By Christopher Monckton of Brenchley
Special to the Financial Post (reposted here with permission from the author)

“But there’s a CONSENSUS!” shrieked the bossy environmentalist with the messy blonde hair.
“That, Madame, is intellectual baby-talk,” I replied.
I was about to give a talk questioning “global warming” hysteria at Union College, Schenectady. College climate extremists, led by my interlocutor, had set up a table at the door of the lecture theatre to deter students from hearing the sceptical side of the case.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle, 2300 years ago, listed the dozen commonest logical fallacies in human discourse in his book Sophistical Refutations. Not the least of these invalid arguments is what the mediaeval schoolmen would later call the argumentum ad populum – the consensus or headcount fallacy.
A fallacy is a deceptive argument that appears to be logically valid but is in fact invalid. Its conclusion will be unreliable at best, downright false at worst.
One should not make the mistake of thinking that Aristotle’s fallacies are irrelevant archaisms. They are as crucial today as when he first wrote them down. Arguments founded upon any of his fallacies are unsound and unreliable, and that is that.
Startlingly, nearly all of the usual arguments for alarm about the climate are instances of Aristotle’s dozen fallacies of relevance or of presumption, not the least of which is the consensus fallacy.
Just because we are told that many people say they believe a thing to be so, that is no evidence that many people say it, still less that they believe it, still less that it is so. The mere fact of a consensus – even if there were one – tells us nothing whatsoever about whether the proposition to which the consensus supposedly assents is true or false.
Two surveys have purported to show that 97% of climate scientists supported the “consensus”. However, one survey was based on the views of just 77 scientists, far too small a sample to be scientific, and the proposition to which 75 of the 77 assented was merely to the effect that there has been warming since 1950.
The other paper did not state explicitly what question the scientists were asked and did not explain how they had been selected to remove bias. Evidentially, it was valueless. Yet that has not prevented the usual suspects from saying – falsely – that the “consensus” of 97% of all climate scientists is that manmade global warming is potentially catastrophic.
Some climate extremists say there is a “consensus of evidence”. However, evidence cannot hold or express an opinion. There has been no global warming for a decade and a half; sea level has been rising for eight years at a rate equivalent to just 3 cm per century; hurricane activity is at its lowest in the 30-year satellite record; global sea-ice extent has hardly changed in that time; Himalayan glaciers have not lost ice overall; ocean heat content is rising four and a half times more slowly than predicted; and the 50 million “climate refugees” that the UN had said would be displaced by 2010 simply do not exist. To date, the “consensus of evidence” does not support catastrophism.
“Ah,” say the believers, “but there is a consensus of scientists and learned societies.” That is the argumentum ad verecundiam, the reputation or appeal-to-authority fallacy. Merely because a group has a reputation, it may not deserve it; even if it deserves it, it may not be acting in accordance with it; and, even if it is, it may be wrong.
“But it’s only if we include a strong warming effect from Man’s CO2 emissions that we can reproduce the observed warming of the past 60 years. We cannot think of any other reason for the warming.” That argument from the UN’s climate panel, the IPCC, is the argumentum ad ignorantiam, the fallacy of arguing from ignorance. We do not know why the warming has occurred. Arbitrarily to blame Man is impermissible.
“The rate of global warming is accelerating. Therefore it is caused by us.” That is the fallacy of ignoratio elenchi, the red-herring fallacy. Even if global warming were accelerating, that would tell us nothing about whether we were to blame. The IPCC twice uses this fallacious argument in its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report. Even if its argument were not illogical, the warming rate is not increasing. The notion that it is accelerating was based on a statistical abuse that the IPCC has refused to correct.
Superficially, the red-herring fallacy may seem similar to the fallacy of argument from ignorance. However, it is subtly different. The argument from ignorance refers to fundamental ignorance of the matter of the argument (hence an arbitrary conclusion is reached): the red-herring fallacy refers to fundamental ignorance of the manner of conducting an argument (hence an irrelevant consideration is introduced).
“What about the cuddly polar bears?” That is the argumentum ad misericordiam, the fallacy of inappropriate pity. There are five times as many polar bears as there were in the 1940s – hardly the population profile of a species at imminent threat of extinction. There is no need to pity the bears (and they are not cuddly).
“For 60 years we have added CO2 to the atmosphere. That causes warming. Therefore the warming is our fault.” That is the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, the argument from false cause. Merely because one event precedes another it does not necessarily cause it.
“We tell the computer models that there will be strong warming if we add CO2 to the air. The models show there will be a strong warming. Therefore the warming is our fault.” This is the argumentum ad petitionem principii, the circular-argument fallacy, where a premise is also the conclusion.
“Global warming caused Hurricane Katrina.” This is the inappropriate argument from the general to the particular that is the fallacy a dicto simpliciter ad dictum
secundum quid, the fallacy of accident. Even the IPCC admits individual extreme-weather events cannot be ascribed to global warming. Hurricane Katrina was only Category 3 at landfall. The true reason for the damage was failure to maintain the sea walls.
“Arctic sea ice is melting: therefore manmade global warming is a problem.” This is the inappropriate argument from the particular to the general that is the fallacy a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, the fallacy of converse accident. The Arctic ice may be melting, but the Antarctic has been cooling for 30 years and the sea ice there is growing, so the decline in Arctic sea ice does not indicate a global problem.
“Monckton says he’s a member of the House of Lords, but the Clerk of the Parliaments says he isn’t, so everything he says is nonsense.” That is the argumentum ad hominem, the attack on the man rather than on his argument.
“We don’t care what the truth is. We want more taxation and regulation. We will use global warming as an excuse. If you disagree, we will haul you before the International Climate Court.” That is the nastiest of all the logical fallacies: the argumentum ad baculum, the argument of force.
In any previous generation, the fatuous cascade of fallacious arguments deployed by climate extremists in government, academe and the media in support of the now-collapsed climate scare would have been laughed down.
When the future British prime minister Harold Macmillan arrived at Oxford to study the classics, his tutor said: “Four years’ study will qualify you for nothing at all – except to recognize rot when you hear it.” The climate storyline is rot. To prevent further costly scams rooted in artful nonsense, perhaps we should restore universal classical education. As it is, what little logic our bossy environmentalists learn appears to come solely from Mr. Spock in Star Trek.
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Greg House,
Your ignorance of 20th Century history is truly astonishing.
Mr. House, really, just about everyone on the planet realizes that the holocaust was enabled based on very deep seated anti-Semitism at that time including, I am sure, Mr. Monckton. In order for the populous to willingly go along with murder, they had to find a way to completely de humanize them. Thus, a scientific consensus concluding the Jewish race was sub human was concocted to further that end.
Jim
@ur momisugly Jan P. Perlwitz
If 17 years is the time where you can say that signal can be deduced from the noise then what do you think the warming trend is likely to be in two years? Have you actually thought about the consequences of what you have said?
For 2012 to be warmer than 2010 we will need some seriously powerful el-nino event. So far 2012 looks similar to 2011 which would put it as one of the coolest years in the last decade. Even if 2012 was by some amazing event as warm as 2010 the trend for the last 17 years is unlikely to indicate significant warming. If both 2013 and 2012 were somehow as warm or warmer than 2010 the 15 year trend would still be very very flat. So where does that leave climate sensitivity to CO2?
You should think about what you are saying if you are having an argument.
[snip. ~dbs, mod.]
Greg House says:
April 22, 2012 at 5:13 pm
More indication of confusion. I made an observation of the lack of clarity in his writing.
Philip Mulholland says:
April 22, 2012 at 5:43 pm
A weak mind would try to dismiss Monckton as wrong about climate because he is not a lord. Oh, right, that is what you have done.
“Just because we are told that many people say they believe a thing to be so, that is no evidence that many people say it, still less that they believe it, still less that it is so.”
This sentence doesn’t parse. You can’t have less than no evidence, and the alternate reading that there is “less evidence that it is so” is not a general principle. A lot of people can believe something, and they might even be right. Or a very few people can believe something and that too can be correct.
JimJ says:
April 22, 2012 at 5:34 pm
Thus, a scientific consensus concluding the Jewish race was sub human was concocted to further that end.
====================================================
Jim, the primary question is, whether there was a scientific consensus on Jews or killing Jews. Lord Monckton has not provided any evidence yet. You are welcome to help him. Evidence, Jim.
Another thing regarding his analogies is, that he actually delivers the message to the audience, that there is indeed a scientific consensus on global warming (but this scientific consensus might be wrong like the one on DDT or Jews etc). As a result, the audience gets the impression, that there surely is a really strong scientific consensus on global warming, because even such a brilliant “sceptic” Lord Moncton implies it.
Now I am asking a simple question: what are the evidences of that scientific consensus on global warming? Has Lord Monckton counted scientists? Is there a reliable study confirming such a notion? Or is it just his impression, like the one of so many laymen?
Greg House says:
“Jim, the primary question is, whether there was a scientific consensus on Jews or killing Jews. Lord Monckton has not provided any evidence yet. You are welcome to help him. Evidence, Jim.”
That is like demanding evidence that the Sun rose in the East this morning. Why bother? So some Holocaust denier can try to dispute it? Do your own homework, the web is packed full of evidence, including pictures and videos.
Regarding the so-called consensus on scientists supporting the belief in CAGW [which I assume is the point], there is no consensus. The real consensus agrees with this statement:
http://www.petitionproject.org/gw_images/Teller_Card_100dpi.jpg
More than 31,000 co-signers, including more than 9,000 PhD’s. And they know more than you.
Wow my first snip on WUWT!
A simple “No, you are wrong” would have been sufficient.
Smokey says:
April 22, 2012 at 7:12 pm
Greg House says:
“Jim, the primary question is, whether there was a scientific consensus on Jews or killing Jews. Lord Monckton has not provided any evidence yet. You are welcome to help him. Evidence, Jim.”
That is like demanding evidence that the Sun rose in the East this morning. Why bother? So some Holocaust denier can try to dispute it?
===================================================
Smokey, is it possible, that you confused something?
I am not asking for evidences of Holocaust, please, note it. I have asked Lord Monckton and anyone for evidence of SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS, that according to Lord Monckton resulted in Holocaust.
These are 2 completely different things, Smokey.
Smokey says:
April 22, 2012 at 7:12 pm
Regarding the so-called consensus on scientists supporting the belief in CAGW [which I assume is the point], there is no consensus. The real consensus agrees with this statement:
http://www.petitionproject.org/gw_images/Teller_Card_100dpi.jpg
More than 31,000 co-signers, including more than 9,000 PhD’s. And they know more than you.
=========================================
You should better tell it Lord Monckton, who implies there is one, not me.
Greg House says:
“These are 2 completely different things, Smokey.”
Not necessarily. Do a search for “Eugenics”.
Smokey says:
April 22, 2012 at 7:42 pm
Do a search for “Eugenics”.
============================================
Smokey, to me it is rather usual, that if someone states something in a debate, he is supposed to provide evidence supporting his notion, not his opponents.
Greg House says –
the primary question is, whether there was a scientific consensus on Jews or killing Jews.
Dear Greg:
There are museums that have exhibits dedicated to the propostion you are calling into question.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007062
http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/deadlymedicine/narrative/index.php?content=science
http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/index.php?content=nazi_racial_science
The best history of eugenics is by historian Daniel Kevles:
Kevles, D. J. (1995), In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the uses of human heredity. Revised ed. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Where do you thing your going to end up following this line of argument you’ve taken up? Kindly take some time to look into this. It is important history and it’s important that you know it.
Philip Mulholland says:
April 22, 2012 at 7:18 pm
We have all been snipped. Anthony’s site. Anthothy’s rules.
Greg House. You were right. it was an ad hom and uncalled for. It’s just that I watched as you entered the conversation and immediately tried to redirect the discussion. One might wonder at your motivation for doing that.
Many have come through WUWT and have done exactly what you have done. You have your intellectual arms crossed as Erin Delman does in the photo at the top. It is not helpful or productive.
James of the West says:
April 22, 2012 at 5:42 pm
So far 2012 looks similar to 2011 which would put it as one of the coolest years in the last decade.
Just for the record, 2012 so far is actually much colder than 2011. I will just discuss RSS here. In 2011, the anomaly was 0.147 and 2011 ranked 12th. For the first three months of 2012, the average is (-0.058 – 0.12 + 0.075)/3 = -0.034. It will not stay there, but if it did, the rank for 2012 would be 26th. With this value after 3 months, the chances of a high rank for the year are greatly reduced. To get the present flat line for 15 years and 5 months, the average value is 0.24. So if the April value is less than 0.24, it is possible that the flat line would be extended an extra 2 months instead of 1. As a matter of fact, if April is less than 0.125, then the time is guaranteed to go to at least 15 years and 7 months of zero slope. We do not know what will happen, but it is quite possible that the 17 years with no slope will be reached much sooner than in one year and seven months. On the other hand, if we get a very strong and prolonged El Nino, we may never reach 17 years of no slope.
http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/rss/from:1995/plot/rss/from:1996.83/trend/plot/esrl-co2/from:1996.83/normalise
David Ball says:
April 22, 2012 at 8:13 pm
It’s just that I watched as you entered the conversation and immediately tried to redirect the discussion. One might wonder at your motivation for doing that.
==================================================
Redirect, really? Look, what Lord Monckton wrote in the article above: “Ah,” say the believers, “but there is a consensus of scientists and learned societies.” That is the argumentum ad verecundiam, the reputation or appeal-to-authority fallacy.”
I addressed the issue. My main idea was, that telling people they have committed a logical fallacy regarding consensus would not be an efficient argument, my argumentation see above. I do not see any reason to question my motivation.
Argumentum ad nauseam: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_nauseam
Greg House = waste of everyones time. I’m out.
HankHenry says:
April 22, 2012 at 7:57 pm
Greg House says –
the primary question is, whether there was a scientific consensus on Jews or killing Jews.
The Holocaust encompassed more than the Jews — ten million people died in those camps from disease, malnutrition, medical experimentation (including those made in the name of eugenics), beatings, exposure, and the gas chambers. Anyone — gypsies, Slavs, Jews, Catholics, Protestants, Russian POWs — who was deemed “racially impure” or “of an inferior race” usually wound up in either a work camp or an extermination camp.
And they wound up there because of the scientific consensus — the political prisoners arrived soon afterward…
Just in case Greg House tries to pull a Jan P. on me and demand references for my statement (at 10:03pm) that the Third Reich’s Final Solution was formed on the scientific consensus of that time, let’s take a trip in the ‘WayBack Machine to 1939, specifically to see some excerpts from a paper read by Felix Tietze, MD, to the Eugenics Society on 17 January and cited in Eugenics Review, Vol XXI, No. 2.
“Another step which to the German legislation seems to be a eugenic measure, which, indeed, is such a one from the standpoint which I explained in the beginning of my paper but would not be considered so in this country [England], was the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour of September I5th, I935, forbidding marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and citizens of German or related blood and containing the famous regulation that Jews are forbidden to employ in their households female citizens of German or related blood under the age of 45 years. Every German author on eugenics considers this a eugenic law.” My emphasis.
[…]
“After having explained the importance of these three measures – the Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Disease, the Law for the Protection of the Hereditary Health of the German Nation, and the Law for the Promotion of Marriages, to give you an idea of the German conception of racial hygiene and to justify my argument at the beginning of this paper [” Eugenics is an
objective science, i.e. applicable to each group of individuals connected with each other by procreation, without any dependence on race in the anthropological sense of the word to which this group belongs”], I want to quote from an article written by two of the most prominent German eugenists, Alfred Ploetz and Ernst Rüdin, on what seem to them to be some of the eugenic consequences attained in Germany since the Führer took power on January 30th, I933.*
They summarize these as follows:
Education of Germany’s young people.
Repression of the Jewish portion of the population…
* Archiv fur Rassen-und Gesellschafts-Biologie, I938, 82, I85.” Again, my emphasis.
Doc Tietze also scored a body slam: “Before the Third Reich all the experts were agreed about the fact that the experiences of science were still not sufficient to grant such a measure [sterilization of the unfit, marriage laws, etc.]; it was the political issue which made them change their mind.” The scientific consensus in Germany changed overnight with the injection of *politics*. So much for the vaunted high-mindedness, objectivity, and trustworthiness of scientific consensus.
For those interested, the paper (three pages) is here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2962393/pdf/eugenrev00236-0025.pdf
Monckton of Brenchley: “In scientific discourse the argument from authority is not legitimate under any circumstances.”
We’re talking about the argument from authority in general. As long as certain conditions are met, the argument from authority is quite acceptable.
“All that Brendan H is really asserting is that he would prefer the headcount fallacy and the reputation fallacy not to be fallacies…”
I have yet to state my preferences, so Lord Monckton is simply broadcasting an assumption. This attempt to rewrite one’s opponent’s argument is known in the trade as the strawman fallacy.
“…so that the climate extremists might continue to rely upon them in the absence of real-world confirmation of their fanciful predictions.”
Lord Monckton snags a red herring, the tactic of diverting the argument to another subject. The issue is argument from authority, not Lord Monckton’s opinions about the motivations of climate scientists.
Greg House says:
April 22, 2012 at 7:31 pm
I am not asking for evidences of Holocaust, please, note it. I have asked Lord Monckton and anyone for evidence of SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS, that according to Lord Monckton resulted in Holocaust.
It was Hitler’s use of the Eugenics ‘theory’ which resulted in the Holocaust, and as others have pointed out, included those peoples which Hitler also wanted to elimate. The ‘demonising’ of those not considered the ‘pure race’ took on a new twist, by not having to consider them even human as racially inferior, but physically flawed it made them easier to kill (children were indoctrinated into this belief so a whole generation had no concept of seeing them as equals, much as the Spartans with their slave labour force).
Racial purity was the addition/interpretation Hitler put on the eugenics thinking which was not included in the original – or was it?
The eugenics theory from Darwin came from a very clear description and the argument here worth looking at: http://www.expelledexposed.com/index.php/the-truth/hitler-eugenics
“In Expelled, Ben Stein reads a passage (omitting ellipses) that was also read by anti-evolutionist William Jennings Bryan in the Scopes trial:
“With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated. We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination. We build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed and the sick, thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. Hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed.” (Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871.)”
This piece argues that the next sentence is missed out and so claims Darwin wasn’t proposing such for humans:
“But Stein does not quote the very next passage in the Descent of Man which makes clear that Darwin was not advocating eugenics. Rather, he remarked, “The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, if so urged by hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature.”
Two things. First the missing sentence in no way alters Darwin’s preceding points and this sentence was taken on board in the eugenics movement as it developed, hence the forced sterilisation of those considered imperfect specimens; the noble sympathy extended that far but no further. The second is Darwin begins with equating some humans less human than superior whites by calling them savages. It could be said that the ideas of eugenics grew out of the widely held belief of the ‘educated white man’, that those he met in his travels still living in more primitive conditions were racially inferior. Can eugenics as Hitler interpreted it be separated from the idea ‘widely’ held that some races were inferior?
Can’t offhand recall those in England who argued against eugenics being incorporated into society by Acts of Parliament, an indictment on us for allowing their names to disappear from common history of important milestones.., but it was a different story as this spread to America: http://www.waragainsttheweak.com/offSiteArchive/www.sfgate.com/
“Eugenics was born as a scientific curiosity in the Victorian age. In 1863,
Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, theorized that if talented people married only other talented people, the result would be measurably better offspring. At the turn of the last century, Galton’s ideas were imported to the United States just as Gregor Mendel’s principles of heredity were rediscovered. American eugenics advocates believed with religious fervor that the same Mendelian concepts determining the color and size of peas, corn and cattle also governed the social and intellectual character of man.
In a United States demographically reeling from immigration upheaval and torn by post-Reconstruction chaos, race conflict was everywhere in the early 20th century. Elitists, utopians and so-called progressives fused their smoldering race fears and class bias with their desire to make a better world. They reinvented Galton’s eugenics into a repressive and racist ideology. The intent: Populate the Earth with vastly more of their own socioeconomic and biological kind — and less or none of everyone else.”
This is the line of thinking which informed Hitler, his scientists trained in America and by support from America in setting up the science in Germany. It was scientific consensus. This was not a few people in isolation from society, it came from a consensus science fully supported by society in America, by its own laws.
“Even the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed aspects of eugenics. In its infamous 1927 decision, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote, “It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind . . . Three generations of imbeciles are enough.” This decision opened the floodgates for thousands to be coercively sterilized or otherwise persecuted as subhuman. Years later, the Nazis at the Nuremberg trials quoted Holmes’ words in their own defense.
Only after eugenics became entrenched in the United States was the campaign transplanted into Germany, in no small measure through the efforts of California eugenicists, who published booklets idealizing sterilization and circulated them to German officials and scientists.
Hitler studied American eugenics laws.”
So, I think Monckton correct here.
Something worth bearing in mind though, is that Acts of Parliament are not Laws, they may well be generally called laws and use the term “legal” to describe them, but that does not in and of itself make them lawful. If they are against Common Law they are at the very least unlawful, at the worst, criminal in that they should never have been enacted – certainly passing them off as if laws is fraud (if asked whether a particular legislation is a law, a policeman/woman commit fraud if they say it is). Similarly, and again memory.., but legislation passed by Congress or otherwise brought into effect by imperial edict of the president of the day or ruled by judges, are not ‘lawful’ if against the Constitution/Bill of Rights, which is not a government giving rights to subject citizens, but clarification of natural rights, Common Law. We really need to understand the differences, the confusion between the two is what is exploited by those intent on making it appear their unlawful acts are legitimate. The eugenic laws passed in America were not lawful, but they were passed because of the held science consensus of the time. Just as all the carbon restrictions are passed now, because of science consensus.
However, Greg, I do agree with you that Monckton’s style makes it appear that he agrees with consensus, and though he said not his view to something you questioned earlier, he has made it clear in other posts, to me, that he agrees with science consensus about carbon dioxide warming, the Greenhouse Effect, and brooks no argument about it.