New rate of stratospheric photolysis questions ozone hole

These images show its size each September over the past years, as derived from GOME, GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY satellite data. - click to enlarge
By Joseph D’Aleo, CCM, AMS Fellow

 

Dr. Will Happer of Princeton wrote “The Montreal Protocol to ban freons was the warm-up exercise for the IPCC.  Many current IPCC players gained fame then by stampeding the US Congress into supporting the Montreal Protocol. They learned to use dramatized, phony scientific claims like “ozone holes over Kennebunkport” (President Bush Sr’s seaside residence in New England). The ozone crusade also had business opportunities for firms like Dupont to market proprietary “ozone-friendly” refrigerants at much better prices than the conventional (and more easily used) freons that had long-since lost patent protection and were not a cheap commodity with little profit potential” (link).

Even James Lovelock agrees. James Lovelock formulated the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the chemical and physical environment. He later became concerned that global warming would upset the balance and leave only the arctic as habitable. He began to move off this position in 2007 suggesting that the Earth itself is in “no danger” because it would stabilize in a new state.

James Lovelock’s reaction to first reading about the CRU emails in late 2009 was one of a true scientist:

“I was utterly disgusted. My second thought was that it was inevitable. It was bound to happen. Science, not so very long ago, pre-1960s, was largely vocational. Back when I was young, I didn’t want to do anything else other than be a scientist. They’re not like that nowadays. They don’t give a damn. They go to these massive, mass-produced universities and churn them out. They say: “Science is a good career. You can get a job for life doing government work.” That’s no way to do science.

I have seen this happen before, of course. We should have been warned by the CFC/ozone affair because the corruption of science in that was so bad that something like 80% of the measurements being made during that time were either faked, or incompetently done.

Fudging the data in any way whatsoever is quite literally a sin against the holy ghost of science. I’m not religious, but I put it that way because I feel so strongly. It’s the one thing you do not ever do. You’ve got to have standards.”

On a March 2010 Guardian interview, Lovelock opined:

“The great climate science centres around the world are more than well aware how weak their science is. If you talk to them privately they’re scared stiff of the fact that they don’t really know what the clouds and the aerosols are doing…We do need skepticism about the predictions about what will happen to the climate in 50 years, or whatever. It’s almost naive, scientifically speaking, to think we can give relatively accurate predictions for future climate. There are so many unknowns that it’s wrong to do it.”

Will Happer further elaborated:

“The Montreal Protocol may not have been necessary to save the ozone, but it had limited economic damage. It has caused much more damage in the way it has corrupted science. It showed how quickly a scientist or activist can gain fame and fortune by purporting to save planet earth.  We have the same situation with CO2 now, but CO2 is completely natural, unlike freons. Planet earth is quite happy to have lots more CO2 than current values, as the geological record clearly shows.  If the jihad against CO2 succeeds, there will be enormous economic damage, and even worse consequences for human liberty at the hands of the successful jihadists.”

LIKE GLOBAL WARMING THE DATA DOESN’T SUPPORT THE THEORY

The ozone hole has not closed off after we banned CFCs. See this story in Nature:

Scientific Consensus on Man-Made Ozone Hole May Be Coming Apart

As the world marks 20 years since the introduction of the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer, Nature has learned of experimental data that threaten to shatter established theories of ozone chemistry. If the data are right, scientists will have to rethink their understanding of how ozone holes are formed and how that relates to climate change.

Markus Rex, an atmosphere scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research in Potsdam, Germany, did a double-take when he saw new data for the break-down rate of a crucial molecule, dichlorine peroxide (Cl2O2). The rate of photolysis (light-activated splitting) of this molecule reported by chemists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, was extremely low in the wavelengths available in the stratosphere – almost an order of magnitude lower than the currently accepted rate.

“This must have far-reaching consequences,” Rex says. “If the measurements are correct we can basically no longer say we understand how ozone holes come into being.” What effect the results have on projections of the speed or extent of ozone depletion remains unclear.

STILL COMING

Yet like the cultists whose spacecraft didn’t arrive on the announced date, the government scientists find ways to postpone it and save their reputations (examples “Increasing greenhouse gases could delay, or even postpone indefinitely the recovery of stratospheric ozone in some regions of the Earth, a Johns Hopkins earth scientist suggests” here and “Scientists Find Antarctic Ozone Hole to Recover Later than Expected” here.

“The warmers are getting more and more like those traditional predictors of the end of the world who, when the event fails to happen on the due date, announce an error in their calculations and a new date.” Dr. John Brignell, Emeritus Engineering Professor at the University of Southampton, on Number Watch (May 1) PDF

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jimmi
January 9, 2011 4:51 pm

Let me get this straight. We’re concerned about exposure to solar UV raditaion in the high latitudes during the polar winter when the sun ain’t shining there?

No, people are concerned about UV exposure in the summer at high latitudes, because the ozone ‘hole’ (more exactly ozone depletion as it never goes to zero) which develops in the Arctic and Antarctic spring (particularly the Antarctic) and which remains until the summer before then reducing. If you live in Australia or New Zealand you are advised to take precautions.

Joel Shore
January 9, 2011 5:44 pm

jimmi says:

Since 2007 further studies have been made, and it turns out that it is Pope’s 2007 paper that is probably in error, not the older measurements. See, for example,
Papanastasiou et.al Journal of Physical Chemistry A, volume 113, page 13711 (2009),
or
Wilmouth et al, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol 113, page 14099 (2009)

I am sure that Joe D’Aleo will be along shortly to correct his errors in this post and set the record straight. Certainly the sort of thing that an AMS fellow would want to do if he wants to be worthy of the honor given to him by his peers in the meterological community.

Doug Badgero
January 9, 2011 5:52 pm

The earliest measurements occurred in the 1950s. Readings approaching 100du were recorded at that time. The coining of the term “ozone hole” occurred in the 1980s. It was not possible to call it a “hole” (a misnomer) until after satellite data was available. Those readings in the 50s are not significantly different than the readings of the satellite era in the hole.

jimmi
January 9, 2011 6:17 pm

The earliest measurements occurred in the 1950s. Readings approaching 100du were recorded at that time.

Where did you get that idea?

Doug Badgero
January 9, 2011 6:37 pm

A reading of 110du was recorded at the French Antarctic Observatory at Dumont d’Urville in the spring of 1958. As published by Rigaud and Leroy [Annales Geophysicae (November, 1990)]. Source: http://junkscience.com/Ozone/ozone_seasonal.html

January 9, 2011 7:36 pm

docattheautopsy says:
January 8, 2011 at 10:01 am
I can’t help but notice this is both seasonal and isolated, and that the conditions center around the cold forming “natural” ozone depletion agents (and, by the by, the Ozone Hole Website states CFCs are formed by sulfuric acid, nitric acid and ice, which is interesting as none of those molecules contain either carbon or chlorine).

No it says that the CFCs are broken down into the depletion agents by reactions on the surface of clouds formed from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and ice.

January 9, 2011 7:54 pm

kuhnkat says:
January 9, 2011 at 9:37 am
The only real data we have is that stopping production of CFC’s has made NO difference in the appearance of the Antarctic Ozone hole. You may also want to ponder on the FACT that the Arctic, which is much closer to all the evil CFC production, never had much of a hole and still doesn’t. The factors making up the ozone hole have little to do with anthropogenic activities.
Your moniker “Lazy” is apparently appropriate.

Actually LT is on the money, the one who deserves the moniker of ‘lazy’ is you!

January 9, 2011 8:03 pm

bubbagyro says:
January 8, 2011 at 6:54 pm
You are right on the mark. Ozone is paramagnetic, unlike most other gases. The CFC hypothesis of ozone depletion has been falsified on many front for years, but the eco-wackos never adjust their suppositions.

No Ozone is diamagnetic, Oxygen is paramagnetic.

fhsiv
January 9, 2011 8:12 pm

jimmi says:
“…the ozone ‘hole’ (more exactly ozone depletion as it never goes to zero)….”
I think your perspective is backwards! No mechamism for ‘depletion’ is needed to explain the observed distribution. Only that atmospheric mixing is not always adequate to create the distribution that you assume to be the normal natural conditon.
Isn’t the amount of incident UV radiation per unit area at any given time (when measured normal to the propagation direction of the sun’s rays) constant over the area of the earth exposed to the sun? If so, then the UV intensity per unit area of the atmosphere will be at a maximum where the propagation direction of the sun’s rays are normal to the surface of the atmoshpere (i.e. at a point somewhere between 23N and 23S depending on the season). And, since the intensity per unit area will decrease with increasing latitude (as the constant amount of incident UV per unit cross sectional area is distributed over a progressively larger area of the atmosphere), the amount of ozone formation and resulting ozone concentration will decrease proportionally.

jimmi
January 9, 2011 9:37 pm

Fhsiv, your perspective would not explain why the ozone concentration over Antarctica decreases sharply in the southern spring just as UV intensity is building up, and you would expect ozone production to increase from its winter lull.
Doug Badgero, I would have to check the origin of your figure in that reference more carefully, but it does not look very convincing considering the record given on this site, http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/history.html which is continuous from 1957 and shows values of ~300DU as typical for October.

Khwarizmi
January 10, 2011 12:35 am

izen:
“It was theoretically possible that the chemically stable CFCs would be responsible for extra ozone depletion when sunlight returned to the antarctic polar vortex causing a decrease in ozone levels in the spring when they were predicted, and observed to rise due to UV photochemical synthesis.”
jimmi:
“Fhsiv, your perspective would not explain why the ozone concentration over Antarctica decreases sharply in the southern spring just as UV intensity is building up, and you would expect ozone production to increase from its winter lull.”
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
abstract:
===========
Spring-ozone change in Antarctica and the role of the polar vortex
Rumen D. Bojkov
Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada
Analysis of the stratospheric temperatures and geopotential heights confirms that the spring-to-spring ozone changes closely follow the changes of the thermobaric field, and that the rapid increase of ozone (and stratospheric temperature) in the spring is dependent on the time of the polar vortex breakdown, when favorable conditions for continuous meridional exchange of ozone-rich air from the middle latitudes are re-established. The stratospheric heating rates and the weak gradient in the vortex central region during early spring provide favorable conditions for weak upward motions, responsible for a substantial part of the ozone loss between the date of the solar penetration of the stratosphere, and the date of the vortex breakdown.
Advances in Space Research, Volume 6, Issue 10, 1986, Pages 89-98
===========
So you don’t need CFCs to account for the spring depletion.
Correct?

jimmi
January 10, 2011 1:43 am

correct?
No.

Khwarizmi
January 10, 2011 3:49 am

jimmi – your declaration comes with no reasoning, so I can not judge its value.
There is also that glaring anomaly in spring of 2002 that you seem to have overlooked.
Variations in the speed of the polar vortex, as described in the 1986 paper I cited, are generally held to account for that 2002 anomaly.
e.g.,
===========
This year’s Antarctic ozone hole confirmed as smallest since 1988
Nov 2002
[…]
“The energy deposited in the stratosphere reduced the size and strength of the polar vortex.”
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/coldscience/2002-11-24-antarctic-sun-ozone_x.htm
===========
You therefore don’t need a CFC epicycle to account for either
(a) spring depletion, or
(b) changes in the rate and pattern of spring depletion.

jimmi
January 10, 2011 5:14 am

Khwarizmi
The reason for the simple no, is simple. That paper is 25 years old and predates nearly everything that has been discovered re. the chemistry of the ozone hole. The 2002 event was due to Antarctica being unusually warm that winter with the result that the Polar Stratospheric Clouds which are a critical component of the process, did not form. (ref. http://www.springerlink.com/content/l621282n7vm561t3/ )
If you want more modern descriptions, start with the Nobel speech by Rowland (http://www.eoearth.org/article/Stratospheric_Ozone_Depletion_by_Chlorofluorocarbons_(Nobel_Lecture)) , follow with the lecture by Molina
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/molina-lecture.pdf
and then to get up to date go look at the NASA pages , http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/ and follow all the links from that page.

Khwarizmi
January 10, 2011 7:09 am

jimmi – note the stamp collection showing ozone concentrations that accompanied this article, with the spring pattern from 1995-2007 showing no relationship to your hypothesis.
Sophistry, bafflegab, appeals to authority, and those shiny badges of merit awarded between monkeys on a bandwagon will never convince me.
The 1986 explanation for the spring depletion demonstrates predictive prowess, accounting for the phenomena we saw in 2002 before it occurred. Your hypothesis, with its redundant misanthropic epicycle, weak explanatory value, and retroactive special pleadings, failed to predict the event.

Khwarizmi
January 10, 2011 8:05 am

Also jimmy,
Not a single cloud appears in the paper you cited but evidently didn’t bother to read.
I had already studied it.
Shame on you.

The iceman cometh
January 10, 2011 9:16 am

One of the strange, unreported aspects of the ozone story is that no one seems certian how ozone is formed. Everyone says that it comes from photolysis of O2 and the reaction of O* with further O2 in the presence of a third entity to carry off the excess energy; and there is absolute consensus that O2 photolysis requires <241nm wavelength photons. The trouble is, ozone clearly forms in the stratosphere, and the measurements show no <241nm light still present in the sun's radiation at stratospheric altitudes – it has all been filtered out much higher up. So where does ozone come from? I have posed the question in a wide range of fora, and have yet to have anything other than a mystified response.
The ozone hole pics are also interesting. We know the spring release of ozone destroyers comes from winter concentration of halocarbons on stratospheric ice crystals (the noctilucent clouds), and release of those halocarbons as the sun rises over Antarctica. Is the hole larger because it was colder than normal? I can't find any study of the noctilucent clouds and their volume/area as a function of temperatures. Does anyone know of any?

Joseph Murphy
January 10, 2011 12:56 pm

[snip lets leave that chemical out of the discussion]

climateman
January 10, 2011 1:44 pm

With regard to the “Scientific Consensus on the Man-Made Ozone Hole ..”, it appears that the pivotal 2007 paper by Pope at al. has been refuted. Wetzel, et al., have published a paper on the “First remote sensing measurements of ClOOCl …” which is available at http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/931/2010/acp-10-931-2010.pdf
I have no idea which end is up on this! Does this lead us anywhere new?

ginckgo
January 10, 2011 9:04 pm

quote mine city

Joseph Murphy
January 13, 2011 11:59 am

The snip is appropriate, I was OT without offering any information. As always the mods do a great job here. Thank you.

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