in slower times while those going in the same direction will produce faster times, with stronger and weaker currents enhancing or diminishing the impact on the swimmer.
What they found significantly departed from existing theory–specifically, the speed of the Sun’s plasma motions were approximately 100 times slower than scientists had previously projected.
“Our current theoretical understanding of magnetic field generation in the Sun relies on these motions being of a certain magnitude,” explained Shravan Hanasoge, an associate research scholar in geosciences at Princeton University and a visiting scholar at NYU’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. “These convective motions are currently believed to prop up large-scale circulations in the outer third of the Sun that generate magnetic fields.”
“However, our results suggest that convective motions in the Sun are nearly 100 times smaller than these current theoretical expectations,” continued Hanasoge, also a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Plank Institute in Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany. “If these motions are indeed that slow in the Sun, then the most widely accepted theory concerning the generation of solar magnetic field is broken, leaving us with no compelling theory to explain its generation of magnetic fields and the need to overhaul our understanding of the physics of the Sun’s interior.”
The study’s other co-authors were Thomas Duvall, an astrophysicist at NASA, and Katepalli Sreenivasan, University Professor in NYU’s Department of Physics and Courant Institute. Sreenivasan is also Senior Vice Provost for Science and Technology for the Global Network University at NYU and Provost of Polytechnic Institute of NYU.
===========================================================
ANOMALOUSLY WEAK SOLAR CONVECTION
Shravan M. Hanasoge y and Thomas L. Duvall, Jr. z and Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
Convection in the solar interior is thought to comprise structures on a spectrum of scales. This conclusion emerges from phenomenological studies and numerical simulations, though neither covers the proper range of dynamical parameters of solar convection. Here, we analyze observations of the wavefield in the solar photosphere using techniques of time-distance helioseismology to image flows in the solar interior. We downsample and synthesize 900 billion wave-feld observations to produce 3 billion cross-correlations, which we average and fit, measuring 5 million wave travel times. Using these travel times, we deduce the underlying flow systems and study their statistics to bound convective velocity magnitudes in the solar interior, as a function of depth and spherical-harmonic degree l. Within the wavenumber band l < 60, Convective velocities are 20-100 times weaker than current theoretical estimates. This suggests the prevalence of a different paradigm of turbulence from that predicted by existing models, prompting the question: what mechanism transports the heat ux of a solar luminosity outwards? Advection is dominated by Coriolis forces for wavenumbers l< 60, with Rossby numbers smaller than ~10-2 at r/Rθ= 0.96, suggesting that the Sun may be a much faster rotator than previously thought, and that large-scale convection may be quasi-geostrophic. The fact that iso-rotation contours in the Sun are not co-aligned with the axis of rotation suggests the presence of a latitudinal entropy gradient.
paper here: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.3173.pdf
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Leif Svalgaard says:
July 9, 2012 at 11:55 pm
The fusion process is actually very gentle. The heat generation is so gentle that it would take several weeks to bring a kettle of water to a boil [assuming the kettle is not vaporized, etc]. No exploding hydrogen bombs at work.
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Well that’s quite interesting & changes my perception. I assume you mean the heat generated in the fusing core on a per-volume basis.
Prb’ly a dang good thing ’cause it extends the lifetime of our G2 star. M-dwarfs are fascinating to me ’cause they can burn for a trillion yrs.
I just got the big bang “1 in a billion more” matter survived money-quote from Leif. Yeh, I’m a bit slow Leif. It explains why we are still here. The explosion created and then nearly destroyed matter. Cool. Math at its violent best. I tell a story to explain the number line to intermediate grade students, including what happens when positive and negative numbers meet in battle. I’ve even dressed kids up with aluminum swords and sheilds, dividing the class up in positive and negative “clans” to show what happens. They also learn how to use multiplication and division “magic” to build up their own and reduce the opposite clan population. Till of course I was told to stop using violence to explain math. But I got around that by adding a chapter to the story about the 4 quadrants and how positive and negative ordered pairs live in harmony and work together to create cool graphics. Dr. Suess would be proud of my take on buttered bread.
beng says:
July 10, 2012 at 7:07 am
Well that’s quite interesting & changes my perception. I assume you mean the heat generated in the fusing core on a per-volume basis.
I mean what you get by placing a ‘standard’ kettle with water there. So, I consider 1 liter of water with a mass of 1 kilo in a cube 10 cm on the side. Try to see if you can duplicate [and improve] my calculation. Hint: consider the outward heat flux through a 10cm*10cm area.
beng says:
July 10, 2012 at 7:07 am
Well that’s quite interesting & changes my perception. I assume you mean the heat generated in the fusing core on a per-volume basis.
The excellent article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun puts it this way:
“The power production by fusion in the core varies with distance from the solar center. At the center of the Sun, theoretical models estimate it to be approximately 276.5 watts/m3,[49] a power production density that more nearly approximates reptile metabolism than a thermonuclear bomb. Peak power production in the Sun has been compared to the volumetric heats generated in an active compost heap. The tremendous power output of the Sun is not due to its high power per volume, but instead due to its large size.”
Quoted from Leif Svalgaard:-“You are pontificating on things you don`t understand—–”
Given that humanity is a recent arrival in an old universe, don`t you think that sums up cosmology in general. Our scientific status is largely determined by our engineering ability, which has a habit of making use of real science,so when can we expect a dark matter reactor powered by a black hole, with or without inflation, producing copious amounts of dark energy to power our economy? Not any time soon I suspect. We`ll just have to make do with electricity meanwhile, just maybe the universe is having to do the same.
@Vukcevic: My thanks to Anthony Watts and the WUWT, the publishing phenomenon of the 21st century, long they may live and flourish.
You should thank also your egregious contender….
My guess is that some “double layers”, some ultra-equilibrated, will burst out soon.
Steven says:
July 9, 2012 at 1:49 pm
“… While you need unfalsifiable Black Holes …”
How can you falsify something you can observe?
http://youtu.be/m0X0VHrXK88
Sixteen years of observations of stars around the galactic centre are assembled in this video.
Mind you, that evidence is old.
So tell me, how can your “EU” theory explain that? Or can I just say that with a 12 second video I falsified your “EU” theory, that you wrote about in a long rambling comment?
(BTW, there is evidence for dark matter and dark energy, you just choose to ignore it same as the black hole evidence)
@Peter Willey: Our scientific status is largely determined by our engineering ability, which has a habit of making use of real science
Simply great!. We should look around and see how many gadgets this engineering has produced out of real science?. BTW they ALL work on electricity….
It seems that we should start learning about such an art.
@ur momisugly Steve B
Bunch of guys who seem to have lost their ‘compasses’.
@ur momisugly adolfogiurfa
Atmosphere here is highly ‘charged’.
@ur momisugly Peter Willey
Thanks.
@Tony Match: All suns connected (Andromeda seen under IRL, while the center it is NOT a black hole):
http://www.giurfa.com/andromeda.jpg
@Tony Milky way in IRR:
http://members.nova.org/~sol/solcom/x-objects/milky2w.jpg
Can´t see any holes there.
Can´t find that black hole and can´t google it:
http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/gallery_images/near_ir_lg.jpg
It seems that there is a central Sun, instead.
It seems that there is a positive emission galaxy center: See it at all wavelengths:
http://mwmw.gsfc.nasa.gov/mwpics/mwmw_8x10.jpg
All I need to prove the EU is the very data you misinterpret to your gravocentric theory, which by the way can you tell me what causes gravity? if you can you will certainly get the Nobel prize since its never been done. Data is data and belongs to no one theory. Which if you bothered to read the books you would find most of relativity is based upon electromagnetic calculations that Einstein borrowed from Maxwell. This is why his theory was titled: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.” Yet you can not even conceive that charge exists in every element, and even atoms are calculated using the electric force, not gravitational. Yet the very things that make up the universe you then ignore and decide gravity is some mysterious entity instead of the very thing that governs the atom and the universe. Your refusal to accept the electric force is why flat rotation curves of galaxies requires you to invent some mysterious undetectable force called Dark matter. But that then destroys your precious expansion theory, so then you have to invent another mysterious undetectable force called Dark Energy. Then you have to put them in just the right places that defies your very gravitational theory just to make things kinda fit. So you then declare that DM isn’t affected by mass (although it somehow affects mass) so you can place it in just the spots you need. Wake up, your DM and DE is nothing more than the attractive and repulsive aspect of electric currents in space. The electric force is 10^39 powers stronger than gravity (For the lay folk out there, that’s one thousand billion, billion, billion, billion, times, stronger than gravity.) And you wonder why you need DM and DE to make things work.
As for frozen magnetic fields you are quite wrong, there exists no such thing. Magnetism causes things to circle perpendicular to the electric force, a well known fact of science. How does a frozen thing cause movement? It is misguided beliefs like this that cause you to come to the wrong conclusions. To believe that in an expanding universe that anything could be static. There is nothing in the entire universe from galactic scale to sub-atomic that is not in constant motion and spinning. Yet somehow (you have no idea how) magnetic fields suddenly become frozen. Why? because if you accept the truth your theory falls. But a magnetic field must be composed of smaller moving particles, there exists no such thing as a magnetic field line or points in space.
As for all “dark matter” and “black holes”, they seem a psychological projection of Melancholic minds:
Melancholia (from Greek μελαγχολία – melancholia, “sadness”, literally black bile),… http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile
Black holes now? Please, its already up to the top of my boots listening to this drivel. Hmm, BH’s emit x-rays don;t they? Let us see how we generate x-rays.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray
“X-rays can be generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high velocity.”
So we find that once again only electric forces accelerate particles to the high speeds required. There exists no other known way to accelerate particles, contrary to fantastical ideas of De Laval tubes and other extremely desperate attempts to explain this in a gravocentric way.
The thing is that it is a plasma torus that is located at the heart of our galaxy and every other.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/07/08/a-kinked-link-2/
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100622twist.htm
Black Holes do not exist.
http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2006/PP-05-10.PDF
http://www.sjcrothers.plasmaresources.com/Unicorns.pdf
http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2005/PP-01-10.PDF
Just something back to the point of the sun.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/07/09/alpha-and-omega/
Steven says:
July 10, 2012 at 11:32 am
“X-rays can be generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high velocity.” So we find that once again only electric forces accelerate particles to the high speeds required. There exists no other known way to accelerate particles,
This was just one way of generating X-rays. Ordinary heating [friction, gravitational contraction, anything that imparts energy] will if the temperature reaches high enough generate X-rays.
Steven says:
July 10, 2012 at 11:14 am
All I need to prove the EU is the very data …
what you need to do is to calculate from EU ‘theory’ any of the numbers you have linked to [or if you are so sure that EU explains everythingall of them].
Steven says:
July 10, 2012 at 11:14 am
All I need to prove the EU is the very data …
To drag in black holes, dark matter etc are handy ways of obscuring the issue. Let us concentrate on one simple question: the generation of solar energy. This would also get us back closer to the topic of this post. So, show us a calculation of the solar output [in Watt] from EU.
Steven says:
July 10, 2012 at 11:32 am
There exists no other known way to accelerate particles
Gravity does a pretty good job. Try to jump off the Eiffel Tower. The implosion of a supernova is another good example.
Lot of electrical talk here.
But can some of the climate constituents be modeled by basic electric components?
Here is an initial approach, by all means no perfect or completed, but the start looks promising:
http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/NAO-SST-ea.htm
“Lief: This was just one way of generating X-rays. Ordinary heating [friction, gravitational contraction, anything that imparts energy] will if the temperature reaches high enough generate X-rays.”
.And tell me, what happens when you rub two things together? You get static electricity, it is the energy released, the electrical potential of all matter E=mc^2 that causes the excitation of particles and the release of x-rays, which by the way are an Electromagnetic phenomenon.
Gravity is only capable of accelerating particles falling into the gravitational source, and then up to a mathematical limit based upon its radius. Gravity does not accelerate particles away from the mass, the solar wind and all EM phenomenon ALWAYS accelerate away from the mass. Because EM phenomenon are 10^39 powers stronger and capable of accelerating particles at high velocity. All the while the particles falling into the sun do so relatively slowly compared to those moving outwards. Direct contradiction of your gravitational model.
Vukcevic: as for climate conditions here is a start.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2009/arch09/090909polarity.htm
It is one of the things the EU is currently studying. For example Earth’s weather is supposed to be mainly driven by heat from the Sun, yet the further one recedes from the Sun, the higher the wind velocity is on the outer planets. Less energy from the Sun should mean less weather patterns in the atmosphere if that theory is correct. So what is driving the higher sustained weather on the outer planets? It is postulated the Birkeland currents connecting planets to the Sun and moons to planets, and galaxy to galaxy may be the cause.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/webnews/121707electricsun.htm
The amount of current passing thru each object determines its weather, while the heat from the Sun only adds turbulence which keeps the weather patterns from continuing into weather bands as is seen on all the outer planets.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/09/poseidon-aegaeus-2/
Steven says:
July 10, 2012 at 1:15 pm
.And tell me, what happens when you rub two things together? You get static electricity, it is the energy released, the electrical potential of all matter E=mc^2
I think you dig your hole deeper and deeper.
All the while the particles falling into the sun do so relatively slowly compared to those moving outwards.
Actually not, comets on hyperbolic orbits fall into the sun faster than the solar wind flies out, but that was not the issue: which was generation of X-rays and energetic particles in accretion disks around black holes and in supernova implosions.
Vukcevic: as for climate conditions here is a start.
It is postulated the Birkeland currents connecting planets to the Sun and moons to planets, and galaxy to galaxy may be the cause [of the weather]
The farce has gone on for long enough, although what you say may be something Vuk might fall for too.
Yes Dr. No