By David Wojick
The existing battery safety standards are grossly incomplete for the huge grid grid scale battery complexes being recklessly built in large numbers.
Massachusetts recently requested public comments that addressed important issues with its planned multi-billion dollar battery buy. Public safety was one of the issues so I submitted the comments given below. I only found out about this request at the last moment so the comments are brief but they touch on some central safety concerns.
By way of background, in December a law was passed mandating that the big Massachusetts electric power utilities but a whopping 5,000 MW of grid scale batteries. Round 1 will buy up to 1,500 MW of 4 to 10 hour batteries and Round 2 another 1,000 MW.
The State Energy Office and the utilities are working on the RFPs for these two monster battery buys. They put out a list of key RFP related “stakeholder questions” and asked for comments on them. Here are my comments.
Beginning of my submitted comments:
“These brief comments are for Rounds 1 & 2. Additional information upon request.
Massachusetts multi-billion dollar battery buy RFPs raise serious safety concerns as many hundreds of container sized batteries may be bought. Here are the stakeholder comment questions:
“9. Safety:
a. Which safety standards should be required as a minimum baseline.
b. The safety systems, insurance requirements, relationships with emergency responders and host communities, emergency response plans, and any other necessary protections to keep adjacent communities safe.”
Here are my comments:
The central issue is how to prevent or respond to a major fire. That these huge battery chemical units can spontaneously ignite or explode is well established.
It is imperative that the battery units be spaced far enough apart to prevent a unit fire from spreading to its neighboring units, which could catastrophically ignite the entire facility. The required spacing standards do not exist. The AIG insurance company discusses this issue here:
They call for at least 10′ spacing but I suggest a safer 20′ spacing and a limit of 10 containers per site. What is needed is careful thermal engineering based on the specific battery technology being used. These battery chemicals burn at an incredible 5,000 degrees F.
There should be no host community or adjacent communities. Sites should be rural and as isolated from communities as possible.
Liability insurance should be required for full facility fire offsite impacts. If there are nearby communities then on the order of a billion dollars including loss of life may be necessary.
Require on-site fire suppression or containment systems. Require large on-site water supply with containment of contaminated runoff. Fighting these fires requires special training and equipment. The facility should pay for these.
See my for more information.
Respectfully submitted,
David Wojick, Ph.D.”
End of submitted comments.
The present industry practices are catastrophically incompetent when it comes to the spacing between these huge battery units. Specifically they are misusing a standard issued by the National Fire Protection Association. This is NFPA 885, titled “Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems.”
This sounds right but it is written for very small storage systems, on the order of just 70 kW or so. Grid scale battery units run 1,500 kW or more. The 3 foot spacing mandated by NFPA 885 is completely wrong for these monster batteries but incredibly that is what people are using.
Ironically the American Clean Power Association just released a “Battery Storage System: Blueprint for Safety” that features NFPA 885 and shows several big facilities with 3 foot spacing.
With this tiny spacing and a unit fire at 5,000 degrees neighboring units are sure to ignite, causing a chain reaction that engulfs the entire facility. This just happened at Moss Landing where 350 MW of batteries went up in very hot flames that could be seen for miles.
Grid scale battery storage is out of control. NFPA took comments on a new grid battery standard almost a year ago but nothing has happened. We need action now.
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“Sites should be rural and as isolated from communities as possible.”
No, they should be located adjacent to the authorities that approve their use;
we don’t want our rural areas contaminated.
Great idea. Next to the Executive Mansion and State Capitol Buildings.
Inside capital buildings and house ALL elected officials directly beside them.
next to Gov. Healey’s home and of course on Martha’s Vineyard
In the parking lots where state bureaucrats park their cars
Bonus points if the cars are EVs.
What about that environmental justice we keep getting lectured on?
Leftist always exempt themselves from the standards they set up for everyone else.
“We need a grid battery public safety standard”
I would argue that we do not. We don’t need batteries if we admit that green energy is not only extremely dirty – with very iffy labour involved – it doesn’t work. The only way it can be made to work is with a dependable backup. Batteries are most certainly not that.
Batteries and associated components give off some very nasty toxins in the event of a fire:
“Although the emission of toxic gases can be a larger threat than the heat, the knowledge of such emissions is limited. “
Toxic fluoride gas emissions from lithium-ion battery fires
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09784-z
“”grid scale battery complexes being recklessly built in large numbers.””
Perhaps a scientific study of the next fire seems a good idea if indeed “knowledge of such emissions is limited“.
Sure but these monsters are being built in droves. Massachusetts alone has a law mandating 5,000 MW hence my comments.
My problem with the green dream – in common with covid vaccines – is it omits any testing before it is unleashed. All done on a wing and a prayer.
No other sector of industry gets away with that
Covid vaccines were tested, extensively, before they were approved for use.
Or are you saying that you think you know better than the MHRA?
Until 2019 a vaccine took up to ten years to develop, test and bring to market.
“The Government anticipated a £1.7 billion bill for injuries caused by the coronavirus vaccine, the Covid Inquiry has heard. Documents shown to the inquiry reveal the Government was prepared for problems because Covid vaccines were developed at a “much faster pace” and would not be put through “more extensive clinical trials that would usually be the norm”.”
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/01/17/covid-vaccine-harms-cost-government-17bn-inquiry/
The pharmaceutical companies were given a waiver. It’s easy to see why.
I don’t consider the MHRA, or the BMA for that matter.
“Giving evidence to the inquiry, Lord Sharma, who was business secretary at the time, said the Government had indemnified pharmaceutical companies such as AstraZeneca, agreeing to pick up the cost of harm.”
You could say the results of the testing carried out from December 2020 are now starting to come in.
It looks like they were not safe and a decade or more of development is needed before a safe, reliable and effective vaccine is available for general release.
mRNA was slipped in alongside older viral vaccine technologies…
“It looks like they were not safe … “
Source?
Trump’s modification to testing procedures, was to allow the various stages of testing to occur simultaneously along with the creation of documentation.
Whittey and Vallance were in charge in the UK…
….
#diedsuddenly has entered the chat.
6 mice as test subjects isn’t exactly “extensive” trials.
And even then, most of them died.
Those mice are bred to die easily. Testing is done using the LD50 standard, which means that doses are so high that 50% are expected to die from toxicity affects.
So that approach was replicated when us human lab rats got our doses?
“bred to die easily”
Now, that was funny.
That testing was done in a hurry- not extensively.
So 21 posters and counting think they know better than the MHRA and other world leading regulatory authorities.
The delusion is strong in these ones.
If the Astrazenica vacciine was tested so thoroughly why is it now withdrawn?
Could you please point me to the long-term studies, then?
Somehow the mRNA vaccinations were developed prior to the 2019 outbreak.
You lied, got called out, and then you appealed to authority. Pretty spectacular fail. Shove your agenda up your backside.
The UK’s National Energy System Operator (NESO) expects Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to grow from 4.7GW now to 27.1GW in 2030. Currently most of these systems are of 1.5 to 2 hours duration.
In November 2024 the UK underwent an extended period of ‘dunkelflaute’ that lasted five days. Thankfully we were able to rely on large amounts of gas fired generation to get us through that period without major blackouts.
That 5000 MW/40,000 MWh, for 8 h duration, would have a TURNKEY capital cost of about 40,000 x 1000 x 600/kWh = $24 billion
But much less wind and solar will be built
So $25bn, for maybe 1% of what’s needed, i.e. $2.5 Trillion to backup a 100% renewable grid, for a state with a population maybe 2/3 that of Sweden.
Totally realistic ……………. not.
For 8 hours, what happens after the 8 hours and 1 minute mark?
The saps start freezing in the dark, whereupon the “scientists” scratch their heads, say “Oops, sorry,” to the public and mutter to themselves, “Ahhh. . . back to the drawing board.”
Add to your point, how long will the grid be dedicated to recharging those atrocities?
Generally speaking the time to discharge is proportional to the time to charge, sometimes 1 for 1.
Ben Vorlich: “For 8 hours. What happens after the 8 hours and 1 minute mark?”
Then the candles are lit. (Unless Massachusetts has banned candles because these produce toxic air emissions indoors.)
We all get screwed with brownouts and blackouts
$2.5 trillion would provide backup sufficient to cover any realistic wind/solar drought for any period of time, my point is that it’s a sum of money that’s so big, it can never possible happen.
Tariffs will increase that capital cost by about 25%
Addition:
THE DYSFUNCTIONAL STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS WITH GIANT BATTERIES
https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/the-dysfunctional-state-of-massachusetts-with-giant-batteries
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A recent announcement is to install a statewide, 4-h battery system, installed capacity 5000 MW/20,000 MWh.
Tesla recommends not charging to more than 80% full and not discharging to less than 20% full, to achieve normal life of 15 years and normal aging at 1.5%/y.
The delivered capacity would be 20,000 MWh x 0.6, Tesla factor x aging factor x 0.9, outage factor = 10,800 MWh
The batteries would 1) absorb midday solar peaks and deliver the electricity during peak hours of late afternoon/early evening, and 2) stabilize the grid, due to varying W/S output, 24/7/365
The turnkey cost would be about $600/installed kWh, delivered as AC at battery outlet, 2024 pricing, or $600/kWh x 20 million kWh = $12.0 billion, about every 15 years.
I did not mention annually increasing insurance costs of risky W/S projects.
If 50% were borrowed from banks, the cost of amortizing $6 billion at 6% over 15 years = $608 million/y
If 50% were from Owners, the cost of amortizing $6 billion at 10% over 15 years = $774 million/y
The two items total $1,382 million/y; another hell-of-a-big subsidy for W/S systems
There are many more cost items
Less 50% subsidies (tax credits, 5-y depreciation, loan interest deduction, etc.)
Subsidies shift costs from project Owners to ratepayers, taxpayers, government debt
https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/battery-system-capital-costs-losses-and-aging
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No banks will finance W/S projects at acceptable interest rates and no insurance companies will insure them at acceptable premiums, no matter what the leftist, woke bureaucrats are announcing.
The sooner the U-turn, the better for New England, the US and Europe
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NOTE: Trump has declared a National Energy Emergency. A new gas line from Pennsylvania to New England and new gas/oil storage systems near each CCGT power plant are needed, because most of the “planned” wind/solar/battery systems will never be built, especially after the application of tariffs.
“especially after the application of tariffs.”
YES, 100% tariff on China, and high tariffs on products from the EU should very effectively kill off new solar and wind turbine industrial estates.
Great news. !
There is a lot of resistance to the batteries in this state and it’s growing. People seem to tolerate some solar “farms” if they don’t have to see them from their home- but everyone knows the danger of the batteries. They see what happened in CA.
They will not be built, no matter the horse excrement from Mass bureaucrats and Co, because tariffs will increase capital costs/MW and electricity cost/kWh by 25% or more.
Net zero by 2050 Euro elites tried to entangle the US, with help of the unpatriotic, leftist Biden clique, into going down the black hole of 30,000 MW by 2030 of expensive, highly-subsidized, weather-dependent, grid-disturbing offshore windmill systems, which would need expensive, highly subsidized, short-lived, battery systems for grid support.
.
The windmill systems would have produced electricity at about 15 c/kWh, about 2.5 times greater than from domestic US gas, coal, nuclear, hydro plants, which would have made the US even less competitive in world markets.
Any tariffs would greatly increase capital and electricity costs of wind and solar systems.
.
Almost the entire supply of the projects would be designed and made in Europe, then transported across the Atlantic Ocean by European specialized ships, then unloaded at new, $500-million storage/pre-assembly/staging/barge-loading areas, then barged to European specialized erection ships for erection of the windmill systems. The financing would be mostly by European pension funds, that pay benefits to European retirees.
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Hundreds of people in each seashore state would have jobs during the erection phase
The other erection jobs would be by specialized European people, mostly on cranes and ships
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Hundreds of people in each seashore state would have long-term O&M jobs, using mostly European spare parts, during the 20-y electricity production phase.
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Conglomerates owned by Euro elites would finance, build, erect, own and operate almost 30,000 MW of the offshore windmills, providing work for many thousands of European workers for decades, and multi-$billion profits each year.
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That ruse did not work out, because Trump was elected.
The European-hate-Trump elites are furious. Projects are being cancelled. The European windmill industry is in shambles, with multi-$billion losses, lay-offs and $billions of stranded costs.
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Trump spared the US from the W/S evils inflicted by the leftist, woke Democrat cabal, that used an autopen for Biden signatures and used on-the-beach/in-the-basement Biden as an increasingly dysfunctional Marionette.
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Trump declared a National Energy Emergency, and put W/S/B systems at the bottom of the list, and suspended their licenses to put their glossy environmental impact statements, EIS, under proper scrutiny.
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Europe was using its IPCC-invented, “CO2-is-evil” hoax, based on its own science, to conjure up an expensive, worldwide “Net-zero by 2050” financial scam.
Euro elites used the Wind/Solar/Battery scam as a ruse, so the US would deliver electricity to users at very high c/kWh, to preserve Europe’s extremely advantageous trade balance with the US.
https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/international-trade-is-a-dog-eat-dog-business
Great comment, wil 🙂
With proper safety standards, it would be impossible to build these battery farms.
At a minimum, they will become much smaller and much more expensive.
MarkW: “With proper safety standards, it would be impossible to build these battery farms.
At a minimum, they will become much smaller and much more expensive.”
Which is why it is probable that proper safety standards will never be applied. At least not directly by the State of Massachusetts.
How about having the Trump administration EPA or possibly OSHA impose a proper set of standards?
What if Trump’s people stepped in and said it had to be done? This would be fighting fire with fire, so to speak.
Worth mentioning that, as ever, they’re using MW instead of MWh, which is the wrong unit.
Assuming 4 hours, the plan is for ~ 20,000 MWh, which likely represents ~0.5% of perhaps 4,000,000 MWh needed to back up a fully renewable grid in Massachusetts.
“Assuming 4 hours”
Just to be on the safe side have a deck of cards and a good book handy – like [waiting in] Casualty….
The Round 1 purchase is supposed to buy “4 to 10 hour batteries.” Where are they going to get any commercial 10 hour batteries? So that means they will just get 4 hour lithium batteries. And it’s not a question of if there will be a catastrophic fire, but when.
Popcorn, here we come.
On the plus side, at least you’ll have a handy way to heat your popcorn, just try to resist the temptation to breathe in and out.
… or eat the popcorn….
If you were buying a replacement battery for your battery drill that was rated to have a 4-to-10-hour discharge time, would you expect it to last any time longer than 4 hours?
Nope, especially at full output.
Several trillion dollars to back up a small regional grid for a few hours, all for a futile effort to fix what ain’t broke. (the climate)
Just the sort of folly you can expect from “the most educated state in the country.”
God only knows what Bay Staters might come up with if they were ignernt.
Fully renewable?
Will never happen!
Those leftist, woke, barnacle bureaucrats just want to have another, big visual MARQUE, to show the world how big their egos are.
They are in competition with California to see who can have the biggest fire
It has nothing to do with CO2. They are way past that nonsense
They are on autopilot, like lemmings, taking all of us over the cliff.
Just a notion: the grid is not built or designed for storage, let’s eliminate the fantasy of grid scale batteries altogether.
If we don’t have unreliable generation sources, we don’t need electrical storage. Dump wind and solar and no batteries are required.
A power distribution grid is built for distribution. On a distribution grid there are reliable generators, transmission, and users. If we want a storage network, we need a different grid.
If we must have unreliable generation sources, then the storage point must be colocated with the generator or with the user.
And there is no reason that electrical storage batteries must use lithium chemistry.
“If we don’t have unreliable generation sources, we don’t need electrical storage. Dump wind and solar and no batteries are required.”
That’s the bottom line. No wind and solar, no need for dangerous battery backup.
This sounds like it is made to order for a lawsuit by local people who might have to breath the toxic fumes from these battery fires.
And what insurance company insures these battery backup facilities? Any?
Rube Goldberg is loving all of this.
Yes, exactly right.
You said it!
Then there’s the problem of lithium batteries in the waste/recycling stream-
Plumes of black smoke rise over Paris after ‘major’ fire erupts | Watch
Plumes of smoke darken London skyline for miles after huge fire
Leeds fire: Emergency services descend on Hunslet address following huge inferno – Mirror Online
Insurance underwriters will put the mockers on the industry unless they get their act together.
Come on, if you want people to listen to your rant, at least get the details correct! Lithium ion batteries burn at up to 1,000 deg C and 1,800 deg F. The only way to get 5,000 deg F is to add oxygen to a fuel. As in an oxy-acetylene or oxy-propane torch.
I do agree that massive Li-ion batteries for grid storage is a stupid idea, but using nonsense “facts” in your argument against them isn’t going to win over adherents. Was this an honest mistake, or was it designed to instill irrational fear? ’cause if the latter is the goal then you are as reprehensible as the climate cultists promoting the solar/wind/battery scam in my view.
Looks like both of you have confused degrees C and F.
https://news.clemson.edu/lithium-ion-battery-fires-are-a-growing-public-safety-concern-%E2%88%92-heres-how-to-reduce-the-risk/
“Typically, an EV fire burns at roughly 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 Celsius), while a gasoline-powered vehicle on fire burns at 1,500 F (815 C)”
Yes this the stat I am repeating. Nor would I describe my writing as a rant. I can rant and this ain’t it.
I’m confused:
DW: Lithium ion batteries burn at up to 1,000 deg C and 1,800 deg F
RHS: Typically, an EV fire burns at roughly 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 Celsius),
DW: Yes this the stat I am repeating
RHS’s comment agrees with the article’s statement. It is not “nonsense”.
You certainly are confused. DW isn’t who said “1,000 deg C and 1,800 deg F.” D Boss said that.
Ah, mixed up my D’s there 🙂
Thank you for straightening me out, bo!
I’m just as fearful of 1,800 F as 5,000 F.
It all depends on how far you are away from the fire.
If I’m a mile away, I’m not afraid of either.
(I’m referencing thermal impacts; the topic of chemical by-products is not part of this discussion.)
Turnout gear will buy you a little more time at 1800 vs. 5000 (which would give you about 0 seconds)
House fires typically only get up to about 800.
1,800 F (982 C) fire does not melt carbon structural steel.
Structural steel melting point is 1400-1550 C range.
5,000 F (2760 C) will melt pretty much everything including concrete and rocks.
We urgently need accurate stats on lithium battery fires of all types and address the standards for that- WHY That Popular EV Fire Stat Is Misleading
No wind and no solar means no batteries are required.
Problem solved
O/T Rumblings in the far-leftosphere
Left-Wing Resolution Foundation Blames Net Zero for ‘Unprecedented’ Productivity Decline
…
The report compares the UK and the US – the only G7 country to see productivity growth accelerate during the 2020s. According to the think tank, the US has benefited from a “continued boom in oil and gas extraction,” with oil production up 8% and gas by 13% by 2024. Meanwhile, the UK’s oil production plummeted by 44%, and gas fell by 27%, as North Sea reserves continue to dry up.
The Resolution Foundation argues that the UK’s sharp productivity drop is also linked to the decline in “mining and quarrying” output, with “falling output and sticky hours” weighing heavily on the UK economy, while the US saw its mining and quarrying sectors “soar.” Naturally the Resolution foundation calls for a series of tax hikes which, through complicated mental gymnastics, will somehow help the UK’s productive output.
https://order-order.com/2025/04/08/left-wing-resolution-foundation-blames-net-zero-for-unprecedented-productivity-decline/
Could the penny be dropping?
“Meanwhile, the UK’s oil production plummeted by 44%, and gas fell by 27%, as North Sea reserves continue to dry up.”
Was that fact and the timing- predicted years ago? And they failed to plan what to do about it?
What plan?
We’ve been here before with LNG — Liquid Natural Gas.
The disaster …
My mother was a nurse in a local hospital and treated the injured and burned — an experience that stayed with her for the rest of her life.
Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.
Natural gas high pressure transmission pipelines have blown up from being
damaged. It’s technically called a “propagation wave explosion”. There are safety blowout
sections that prevent entire pipelines from going up. The First Gulf War had a lot of those
pipeline explosions. But they have happened when the line is damaged by say a excavator.
Low pressure lines won’t go high order, only the high pressure transmission lines.
It’s like the difference between a firecracker and and a blasting cap.
Speaking of pipeline issues here’s a STORY TIP==================================>
https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_cdd21801-2c4f-5e9e-8e5c-58daf3358f20.html
Rather than a “public safety standard” we should have prohibited adding that crap to the grid. What you do in your own home is your business and nickel, plesse spare the rest of the consumers of your personal wish to spontaneously self combust.
Or don’t have grid batteries at all, save money, eliminate the risk, and stop the farce.
“These battery chemicals burn at an incredible 5,000 degrees F.”
David ; That must be a typo !!! Please amend.
From – https://www.britsafe.org/safety-management/2024/lithium-ion-batteries-a-growing-fire-risk
“Batteries will spontaneously ignite, burning at extremely high temperatures of between 700◦c and 1000◦c, and releasing dangerous off gases that in enclosed spaces can become a flammable vapour cloud explosion (VCE).”
In the case of BEV fires resulting from thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, the temperature can escalate well above 1,000°C, and in extreme cases, it can reach up to 1,500°C to 3,000°C (2,732°F to 5,432°F). The high temperatures in BEV fires are due to the chemical reactions and the energy released from the battery cells during thermal runaway.
Chatgpt.com
All that affects is the time for you to become a crispy critter.
Would make more sense to ban them and decommission existing ones.
Having none is the best solution. Can’t have a big, giant battery fire if you don’t have big giant batteries to catch on fire. Gas, coal, nuclear and hydro totally eliminate the need for these stupid ass batteries.
“There should be no host community or adjacent communities. Sites should be rural and as isolated from communities as possible.”
Wokeachusetts doesn’t really have “rural” areas compared to much of America. There are small towns but homes on every road. You can hardly go a quarter of a mile without finding more homes. The only truly empty areas are the state forests. No more putting crap like wind and solar “farms” in so called rural areas of this state. If the big towns and cities want “clean energy” put that crap in THEIR communities along with the batteries. Some supposed rural towns in this state are trying to limit all of this green energy crap but the state is going to force it on all of us- taking away local rights. Like I said, put all this crap in the big towns and cities and see how much they like it. I hope President Trump can find a way to smash states like MA, CA, CT, NY until they give it up.
Also, Wokeachusetts just plays games with requesting comments. They already have it determined what they’ll do. I’ve seen this happen with forestry rules and regulations. It’s a way to tire out any opposition- and to make it seem fair and democratic. But maybe in this case it would have been better to present the case that these industrial battery systems should not be built. There is now a GOP candidate (Mike Kennealy) to run against Gov. Healey. If he’s smart he’ll go around the state- speaking to the public- and asking “do you want your town ruined with vast wind and solar farms and gigantic, dangerous industrial batteries?”. It could be his winning tactic. Most people in the state don’t want this crap near them- yet they vote for politicians calling for green energy. He has to bring it home to them that they’ll be living next to this crap. But I suspect the GOP candidate will just discuss boring issues that won’t defeat Healey who promises everything to everybody.
Actually, we don’t. We actually need an energy policy that doesn’t include batteries.
They should be placed adjacent to the offices of any politician who supports “green power”, preferably on the lower floors of the building.
And the EPA endangerment finding is the CO2 is a hazard to human health and wellbeing.
This purely and simply a case where the cure is worse than the disease.
No, there should simply be a ban
No technology is safely and economically scalable to that size
Flow batteries despite early promise still suffer from high costs (especially vanadium), low efficiency, low energy density and longevity issues caused by deposition process leading dendrite formation and other unwanted deposits, use harmful substances such as bromine or are pretty much unfeasible, like organic and hybrid organic systems with puny energy densities due to the low solubility of species like hydroquinones in typical electrolytes
That leaves solid state or molten salt systems, which basically means solid state
That means essentially lithium ion
That means a ticking time bomb
No, we don’t need any standards or regulations for grid scale storage, all we need to do is end the mandates, tax credits, low interest loans, accelerated depreciation allowances and curtailment payments and this grid poison contamination will go away,
How many young miners die providing enough material for a giant battery? What a stupid idea. A battery to power a city for an hour is 50 years away.
Massachusetts needs to immediately be disconnected from all power supplies other than wind and solar. They will be given a 30-60 day trial to decide whether fossil fuel and nuclear aren’t a far better alternative. We need to help these know nothings achieve what they want and more.
And we need protection from the EV parked in our neighbour’s garage. Should they be made by law. to issue gas mask to the folks next door too? Should every EV carry an extinguisher. Not that it would douse a battery fire but it might forestall a passenger being fried! How are we to protect our vehicles in multistorey parking. Should EVs be made to occupy the higher levels?