Guest post by David Middleton
04 APRIL 2018
Mississippi River flooding worse now than any time in past 500 years
Efforts to control the river’s flow with levees and other structures have increased the risk of dangerous floods.
Floods on the mighty Mississippi River are larger and more frequent today than at any time in the past 500 years — in part, a new study suggests, because structures erected to control the river have increased the flood risk.
[…]
The US Army Corps of Engineers, the government agency that manages the river flow, declined to comment on the study. But Robert Twilley, a coastal-systems ecologist who directs the Louisiana Sea Grant College Program at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, says that the study “should be on every desk of every Corps engineer who is designing infrastructure for the Mississippi River”.
To reconstruct the river’s history, Samuel Munoz, a geoscientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, and his colleagues looked at oxbow lakes and oak trees on the lower Mississippi between southern Missouri and Louisiana. Oxbow lakes are coils of river that became detached from the main flow as the Mississippi changed course.
[…]
The result surprised Munoz. Both the frequency and magnitude of floods on the Mississippi have increased in the past 150 years. Floods were correlated with global weather patterns linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, both of which influenced when and how much rain entered the system. But these climate cycles couldn’t explain all of the increase.
Human influence
Munoz and his team suggest that up to three-quarters of the increased flood risk might be attributable to the dams, walls and levees that now confine the river.
[…]
Humans build things in floodplains and try to control nature… And we wonder what could possibly go wrong… Kind of like building expensive resorts and beach houses in places frequented by hurricanes. However, it seems like something is missing from this article… What’s missing? No mention of fossil fuels, heat-trapping greenhouse gases or anthropogenic climate change!
The worst flooding in 500 years isn’t being attributed to Gorebal Warming! Shocking? Not really. Mississippi megafloods aren’t unprecedented.
Cahokia’s emergence and decline coincided with shifts of flood frequency on the Mississippi River
Samuel E. Munoz, Kristine E. Gruley, Ashtin Massie, David A. Fike, Sissel Schroeder and John W. Williams
PNAS May 19, 2015. 112 (20) 6319-6324; published ahead of print May 4, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501904112
Edited by James A. Brown, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review January 28, 2015)
Significance
Our paper evaluates the role that flooding played in the emergence and decline of Cahokia—the largest prehistoric settlement in the Americas north of Mexico that emerged in the floodplain of the Mississippi River around A.D. 1050. We use sediment cores to examine the timing of major Mississippi River floods over the last 1,800 y. These data show that Cahokia emerged during a period of reduced megaflood frequency associated with heightened aridity across midcontinental North America, and that its decline and abandonment followed the return of large floods. We conclude that shifts in flood frequency and magnitude facilitated both the formation and the breakdown of Cahokia and may be important factors in the declines of other early agricultural societies.
Abstract
Here we establish the timing of major flood events of the central Mississippi River over the last 1,800 y, using floodwater sediments deposited in two floodplain lakes. Shifts in the frequency of high-magnitude floods are mediated by moisture availability over midcontinental North America and correspond to the emergence and decline of Cahokia—a major late prehistoric settlement in the Mississippi River floodplain. The absence of large floods from A.D. 600 to A.D. 1200 facilitated agricultural intensification, population growth, and settlement expansion across the floodplain that are associated with the emergence of Cahokia as a regional center around A.D. 1050. The return of large floods after A.D. 1200, driven by waning midcontinental aridity, marks the onset of sociopolitical reorganization and depopulation that culminate in the abandonment of Cahokia and the surrounding region by A.D. 1350. Shifts in the frequency and magnitude of flooding may be an underappreciated but critical factor in the formation and dissolution of social complexity in early agricultural societies.
[…]
There were at least 8 Mississippi River megafloods between 200 and 2000 AD. If the flooding is worse today than at any time in the past 500 years, it currently ranks between flooding events II and III.
The megaflood hiatus ran from roughly the nadir of the Migration Period Cooling to the peak of the Medieval Warm Period. The megaflood frequency abruptly increased near the onset of the Little Ice Age:
While our dams, levees and other flood-control structures may have ironically contributed to the worst Mississippi River flooding in 500 years, they had nothing to do with the previous eight megafloods.
Speaking of megafloods that humans didn’t cause… Have you ever heard of the Zanclean megaflood? It was triggered by the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). It was a doozy. If Gavin Schmidt’s Silurian civilization had been thriving on the Messinian salt flats during the Late Miocene, the Zanclean megaflood would have wiped them out without a trace. The transition from the MSC to the Zanclean megaflood marks the transition from the Miocene to the Pliocene. It left a serious mark on the stratigraphic record.
Some reconstructions of Zanclean megaflood suggest that sea level in the Mediterranean could have risen at a rate of 10 meters per day during the peak flow of water from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean basin.
A Megaflood-Powered Mile-High Waterfall Refilled the Mediterranean
Evidence of the Zanclean megaflood in the eastern Mediterranean Basin
Catastrophic Flood of the Mediterranean After the Messinian Salinity Crisis
Discover more from Watts Up With That?
Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.
Where is that 40 ft diameter pipe that would transport a lot of that water to the Colorado river. California could use it.
Invest the future insurance claims to the pipeline.
Ironic isn’t it that in the Mississippi delta lands of Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana they have built great waterworks of ditches to drain the water OFF the farmland, while in the arid west they have built great waterworks of ditches to carry water ONTO the farmland. One man’s waste is another man’s treasure.
Now that would be a hell of pump to carry that water over the continental divide. A better solution would be to not use that water in LA. and associated s**tholes.
How dare they not mention the CO2 apocalypse? Clearly not scientific
What denier allowed this to get through peer review!!!!
Maybe they are all so transfixed with the Russia collusion story that they just rubber stamped it to get it out of the way.
The pre-Zanclean Mediterranean basin doesn’t sound too hospitable to me, for Silurians or anybody else. Two kilometers below sea level, so salty it’s hard to imagine anything much growing there, and likely hot as hell.
The erosive power of the “mega-flooding” of the pre-Zanclean Mediterranean basin gives credence to the “mega-flood” responsible for the 277-mile-long channel known as the Grand Canyon.
The Zanclean megaflood refilled the Mediterranean Sea over a period of a few thousand years, with 90% of the water being transferred a a period as short as a few months. The peak discharge rate could have been as high as 100,000,000 cubic meters per second. The discharge rate of the Amazon River is only about 200,000 cubic meters per second. The Colorado River is only about 500 cubic meters per second.
The Colorado River didn’t refill anything. The uplift of the Colorado Plateau enabled the Colorado River to carve the Grand Canyon in about 6 million years…
https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/coloplat.html
Six million years is fast, geologically speaking… But the water flow of the Zanclean megaflood was about 6 orders of magnitude greater than the Colorado River.
The Colorado River has to refilled a few things.
David Middleton – April 20, 2018 at 5:47 am
I agree, David M, that is what you were taught to believe. But what you were taught to believe about science ……. and what is actual factual believable science are oftentimes quite contrary to each other.
Here are some GC stats:
•The Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 kilometres) in length.
•At its widest point the Grand Canyon stretches 18 miles (29 kilometres) across.
•At its narrowest point it stretches 4 miles (6.4 kilometres) across.
•The Grand Canyon is around 6000 (1800 metres) feet deep
Here is a GC photograph:
http://foundtheworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Grand-Canyon-4.jpg
Now, David M, study the above photo for a few minutes and then tell me why you truly believe it was possible for that widdle ole Colorado River to erode out an 18 mile wide by 6,000 feet deep canyon, ….. with vertical side-walls up to a mile high in places, ….. and with all of the hundreds of “dead-end” side canyons where the Colorado River water never flowed with erosive force.
And David, after you decide there is only one (1) reason for your GC belief, ……. then read the following, to wit:
The “new” science employs common sense thinking, logical reasoning and intelligent deductions to resolve what the physical evidence provides, to wit:
That’s certainly possible.
As an added note, a rebuttal statemen from: David Middleton – April 20, 2018 at 5:47 am
David M, is there some reason that you are associating the “refilling of a basin” via flowing water …… with the “eroding of a canyon/gorge/trough” as the result of flowing water?
A “quoted” statement posted by David M, to wit:
Now that was a silly statement iffen I ever heard one. Creeks, streams and/or rivers don’t respond to anything, …… but the water contained within their outflow channel does respond to the force of gravity.
If the flow of the Colorado River had sufficient erosive force for the “cutting” of a deeper channel in the bedrock as the Colorado Plateau was being uplifted, …… then surely to goodness the Colorado River had sufficient erosive force for the “cutting” of a deeper channel in the bedrock long, long time before the uplifting of the Colorado Plateau ever began, ……and thus the depth of the GC should be closer to 12,000 feet instead of its current 6,000 feet.
Your comparison of the Grand Canyon to the Zanclean megaflood is the reason I associated it with refilling a basin.
David Middleton – April 21, 2018 at 7:29 am
You stated in your published commentary that ….. “…. the Zanclean megaflood marks the transition from the Miocene to the Pliocene. It left a serious mark on the stratigraphic record.”
And via your cited links I found out that “serious mark” you made mention of was a “200-kilometer-long [eroded] channel along the seafloor”.
Anyway, I sincerely apologize.
I had just assumed that the 1st four (4) words of my post, to wit, …. “The erosive power of ….. ”, …… was all that was necessary to explain/define my implied correlation of the hydro-eroded 277-mile-long Grand Canyon channel and the hydro-eroded 200-kilometer-long Mediterranean seafloor channel.
It was the characterization of the Grand Canyon as the result of a megaflood, in some way analogous to the Zanclean megaflood.
When I first read your comment, I thought you were implying that the Grand Canyon could have been carved as quickly and in a similar manner to the Zanclean megaflood.
Both are testaments to the erosive power of water.
The breakup, cracking, crevassing, fracturing of the Colorado Plateau was surely the result of the “uplifting” pressures pulling and stretching of the topography some 70+-my BP and it is quite possible that there was a horrendous glacier created water impoundment (aka: like Lake Agasiz) in the upper mid-west that was breached and the outflow went rushing down what is now the Colorado watershed instead of the Mississippi watershed.
I believe there has been a lot of material “flushed-out-of” what is now known as the Grand Canyon and I believe the present day (5ma) Colorado River is only responsible for a very small portion of said “flushing”.
Future research may provide answers.
The thing is… A megaflood is an infrequent, large, relatively sudden, surge of water.
Whether the Grand Canyon was carved over 8, 20 or 70 million years… it’s not the result of a megaflood.
To carve, …. or to erode, …… that is a hydrological question.
If one never questions the scientific dogma of his/her day, then they will be relegated to forever being a “mimic” and will never be any more learned than their mentors see fit for them to be.
The Channeled Scablands are the result of a megaflood because they were carved by “an infrequent, large, relatively sudden, surge of water” when the glacial dam holding back Lake Missoula collapsed.
They are almost as unrelated to the Grand Canyon as the Zanclean megaflood is.
“To carve, …. or to erode, ….” is not hydrological or any other sort of geological question. Erosion, by wind, water, ice, etc. carves canyons, arches, pillars, hoodoos, channeled scablands out of the pre-existing terrain.
Our discussion started here:
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/04/19/mississippi-river-megafloods-worst-in-500-years/comment-page-1/#comment-2795184
And has gone exactly nowhere. The megafloods of glacial Lakes Bonneville, Agassiz and Atna are also not analogous to the formation of the Grand Canyon, nor is the Black Sea megaflood hypothesis.
David Middleton – April 24, 2018 at 4:57 am
You got that right …… and the fault for aforesaid “intellectual stalling” is all of your doing.
The only question is, ….. was your “stalling” actions intentional or solely due to being misnurtured/miseducated or maybe an inherited disability? Why would you post such a silly statement as follows, given the FACT the “topic” of our discussion was “the erosive power of mega-floods” , to wit:
“DUH”, ….. megafloods are denoted/named as such simply because of their, per se, “sudden occurrence” and their “major erosion” of the topography, ……. NOT because of the location on the earth’s surface that they occur.
Anyway, David M, given your inferred brilliant intellect of most every thing associated with earth’s natural sciences, …… please provide me with actual factual scientific proof or evidence that there has NEVER BEEN a per se “megaflood” occurrence anywhere near what is now known as the Grand Canyon.
Science doesn’t operate through logical fallacies.
Your’e the one who referred to the Grand Canyon as a megaflood. The classifications of Zanclean megaflood, the numerous glacial outburst floods, the Holocene megafloods of the Mississippi flood plain as “megafloods” all started with observations consistent with infrequent, large, relatively sudden, surges of water. They didn’t start out with someone idiotically saying, “prove that they weren’t the result of megafloods.”
That said, every proposal that the Grand Canyon could have been carved by a megaflood have been shot down. From “Hopi Lake or Lake Bidahochi” to the Noachian deluge. If someone turns up actual evidence that the Grand Canyon was carved by megafloods, the hypothesis would not be so easily shot down.
David Middleton – grabbing at straws ……. to CHA:
Sure I did, …… and your’e the one who referred to past flooding of the Mississippi River as being “megafloods”, …. at least six (6) times, in your above published commentary, to wit:
And then David M, after referring to the “slow n’ steady” Mississippi River flooding as being “mgafloods”, you were silly enough to provide proof of your “elitist” attitude and your devious, dishonest personality by stating the following in your CYA attempted criticisms of my good name, reputation and learned knowledge of the physical/biological sciences, …….. to wit:
David Middleton – April 23, 2018 at 5:01 am
Shur nuff, David M, shur nuff, ……. a Mississippi megaflood suddenly surging all the way downriver to New Orleans, …… like maybe Paul Bunyan had “flushed” his outhouse commode in North Dakota.
I must be missing something: the “megaflood” events were defined by having a peak of SMALLER particle sizes? I’d have thought larger. Larger because more water is flowing, more quickly. Clearly there’s more to this than meets the eye. GoatGuy
Consider this dynamic of water transport: the higher the water velocity, the greater the ability to carry larger sized sediment particles. Unrestrained by levees, the Mississippi’s waters used to spread out over the enormous delta flood plain that starts in southern Missouri and extends down to Louisiana. As the water spreads, the velocity drops and the larger sediments fall out of the water column. Where there is high velocity you get sandy loam deposits. Where there is low velocity (backwaters) you get fine gumbo mud.
“I never would have made it through that Arkansas mud
If I handn’t been ridin’ on that Tennessee Stud”
https://youtu.be/U5c1k949Zn4
Bingo.
Chicago, one of the heads of navigation on the Mississippi watershed, is only 176 meters elevation, so flooding is inevitable given the lack of slope. It is like a giant case of what happened last year in Houston, another place with minimal slope for drainage.
I’m 100 miles from Galveston, and at 139 feet above sea level. It’s not just flat, it’s REALLY flat….I didn’t flood but a lot of folks around me did.
What caused those floods 500 years ago?
Pick one: Greenhouse gases. CO2. Global warming. Climate Change. Methane-ing mammals.
Rehearsal for what to do when evil man generated all that CO2!
Rain.
Rain, melting snow, runoff from more rain, rain and more rain, hail, sleet.
An overabundance of H2O in the watershed.
Most likely an extremely deep winter snowpack in the upper mid-west, …. followed by early Spring temperatures in the 80’s or 90’s that included heavy rainfall.
Said flooding could have been exacerbated by the winter “ice-breakup” on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, thus causing ice “jams” or ”dams” blocking the river channel outflow.
“Kind of like building expensive resorts and beach houses in places frequented by hurricanes. “….
Are people that live on islands, or work on the water……supposed to live in aluminum single wides?
Here’s a great idea….let’s move them all to places that get snow storms, fires, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, straight line winds, ice storms, sinkholes, avalanches and landslides, hailstorms, etc
Water that once took weeks to reach the river is now collected via man made structures like rooftops and parking lots, and then expressed via channelized tributaries, magnifying flash flooding. Yazoos and wetlands are now bypassed.
Worst in 500 years? Anybody who says we have even come close to the 1927 floods on the Mississippi is smoking some of that California weed. The 1927 flood event was the most widely destructive flood in US history, eventually inundating over 27,000 square miles. It appears that the authors of this piece have gotten so deeply intoxicated by their statistical nonsense that they don’t even know that it happened.
10-four.
Sounds like the hockey stick and medieval warm period. We need a study on the legalization of weed and decline of modern science.
wws: I’ve read about ’27, but can remember 1993. Is current flooding up to that level? I hope somebody here knows how to find info like the level in St. Louis in ’93 v. 2018. 500 years indeed! My googling showed a WaPo story with the 500 year headline, so Nature magazine got the CAGW memo, too.
I recall 1993 well, I was living near Milwaukee and i got rained on every weekend.
St. Louis: 49.5 feet was the max level, according to water.weather.gov on August 1, 1993. There was a similar level in 2013. The 1993 floods were memorable in part because they seemed to last all summer.
I remember 1995 also. Bad business. Ol;’ Man River doesn’t take too kinldy to being told where he can flow and how much he can float along.
If I’m thinking about the right event, the 93 flood totally disappeared after it reached Thebes. A small town about 44 river miles upstream of the junction with the Ohio. If I may add an additional fun fact. On an annual basis, about 2/3 of the water in the Mississippi River below the junction actually comes out of the Ohio Basin. The Upper Mississippi basin covers more area but the Ohio basin is a lot wetter.
I live less than a mile for Allegheny River, ice jam/dam flooding happens every year. Had a rather big one early in the season at East Brady and smaller ones later on above Parker. Lot of people don’t get the varied dynamics of river system flooding, just think it is rain.
Concur, there is no way that we are currently in anything like a flood that goes from Illinois to Louisiana with the mighty miss 80 miles wide at its widest point. That was the 1927 flood!
I was having so much fun with the Cahokia megaflood that I didn’t clearly explain the “worst in 500 years bit.” The new study asserts that flooding over the past 150 years is worse than any time in the past 500 years. The study doesn’t assert that any specific recent flood is the worst in 500 years.
Basically, floods have been bigger and more frequent since the 1860’s than they were from the early 1500’s through the 1860’s. So the 1927 flood is part of the worst megafloods in 500 years.
Maybe the equation is warmer world, greater tpw/tcw as a consequence. Then when it temporarily cools during the Warm Period the skies open to release above average water content. Another part to that is the temporary cooling means greater snowfalls in the winter which are then followed by warm spring rains due to the long term existing Warm Period.
Yep.
“…The result surprised Munoz. Both the frequency and magnitude of floods on the Mississippi have increased in the past 150 years…”
My math says that 1927 is within that 150-yr window. Unwad your panties, y’all.
Michael: Your math is correct, but so are my reading skills: “Mississippi River flooding worse now than any time in past 500 years.” Dave Middleton has a good explanation, but we all who have wadded panties (maybe just speak for myself here) did not misread. And yeah, they do get wadded up pretty bad, I’ll get a bit less wadded when Mann v. Steyn is over.
The National Weather Service site below shows river level observations. Let it load a few moments, then zoom down to your area of interest. Clicking on a river gauge will bring up current and historic flood levels and interesting factoids about the extent of flooding at different flood levels.
https://water.weather.gov/ahps/index.php
Thank you Sue. As Dave M. has pointed out, the headline gave a different impression than the text. But I enjoyed the posts about other floods, shows that there is nothing new under the sun: Human effects on local “climate” (UHI, deforestation etc) are abused by CliSci, falsely claimed as evidence of a CO2 effect to avoid the fact that there is NO evidence of a negative CO2 effect on climate.
Just leave it to the “experts” – the US Army Corps of Engineers. Let them carry on their good work – to ensure that every flood from now on will be bigger and more destructive than all previous ones!!
The worst recorded flood in US history was the MS river flooding of 1927. There’s a book about it: “Rising Tide.”
The assertion in the study is that flooding over the most recent 150 years has been worse in terms of frequency and area than at any time over the past 500 years. I didn’t clearly point this out in the post. The 1927 flood would be included in the 150 years.
I guessed that but have & read the book which I think a good one & wanted to pass it on.
So the little ice age had reduced flooding, and flooding increased as a result of warming after the little ice age. I think I prefer occasional flooding on flood plans to extended drought brought on by overall cooling.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Little-Ice-Age
The involvement of an alien race in the flooding of the mediterranean forms a significant part of this series of science fantasy books:
“At the start of the story the Strait of Gibraltar is closed and the Mediterranean Sea is dry and empty. The Many Colored Land and The Golden Torc are set in Europe just before and during the rupture at Gibraltar. The rupture and the rapid filling of the Mediterranean form a Wagnerian climax to The Golden Torc, in which aliens and time-traveling humans are caught up in this cataclysm.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_of_Pliocene_Exile
Did it kill the Silurians?
Sorry, but a 500-year megaflood is due to climate change. No mitigating “other factors” allowed. Thems the rules. Climate is easy, once you understand the rules.
There is a big scale model of the Mississippi river in the same state near Jackson that was built during WWII to model the flooding, it is abandoned now.
I have seen that! We took a school trip to tour state capital and we went to ACoE as part of it. It was pretty impressive.
We have covered this territory before:
LOUISIANA: They’re trying to wash you away by Kip Hansen / February 27, 2018
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/02/27/louisiana-theyre-trying-to-wash-you-away/
My Comment then still holds:
The Mississippi River Problem is complex and mufti-faceted. Solutions will be complex and expensive. i would urge one and all to start with the John McPhee essay linked below.
The Mississippi River should be allowed to go where it wants to go: the watercourse of the Atchafalaya river. The river should be replaced as a transportation artery by canals — big ones that start that from Cape Girardeau. The canal system should allow river traffic to be trans-shipped to ocean ships at Mobile Bay which is a superior natural harbor.
None of this can happen until the last lawyer is strangled with the entrails of the last environmentalist.
“… [R]ead John McPhee’s “Atchafalaya.” https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1987/02/23/atchafalaya It was published in February, 1987, and it’s about the Herculean effort of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to control the flow of the Mississippi River, the fourth-longest river in the world. “Atchafalaya” is the name of the “distributary waterscape” that threatens to capture and redirect the flow of the Mississippi. If that happens, the cities and industrial centers of Southern Louisiana could find themselves sitting, uselessly, next to a “tidal creek,” and economic ruin would be the inevitable result. To prevent that, the Corps of Engineers embarks on a vast project to artificially freeze the naturally shifting landscape. McPhee meets the engineers and explores the structures they’ve built to “preserve 1950 … in perpetuity.”
* * *
In 1989, McPhee incorporated “Atchafalaya” into a book called “The Control of Nature.” http://www.amazon.com/dp/0374522596/ (He’d been passing by the engineering building at the University of Wyoming, and had been struck by its inscription: “STRIVE ON—THE CONTROL OF NATURE IS WON, NOT GIVEN.”) Like the Mississippi, “Atchafalaya” is long—around twenty-seven thousand words. But it’s all available online, and it gives you a real sense of what it’s like not just to live and work beside one of the world’s great rivers but actually to struggle with it.”
https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/letter-from-the-archive-john-mcphee-on-the-control-of-nature
Floods like this are obviously rare and exciting events.
People were in danger of not knowing what floods were.
Can’t leave until I link this:
Okay, take out all the dams and levees in Illinois and let’s all watch and record.
Those will be good floods.
– Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi, Ch. 17
“Have ypu ever heard of the Zanclean megaflood?”
ypu = you?
That’s Silurian for “you”… I will translated it into English.
“River flooding worse now than any time in past 500 years” Considering the population density increase over the last 150 years, it’s more likely the problem is not increased flooding, but increased people. No one cares if it floods where people don’t live. It’s about people, not rain and water.
Late last week this driver just drove along the mighty Mississippi from S. IL down through Memphis. Think I-57 to I-55. Flooding along that portion of the river is not near what I have seen even in the recent past. So this mega flood was not there as of late last week. Rivers all over the eastern US are up but none exceptionally so from what I have seen crossing over them. Earlier this week drove US-22 and 322 along the Susquehanna River around Harrisburg PA and the Monongahela River where I-70 crosses over and both looked just as one would expect for this time of year. Nothing unusual about the water level of the Ohio river around Louisville last week either!
It is still fairly cold up north from the looks of it. I wonder what were the latest spring floods to ever occur on the Mississippi? …https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/overlay=temp/orthographic=-92.15,53.65,672/loc=-95.044,43.580
I suggest changing the title so that it is clear there is not a current 500 year mega flood.
One odd thing about those flood diagrams. The 1927 flood, the worst in recent centuries, isn’t even visible.
How high is the water Momma?
worse than 2011 floods ?
derp never mind
I see they mean the frequency of flooding