Solar-Terrestrial Power Update

Leif Svalgaard says:
December 27, 2011 at 5:26 pm
Carla says:
December 27, 2011 at 4:44 pm
With the availability of a new generation of magnetic field models based on high-accuracy satellite magnetic measurements, it becomes increasingly important to account for these smaller current systems.
You are missing the important point: that these currents are so small that it is only now with super-sensitive satellite measurements that we can even measure them. They have no significant effect on anything.
~
Well just that they exist is interesting enough. Are they always present? How do they vary? Are diamagnetic drifts ubiquitous? What exactly is their contribution to the current system?
But forget that for now..lol..
It is a LOD angular momentum thread after all..
So how do we slow down or speed up axial force?
Diamagnetism??
Electron Diamagnetic Effect on Axial Force in an Expanding Plasma: Experiments and Theory
Kazunori Takahashi,1,2,* Trevor Lafleur,1 Christine Charles,1 Peter Alexander,1 and Rod W. Boswell1
(Received 16 June 2011; published 28 November 2011)
The axial force imparted from a magnetically expanding current-free plasma is directly measured for
three different experimental configurations and compared with a two-dimensional fluid theory. The force
component solely resulting from the expanding field is directly measured and identified as an axial force
produced by the azimuthal current due to an electron diamagnetic drift and the radial component of the
magnetic field. The experimentally measured forces are well described by the theory.
..For instance, acceleration processes
in current-driven plasmas such as applied-field
magnetoplasma-dynamic arcjet plasmas have been investigated
[5,6]. Recent theoretical studies concerning the
spontaneous formation of electric double layers (DLs)
have shown that no additional net momentum is delivered
by the DLs [7,8]. Instead, one- and two-dimensional theories
have shown enhancements of the net axial force [7,9]
from an expanding cross section or an expanding magnetic
field (called thrust in the field of electric propulsion), even
in current-free plasmas such as radio frequency (rf ) inductively
coupled or helicon mode discharges. Although direct
measurements of the net force from magnetically expanding
current-free plasmas are presently under investigation
[10–12], the role of the expanding magnetic field on the
gain or loss of the axial force in current-free plasmas has
not yet been described. In the present Letter, the axial force
imparted from the magnetically expanding current-free
plasma is directly measured for three different experimental
configurations and compared with a two-dimensional
fluid theory..
..Hence, the present theory
clearly identifies the gain (loss) of the net axial force for
negative (positive) radial gradient of the electron pressure
in an expanding magnetic field in addition to the electron
pressure term Ts inside the source tube.
..In summary, the direct measurements of the axial force
imparted from magnetically expanding current-free plasmas
have been performed in three different configurations
and compared with a two-dimensional fluid theory. The
gain of axial force by the presence of the expanding
magnetic field is clearly demonstrated in the experiments.
A fluid theory is developed which shows that the axial
force is enhanced by the azimuthal current of the electron
diamagnetic drift and the radial magnetic field. The directly
measured and theoretical forces are in fairly good
agreement..