The Temperature claims of 2010

By Dr. David Whitehouse, The Global Warming Policy Foundation

Now that the relevant data for the temperature of the Earth’s surface for the past year are available, it is instructive to examine the claims made by some that it was the hottest year ever, and claims made by others that it was in second place.

One way of looking at the year’s data we have used before is to see how the individual months fare. This is only one way of interpreting the data, there are others, but this way will show if any record temperature is a result of a general yearlong rise or just a few exceptional months.

These five temperature databases I examine give the monthly temperature to thousandths of a degree which is superfluous. When rounded up to a more physically sensible 0.1 deg almost all of the differences between the years of the past decade go away, but that is another story, and not the subject of this post.

2010 was an El Nino year. Before I examine the monthly temperature for the year I thought it would be instructive to see what an El Nino year looks like. In this case the strongest El Nino on record.

1998

Data from Hadcrut3 produced by the Climatic Research Unit.

January; (at the time the warmest on record) cooler than 07, 04, 03, 02.

February; warmest on record.

March; (at the time the warmest on record) cooler than 10, 02.

April; warmest on record.

May; warmest on record.

June; warmest on record.

July; warmest on record.

August; warmest on record.

September; (at the time the warmest on record) cooler than 09, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01.

October; (at the time cooler than 97) cooler than 09, 08, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 97.

November; (at the time cooler than 97) cooler than 10, 09, 08, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 97.

December; (at the time cooler than 97) cooler than 06, 03, 97.

 

The data shows just how exceptional was 1998 (and 1997). Nine months broke a record, and the other three were close. The warm Spring is typical of El Nino.

The subsequent warm decade has altered things somewhat. We see that even for the hottest year on record, by most global temperature datasets, half of the months of the year were unexceptional in the context of the recent (and warmest) decade. 1998 now has the top 4 of the warmest months on record, and another entry in the top ten. Curiously, in the top ten warmest months, only two are after 2002 (Jan 07 in 6th place and March 10 in 10th.)

For comparison consider a non-El Nino year.

 

2003

January; cooler that 07, 02.

February; cooler than 10, 07, 06, 04, 02, 99, 98.

March; cooler than 10, 08, 07, 05, 04, 02, 01, 98.

April; cooler than 10, 07, 05, 04, 02, 01, 00, 98.

May; cooler than 10, 05, 02, 98.

June; cooler than 10, 09, 05, 02, 98.

July; cooler than 10, 09, 06, 05, 02, 98.

August; 09,98.

September; warmest on record.

October; warmest on record.

November; 10, 09, 08, 05, 04, 01, 97.

December; cooler than 97.

 

The differences are clear.

Moving onto 2010 there are five temperature databases to examine.

 

Dataset: Crut3v

 

January; cooler than 09, 08, 06, 00, 99.

February; cooler than 09, 08, 06, 03, 01, 00.

March; warmest on record.

April; cooler than 07, 05.

May; cooler than 03, 98.

June; warmest on record.

July; cooler than 06, 05, 98.

August; cooler than 09, 01, 98.

September; cooler than 09, 07, 05.

October; cooler than 09, 08, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 98.

November; cooler than 05, 04.

December; cooler than 09, 08, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 99, 98, 97, 96, 94, 93, 90, 89, 88, 87, 81, 79, 39,1852.

 

Note: Two record months, though not statistically significant.  El Nino warmth in Spring. La Nina cooling later in the year.

2010 overall; cooler than 2005, 1998.

 

Dataset: Hadcrut3 from CRU

 

January; cooler than 07, 04, 03, 02.

February; cooler than 07, 02, 99, 98.

March; cooler than 02.

April; cooler than 98.

May; cooler than 98.

June; cooler than 98.

July; cooler than 05, 98.

August; cooler than 06, 05, 03, 01, 98.

September; cooler than 09, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 98,97.

October; cooler than 09, 08, 06, 05, 04, 03, 98, 97.

November; cooler than 09, 06, 05, 04, 01, 97.

December; cooler than 09, 08, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 99, 98, 97, 92, 87, 79.

 

Note: No single month broke a record. Warm Spring evidence of El Nino.

2010 overall; cooler than 2005, 1998, equivalent to 2003.

 

“Met Office” Hadcrut3

(the Met Office also has a database it calls Hadcrut3 which it calculates a different way from CRU)

 

Jan; cooler that 07, 04, 03, 02, 98.

Feb; cooler than 07, 04, 02, 99, 98.

March; cooler than 02.

April; cooler than 98.

May; cooler than 98.

June; cooler than 98.

July; cooler than 98.

August; cooler than 09, 06, 05, 03, 01, 98.

September; cooler than 09, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 98.

October; cooler than 09, 08, 06, 05, 04, 03, 98.

November; cooler than 05, 04, 01.

December; cooler than 09, 08, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 99, 98, 97.

 

Note 5 warm months in the Northern Hemisphere Spring – sign of a strong El Nino. No single month broke a record.

2010 overall; cooler than 1998.

 

Dataset: NOAA

 

January; cooler than 07, 03, 02.

February; cooler than 04, 02, 99, 98.

March; warmest on record.

April; warmest on record.

May; warmest on record.

June; cooler than 05.

July; cooler than 05, 98.

August; cooler than 09, 06, 05, 03,02.

September; cooler than 09, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 98.

October; cooler than 09, 08, 06. 05, 04, 03, 02.

November; cooler than 04.

December; cooler than 09, 08, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 99, 98, 97, 94, 90, 87, 82, 79.

 

Note: Three record months, though not statistically significant. Evidence of El Nino warmth in Spring.

The NOAA Press Release said 2010 tied with 2005. However, the quoted errors are +/- 0.07 which means that 2010 is statistically equivalent to 09,08,07,06,05,04,03,02,01,98.

Note that in the NOAA dataset 2010 is 2nd warmest land temperature and 3rd warmest ocean temperature.

 

Dataset: NasaGiss

 

January; cooler than 07, 05, 02.

February; cooler than 98.

March; cooler than 02.

April; warmest on record.

May; cooler 98.

June; cooler than 09, 05, 98.

July; cooler than 09, 08, 07, 05, 02, 01, 98.

August; cooler than 09, 01, 98.

September; cooler than 09, 06, 05, 03, 98.

October; cooler than 05, 03.

November; warmest on record.

December; cooler than 09, 08, 06, 05, 04, 03, 01, 99, 97.

 

Note: Evidence of warm El Nino Spring. Record warmest months not statistically significant.

According to NasaGiss 2010 set a record with only two record months.

NASA Press Release said 2010 tied with 2005 which at a temperature anomaly of 0.63 was 0.01 above 2005. The Press Release went on to say that 1998 was in third place with 09,07,06,03 and 02. However, the reality is that 1998 and the other years are statistically equivalent being spread over a range of 0.03 deg C within the errors of 2010 and 2005. NasaGiss is thus statistically equivalent to no change since 1998 (note that in 2005 NasaGiss announced that 2005 was a dead heat with 1998. In 2007 they put 1998 behind 2005.)

Many press reports said that 2010 was a near-record breaking year despite the cooling influence of a La Nina later in the year. What was omitted however was mention of the fact that the reason why the year was marginally warmer than previous years was because of the warming El Nino.

Contrary to press reports the evidence is that 2010 was a year no different from all of the years 2001-2009 with the exception of a moderate to strong El Nino that elevated temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere’s Spring, and a cooling La Nina later in the year. The standstill seen in global temperatures since 2001 continues.

Finally, the temperature anomalies for the past 13 years.

 

Year Met Office Hadcrut CRU Hadcrut CRUTem Giss NOAA
2010 0.50 0.47 0.71 0.63 0.62
2009 0.44 0.44 0.64 0.58 0.56
2008 0.31 0.33 0.53 0.44 0.48
2007 0.40 0.40 0.68 0.58 0.55
2006 0.43 0.43 0.67 0.55 0.56
2005 0.47 0.47 0.75 0.62 0.62
2004 0.43 0.44 0.61 0.48 0.54
2003 0.47 0.47 0.65 0.55 0.58
2002 0.46 0.46 0.66 0.56 0.58
2001 0.40 0.41 0.55 0.47 0.52
2000 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.33 0.39
1999 0.26 0.30 0.49 0.32 0.42
1998 0.52 0.53 0.82 0.56 0.60

 

Note; Met Office Hadcrut, CRU Hadcrut and CRUTem are all with respect to 1961–90. Giss is 1951-80. NOAA 1901-2000.

Met Office Hadcrut

Cru Hadcrut

CruTem

Giss

Noaa

Feedback: david.whitehouse@thegwpf.org

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TFNJ
February 4, 2011 2:00 am

Scientific hypotheses are falsified if predictions turn out to be untrue. The AGW hypotheses thru the 1990s were for continued warming, shadowing the Keeling CO2 concentration curve. Global temperatures have in fact (source, P Jones) been flat since 1995, with unsurprisingly quite a lot of noise. Arguing about whether this or that peak is 0.01 degree hotter than 1998 is completely irrelevant. As Nigel Lawson (no fool) said a year ago, imagine the furore had world population stopped rising in 1995.
The fact is, the AGW hypotheses have been shown to be false. Simple as that.

Tenuc
February 4, 2011 2:30 am

My own view is that any slight warming stopped after 1998 and that the plateau in temperatures that followed are a sign of a swing in climate regime which will result in a cooling world for the next 30y or so.
The coincidence of this climate oscillation with a very quiet sun makes me worry that we are heading towards another LIA. Should temperature drop a couple of degrees Celsius the NH won’t be a nice place to be! Hope I’m wrong…

February 4, 2011 2:51 am

The warm Spring is typical of El Nino.

Now, now, let’s not get hemispherist – Spring in the NH or SH?

tom
February 4, 2011 3:01 am

The bottom line is that the IPCC cabal cannot prove its AGW hypothesis because it is not being tested for faults. The modelling parameters increasingly look like something Goebbels would endorse. The question marks keep stacking up. The cabal believes it is not necessary to address the lack of public confidence in its hypothesis. So Jones, Hansen and co keep “adjusting” the data. How much longer before the science community starts demanding the restoration of its credibility, as the climate science fiasco is affecting trust in the other disciplines. The sceptics would go away if the hypothesis could be proven.

sharper00
February 4, 2011 3:07 am

This analysis shows that 1998 was more of an outlier relative to earlier years than 2010 was.
Given that most records show 2010 as at least matching 1998 then the analysis damages the “No warming” position rather than reinforces it. For every month hotter ones can only be found in the 2000s or late 90s. Why not the early 90s, 80s or 70s?

Bob Layson
February 4, 2011 3:30 am

It is simply an attempt at deception to speak of ‘record temperatures’ in the hope and expectation than most people will take that to mean that science does not know of a hotter time in human history. Fossil records, ice records and the sediment records are no less sources of knowledge than thermometers.
Shame on those that practice such deception.

Chris Wright
February 4, 2011 5:06 am

I suppose it’s understandable, but I can’t help thinking that all this talk about records, whether warm or cold, can be very misleading. Surely the bast way is to get the data, draw a graph and stare at it, and decide what the trends are.
Let’s assume that Phil Jones is right and that, as he is said to have stated in a BBC interview, there has been no statistically warming since 1995. If it’s effectively been flat for the last fifteen years then, by definition, we’re still more or less at the top. We know that climate and weather never changes in nice tidy straight lines, and there is a huge amount of short-term variability. Because we’re still near the top, random variations can still easily set new records.
But if you look at the graphs you can see it’s meaningless. Even if the recent short term change due to el Nino did set new records (and, overall, it probably didn’t) the graphs still show that the trend is still flat or even slightly negative. And of course now global temperatures are starting to plunge, as shown by the recent satellite data.
My advice, for what it’s worth: forget about records and look at the graphs.
Chris

Richard M
February 4, 2011 5:17 am

sharper00 says: February 4, 2011 at 3:07 am
This analysis shows that 1998 was more of an outlier relative to earlier years than 2010 was.

Actually they are both outlier years. From my perspective there was warming through 2005 and since then cooling. The outlier years only make it appear flatter at the top of the cycle than it really was. Of course, the cycle is fairly minuscule overall … it’s amazing that anyone thinks a couple tenths of a degree is anything to get excited about.

John K. Sutherland
February 4, 2011 6:42 am

The author used the word ‘superfluous’ in his third paragraph. I would have said either ‘unscientific’ or ‘nonsensical’.

John K. Sutherland
February 4, 2011 7:05 am

scientific convention (SI) dictates that numbers are round to the nearest even number. thus 1.5, becomes 2; and 2.5 also becomes 2. As many are rounded up as are rounded down in an evenly balanced set of distributed data. In Banking, it means that no-one can ‘game’ the system to make money they shouldn’t have.

climatebeagle
February 4, 2011 7:15 am

Mike says:
February 3, 2011 at 7:12 pm
The world is warming. … 2010 was, on average, tied with 2005 as the warmest year on record.
——————–
Got to love this, the world is warming using no change over five years with the intervening years being cooler to emphasize it. 🙂
Up is down, warm is cold, snow is AGW

JP
February 4, 2011 7:57 am

Sharperoo,
Your analysis only holds up if you accept the homogenization that NOAA, HadCrut, and GISS use in their temperature databases. Past temps consistently get adjusted downward, while temps in recent years get adjusted upward.
In any event,even HadCrut shows little if any warming since 1998.

Crispin in Waterloo
February 4, 2011 8:22 am

climatebeagle
Well spotted! “The world is warming.” It is as hot as it was 10 years ago. “We are at a peak.” So, it is as hot as it was 10 years ago, maybe 15. By what definition is that ‘warming’? Can I define ‘cooling’ in a similar manner?
“Warming” to me, means a steady increase in temperature. I certainly know the CO2 is going up, maybe from the LIA increase over the past few centuries or from human activities, maybe not. As the ‘warming’ (evident in the many temperature series) seems to have been from about 1975-1995, a very short time, and it has not apparently warmed during 1995-2011, then either the definition of ‘warming’ has morphed into ‘continuing to be warmer that is used to be recently’ or someone is fibbing.
Someone above asked why it was not as warm in the 80’s. Well, we don’t really know, do we, because the urban temperatures have been so misused and massaged we can’t actually tell. An interesting alternative question is, “Why hasn’t continuing urbanisation and UHI been able to deliver a continuing warming signal given the positive bias available to climate scientists?” Surely with an advantage like that, we should be seeing bigger numbers from them each year? Taking away the bias and manipulation of temperatures past and present, would we see any warming at all? Is it continuing?
It seems the main support for a warming world is from the lip-and-tongue modulated CO2 expelled from the lungs of a some members of the climate science and enviro-alarm communities.

Paul Barclay
February 4, 2011 8:37 am

It is an excellent, cool, rational and clear analysis by Dr Whitehouse.
Yes he is the former BBC Science correspondent and noted astronomer and writer.
He was the best BBC Science reported they ever had because he knew what he was talking about, unlike the bluff of Harrabin and Shukman.
I head, on good authority, that he was ‘creatively dismissed’ from the BBC when radio and TV news merged a while back, because his scientific analysis of news was different from his then TV counterpart with whom he was expected to work.
Instead of asking the TV science correspondent to ‘step up’ and match the quality, output, and scientific knowledge of Dr Whitehouse, BBC management decided (in a move worthy of the Soviet Union) to sack the better guy and keep the poorer one as the TV guy was too close to retirement to choose. In fact he did retire a few months after Dr Whitehouse left.
That’s what I heard from a friend in the BBC. I wonder if the truth will ever come out.

February 4, 2011 8:44 am

The anomolies between the 5 sets of temperature “anomolies” looks to be somthing of a an anomoly!
I support Dr Whitehouse’s view that temperatures cannot be measured to 3 decimal places of accuracy (i.e. 5 figures on the degF/C scale), outside of laboratory control conditions.

Ken Harvey
February 4, 2011 10:02 am

Thousandths of a degree? I can’t quite manage those on my thermometer. I can make a pretty fair guess at halves.

robert
February 4, 2011 10:31 am

Dr. Whitehouse,
Please tell me why no temperature record which covers the Arctic has 1998 as the warmest year on record? For a REAL comparison of temperature datasets see the following:
http://www.skepticalscience.com/Monckton-Myth-2-Temperature-records-trends-El-Nino.html
This includes all major indices (minus the JMA) and includes the reanalysis datasets. Perhaps you should stop cherry picking which datasets you use. Showing Hadleys analysis 3 times despite it being known that they undersample warming regions (see ECWMF) and that their station combination method reduces the actual warmth (see Roman M post).
Please answer these questions, in fact I would love to hear why Hadley is the darling of the skeptics considering it uses the LEAST amount of data due to the CAM method. I thought you people wanted to see ALL the available data?

February 4, 2011 10:47 am

Robert,
Could you be any more hypocritical?? Thirteen years after MBH98, Michael Mann still refuses to disclose his data, methodologies and metadata!
Using the usual alarmist contingent tactic of projection doesn’t work here on the world’s most viewed climate website. How many posts have you made demanding that Mann must come clean? Not one, I’ll bet. Hypocrisy doesn’t go unnotced here. And please stop linking to the website run by the cartoonist. He’s about as much of a scientific skeptic as Al Gore. Cartoonists are innate propagandists, and Cook is no different.

A HOLMES
February 4, 2011 12:45 pm

Just out of curiosity , reference fractions of a degree warming etc , how sensitive are our bodies to tenths of a degree warming or cooling – wouldnt it be rotten if the global warming we are supposed to be having cant actually be felt so we get no benefit from it as regards not having to wear such a thick coat in Winter or need to remove a jumper in Summer !

Editor
February 4, 2011 3:43 pm

Back in the summer, some people challenged my statement that the solar cycle had hit a speed bump. Turns out I was right: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/SolarCycle/f10.gif
Looks like the sun’s performance is turning out to be half what NASA’s downward adjusted predictions are, even lower than Leif’s predictions.

Philip Shehan
February 4, 2011 4:40 pm

On the other hand we have this from John Cook:
http://www.skepticalscience.com/Monckton-Myth-2-Temperature-records-trends-El-Nino.html
“To answer this question I looked at more than just the traditional Hadley, NASA and NOAA datasets, but also the measurements of the lower troposphere processed by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama-Huntsville (UAH) as well as the 5 major reanalysis datasets which incorporate station data, aircraft data, satellite data, radiosonde data and meteorological weather modeling. In hopes of being able to demonstrate robustness I have compiled data from the 10 different sources, with these, and 2010’s year-end temperature ranking summarized in Table 1.”
John also gives an excellent graph of the combined 10 data sets with a superimposed correlation function which shows that temperatures are not only increasing, but the rate of increase is increasing.

Philip Shehan
February 4, 2011 4:42 pm

Oops. I see that robert alredy drew attention to Cooks analysis.
Bears repeating though.

February 4, 2011 5:21 pm

BarryW, says:
February 3, 2011 at 6:49 pm
Hence the real question is what was the total heat content of the atmosphere/aquasphere at the beginning of the year and what was it at the end.

According to the NOAA NODC OCL OHC page global heat content anomaly for the upper 700 m of oceans changed little during last year. In fourth quarter of 2009 it was 4.571±0.231×10^22 J, while a year later, in fourth quarter of 2010 it was 4.564±0.225×10^22 J. The 7×10^19 J decrease is negligible and is well within the error bounds. Therefore heat content of the climate system was absolutely stationary in this unprecedented year, there was no extra heat “accumulating in the pipeline” whatsoever.
An annual increase of 10^22 Joule is equivalent to a 0.62 W/m^2 net radiative imbalance at TOA (Top of Atmosphere), which would be 0.26% of average outgoing thermal (or absorbed shortwave) radiation flux. Data measured by the ARGO fleet last year show the radiative balance was practically perfect (within 0.06% of average fluxes).
And that in a year when water vapor content of the atmosphere (the strongest of greenhouse gases) was said to be well above average. If it’s true either low level cloud cover increased to make up for the difference or fractal dimension of water vapor distribution decreased somewhat making atmospheric IR opacity more or less constant in spite of increasing average humidity. Or both.

JR
February 4, 2011 8:28 pm

robert and Philip Shehan – if you look at closely at Cook’s graph, you will see that if the temperature time series had ended at 1945, it would have looked like “temperatures were not only increasing, but that the rate was also increasing” – all without the help of CO2. The reason Cook is even able to drag his “fitted curve” flatter for longer before exponentially increasing is because of that flat period between 1945 and 1980. However, the observed temperature profile could be explained without CO2: urban warming from 1910 to 1945, “apparent cooling” from 1945 to 1980 because stations moved from cities (urban) to airports (rural), and then urban warming again as development occurred around the airports.

Robert
February 4, 2011 9:20 pm

Smokey says:
February 4, 2011 at 10:47 am
Could you be any more hypocritical?? Thirteen years after MBH98, Michael Mann still refuses to disclose his data, methodologies and metadata!
With all due respect Smokey you couldn’t be more incorrect. Mann’s 1998 and 1999 data are on NOAA’s paleoclimate data website (easily found) as well as the majority of the other reconstructions. His methodologies are well known and have been emulated in the literature multiple times. His code for matlab is also readily available. This idea that this stuff is not available right now is an outright distortion of the truth. That graph is over 10 years old. A whole decade has passed and better reconstructions have come about (Moburg et al 2005, Mann et al. 2008 …etc…) please stop rehashing old arguments.
JR says:
February 4, 2011 at 8:28 pm,
Regarding your airport claim see the following:
http://clearclimatecode.org/airport-warming/
Regarding Urban warming I draw your attention to :
http://www.skepticalscience.com/urban-heat-island-effect-intermediate.htm
Do you know what better explains the warming?
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/modelforce/
GHG warming + Sulfate Aerosol Cooling + Volcanic Cooling + Feedbacks + Solar Activity