Climate models missing black carbon and resultant CO2 emission

Here’s a look at what black carbon does to radiation flux according to GISS, so it appears they are aware, but maybe not using the right numbers

This is for Asia, I’d really like to see Russia. Also see below the “read more” for an interesting experiment that Mike Smith of WeatherData Inc. did last year to show the effect of carbon on snow. It is a simple experiment that you can do at home. I wonder how much of that soot from Asia finds it’s way to snow at high latitudes?

And here is the article that has been making the rounds this week, h/t to Leif Svalgaard

Savanna fires occur almost every year in northern Australia leaving behind black carbon that remains in soil for thousands of years. Provided by Grant Stone QCCCE

Click for larger image Grant Stone, QCCCE

Savanna fires occur almost every year in northern Australia, leaving behind black carbon that remains in soil for thousands of years.

(PhysOrg.com) — A detailed analysis of black carbon — the residue of burned organic matter — in computer climate models suggests that those models may be overestimating global warming predictions.

A new Cornell study, published online in Nature Geosciences, quantified the amount of black carbon in Australian soils and found that there was far more than expected, said Johannes Lehmann, the paper’s lead author and a Cornell professor of biogeochemistry. The survey was the largest of black carbon ever published.

As a result of global warming, soils are expected to release more carbon dioxide, the major greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, which, in turn, creates more warming. Climate models try to incorporate these increases of carbon dioxide from soils as the planet warms, but results vary greatly when realistic estimates of black carbon in soils are included in the predictions, the study found.

Soils include many forms of carbon, including organic carbon from leaf litter and vegetation and black carbon from the burning of organic matter. It takes a few years for organic carbon to decompose, as microbes eat it and convert it to carbon dioxide. But black carbon can take 1,000-2,000 years, on average, to convert to carbon dioxide.

By entering realistic estimates of stocks of black carbon in soil from two Australian savannas into a computer model that calculates carbon dioxide release from soil, the researchers found that carbon dioxide emissions from soils were reduced by about 20 percent over 100 years, as compared with simulations that did not take black carbon’s long shelf life into account.

The findings are significant because soils are by far the world’s largest source of carbon dioxide, producing 10 times more carbon dioxide each year than all the carbon dioxide emissions from human activities combined. Small changes in how carbon emissions from soils are estimated, therefore, can have a large impact.

“We know from measurements that climate change today is worse than people have predicted,” said Lehmann. “But this particular aspect, black carbon’s stability in soil, if incorporated in climate models, would actually decrease climate predictions.”

The study quantified the amount of black carbon in 452 Australian soils across two savannas. Black carbon content varied widely, between zero and more than 80 percent, in soils across Australia.

“It’s a mistake to look at soil as one blob of carbon,” said Lehmann. “Rather, it has different chemical components with different characteristics. In this way, soil will interact differently to warming based on what’s in it.”

Provided by Cornell University

This from Brett Anderson’s AccuWeather Global Warming blog last year:

Here is a photo of fresh snow cover in my backyard over which I had tossed some eight month-old fireplace ash under a totally blue sky

Keeping in mind this demonstration is occurring just two days after the winter solstice (meaning the albedo effect is less than it would have been under clear skies in February or March), in just one hour, the greater melting in the ash-covered areas is already apparent:

After four hours, the ash-free area has a depth of 5.5 inches

At the same time, the ash-covered areas have a depth of about 2.5 inches. Multiple measurements were taken (note ruler hold about an inch in front of ruler) which yielded an average depth of 2.5 inches.

The areas without soot melt about 0.5 inches of snow during this 4-hour period while the soot-covered areas melt 3.5 inches.

For visual comparison purposes, note the ruler hole in the non-ash-covered snow above the shadow.

Even tiny amounts of soot pollution can induce high amounts of melting. There is little or no ash at upper right.. Small amounts of ash in the lower and left areas of the photo cause significant melting at the two-hour mark in the demonstration.

Any discussion pertaining to melting glaciers or icecaps must consider the accelerated melting caused by soot pollution in addition to any contribution from changing ambient temperatures.

Photos: Copyright 2007, Michael R. Smith

Mike Smith is CEO of WeatherData Services, Inc., An AccuWeather Company. Smith is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society and a Certified Consulting Meteorologist.

0 0 votes
Article Rating

Discover more from Watts Up With That?

Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

97 Comments
Inline Feedbacks
View all comments
Mike Smith
November 20, 2008 11:38 am

Clay…
You made my day, thank you!
Best wishes,
Mike

Leon Brozyna
November 20, 2008 11:41 am

As noted above:
If soils are the largest source of CO2 and produce 10 times more CO2 than all the CO2 emitted by mankind and,
If the climate has changed more than the models have predicted and,
If CO2’s stability in soil were to be adjusted in climate models leading to even lower predictions of warming in these models,
then
AGW proponents may doubtless claim that the models aren’t giving enough weight to mankind’s CO2 emissions. Therefore, from their point of view, the crisis is greater then ever and we have only ten years to act to save the planet from the perils it faces from mankind’s exploitation of its precious treasures.
{yuck — just saying that sort of spiel made my skin crawl}
Let’s try a dose of reality. If the models have not accurately predicted how the climate changes even while over-counting the effects of soil CO2 then how about tossing the models and accept that mankind’s effect on the changing climate is but a mere squiggle on a temperature graph {unless it’s a GISS-generated temperature graph, in which case the whole thing’s a squiggle}.

Tim Clark
November 20, 2008 12:07 pm

Hans Kelp (11:32:39) :
…and I would like to know what it would be like if there were no such things like man made pavements, roads or any kind of concrete, man made structures to cover the soil. What amount of CO2 might the now covered soil/woods have produced naturally compared to the otherwise produced amount of CO2 by man. Does anybody know of any figures that might be used for such a comparison? Please.

I can’t answer that, but:
Carbon Sequestration in Dryland Soils and Plant Residue as Influenced by
Tillage and Crop Rotation
By: U.M. Sainju, A. Lenssen, T. Caesar, and J. Waddell
Conventional tillage and wheat-fallow systems have resulted in a 30 to 50% loss of original soil organic carbon levels during the last 50 to 100 years in drylands of the Northern Great Plains.
Even more in mollisols (upper Midwest). Considering that estimates of original organic matter % (measured as a volume measurement in the top 6 inches of soil) is 5-8% , this loss results in 2% loss in soil organic matter (about 80% carbon, after degradation for one year), at least. Without doing the calculations, this equates to a sh&^load of CO2 already put into the atsmosphere.

janama
November 20, 2008 12:18 pm

The disturbing aspect of the northern Australian fires is that they all occur during the dry season and are all man made. In 2001 I drove from Karumba in the gulf across to Broome in WA and it was burning for 2,000 kilometers.
Farmers do it to get an additional flush of grass for their cattle, aboriginal communities do it because they say it’s their tradition.

Pierre Gosselin
November 20, 2008 12:21 pm
Ron de Haan
November 20, 2008 12:23 pm

Besides the forest fires there are underground coal fires.
In China these fires burn about 200 Mt of coal per year = 1/5 of total US coal consumption per year.
Fires are raging in Indonesia, Borneo, India, Africa, Germany, Poland, Australia and the USA. What I did not know is that there is also an underground coal fire in Svalgard.
Fires in China are burning for centuries.
http://www.coalfire.org
http://www.itc.nl
I am sure the surface wild fires are of a much bigger magnitude.
Many of the burning forests ignited by the green policies that promote the use of bio fuels like palm oil.

Bruce
November 20, 2008 12:23 pm

“Lye made from wood ash is potassium hydroxide, not sodium hydroxide — there’s 10 times as much potassium as sodium in wood ash.”
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_ashlye.html

hunter
November 20, 2008 1:00 pm

Once we find a major climate forcing that is either ignored or significantly mis-measured in current AGW computer models.
Yet the model promoters still claim their models are not only correct, but accurate.
This cannot be true.
It seems much more likely that the modelers have slated the mine- decided which data points their models need to show to be credible, and written the code to meet those points.
They are now resorting to either censoring the serious studies that show they are wrong- as is being done to Dr. Spencer, or they simply shouting louder and shriller about the coming apocalypse.
How long until people wake up and realize that AGW is simply a scam?

J. Peden
November 20, 2008 1:22 pm

I“We know from measurements that climate change today is worse than people have predicted,” said Lehmann.
False, except of course for the Models’ inability to predict much of anything, while apparently being “consistent with” everything.
It’s just another totally propagandistic goto mantra which attempts to dictate reality solely by means of words, and having people repeat them, thus only ending up begging the question, and instead constituting the complete antithesis of doing science.
So what else is new about this exclusively manipulative religion?

Bobby Lane
November 20, 2008 1:37 pm

This is one of many postings that should illustrate that the AGW movement, in the main, is not interested in scientific results. They have what they want. The case for them is settled. It’s time to move on to implementing the political policies that will move us into their ideal world: where the lives of people are circumscribed by policies dictated by beauracrats acting in the name of Government & Gaia. It’s no longer a case where there is an honest disagreement between two well-meaning parties. This is a conflict between two visions of the world, and only one will win out. In short, this is a war. In fact, it has been a war. Once the science was called ‘settled,’ war was declared on any who said it was not. The evidence of this is not in dispute. Of course, we must continue to treat all people regardless of their ideology with comportment and some modicum of respect. But it should be clear to all that the other side, particularly the leadership, is ONLY interested in scientific results insofar as it favors and furthers their ideological agenda – this includes politicians and scientists alike.

Harold Ambler
November 20, 2008 1:43 pm

“The findings are significant because soils are by far the world’s largest source of carbon dioxide, producing 10 times more carbon dioxide each year than all the carbon dioxide emissions from human activities combined.”
Why did I think the oceans were the largest source of C02?

Phil M
November 20, 2008 1:45 pm

Bruce:
I was thinking the same thing
– multi-year ice will inevitably build up soot, causing it to melt quicker
– the new, one-year ice, should be clearer, and able to survive longer, until it too become sooted.
I think it could certainly be a factor in why the ice suddenly collapsed last year, then bounced back (so surprisingly)
– whether that’s the whole picture, remains to be seen….

Ed Scott
November 20, 2008 2:28 pm

“Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria.”
“Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist.”
The Supreme Court of the United States has decided that CO2 is to be classified as a pollutant. When will the court decide that carbon contributes to pollution by being a constituent of CO2 and therefore declare carbon a pollutant?
The next four years will be scientifically and politically interesting.

Hans Kelp
November 20, 2008 2:36 pm

Tim Clark (12:07:18) :
“Conventional tillage and wheat-fallow systems have resulted in a 30 to 50% loss of original soil organic carbon levels during the last 50 to 100 years in drylands of the Northern Great Plains.
Even more in mollisols (upper Midwest). Considering that estimates of original organic matter % (measured as a volume measurement in the top 6 inches of soil) is 5-8% , this loss results in 2% loss in soil organic matter (about 80% carbon, after degradation for one year), at least. Without doing the calculations, this equates to a sh&^load of CO2 already put into the atsmosphere.”
Thank you for the answer, which I find very interesting. In case the “CO2 already put into the atsmosphere.” is meant to be the CO2 put into the atmosphere by man, then my take on this has to be that man is actually putting a “brake” on nature´s own production of CO2. Hadn´t man existed, the natural amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by now would have been much higher than it is today then. But this also means that as the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by now is on a steady rise, man cannot be responsible for that. It just proves that nature´s own production of CO2 is so huge and powerful that man´s “brake” by no means can stop it. And also, in case man could stop all of its production of CO2, making it nil ppm today, tomorrow the CO2 would still be on the rise because man´s influence on that system is minuscule.

SteveSadlov
November 20, 2008 3:07 pm

RE:
Old Coach (10:41:57) :
SteveSadlov,
Can you explain the mechanism by which dirt and other dark particulates on ice and snow is a positive feedback loop for cooling? I am having a hard time picturing it.
thanks
Any time you force snow or ice to melt “artificially” (i.e. without raising the ambient temperature) is it a highly endothermic reaction. Even “natural” melting is net endothermic.

Mark
November 20, 2008 3:20 pm

The eco-socialists better hurry up and implement their changes lest they lose their cause…

N. O'Brain
November 20, 2008 4:42 pm

“t can stay unchanged literally for millions of years, as is well known by archaeologists and paleontologists. Abundant fusain deposits (=soot from wildfires) are known from the Carboniferous (c. 300 million years ago).”
Yeah, I saw some this summer in Central Penna, from the Devonian era.
Red Rock at North Bend, PA.
Doug Rowe showed us some the fossils dug up in the area, and there was, basically, charcoal from a forest fire 230 million years ago.

November 20, 2008 4:45 pm

Most bush fires in Australia are anthropogenic and have been for upward of 40,000 years. See ‘Burning Bush – A Fire History of Australia’ by Stephen J. Pyne. Other continents have experienced anthropogenic fire at a landscape scale for thousands of years, including the Americas, since at least the dawn of the Holocene. As much as a third of N. America was burned by human beings every year for millennia.
Those fires may or may not have shaped Holocene climates but they definitely shaped our vegetation, from prairies to old-growth forests. See ‘Forgotten Fires’ by Omer Stewart. Historical anthropogenic fires were frequent, regular, and seasonal, and were light-burning fires that oxidized annual growth.
In the absence of anthropogenic fire (over the last 150 years) major portions of N. and S. America, Australia, and Africa have experience large fuel build-ups in uncultivated grounds. Today wildfires in fuel-laden areas result in catastrophic combustion at high temperatures.
A recent study of the Biscuit Fire (2002) burned area revealed that soil carbon is also oxidized by catastrophic fire. The authors of ‘Intense forest wildfire sharply reduces mineral soil C and N: the first direct evidence’ by Bernard T. Bormann, Peter S. Homann, Robyn L. Darbyshire, and Brett A. Morrissette, Can. J. For. Res. 38: 2771–2783 (2008) found that more than 10 tons per acre of soil carbon and between 450 to 620 pounds per acre of soil nitrogen were vaporized by the fire. Some 60% of soil carbon and 57% of soil nitrogen losses came from mineral soil horizons (below the duff and humus top layers). In addition they found that 127 megagrams (127,000 kilograms) of soil per hectare disappeared, leaving a stony rubble. Much of the soil was probably blown away in the intense wind vortexes of the fire since post-fire erosion measurements failed to account for roughly half the missing tonnage.
By my own calculations forest fires were responsible half of all CO2 emissions in Oregon in 2007. In California in 2008 over 1.3 million acres have burned to date in wildfires, releasing an estimated 120 Tg (teragrams, 10^12 grams) of CO2, roughly the equivalent of 22 million cars driven all year.
Catastrophic wildfires in untended, fuel-laden landscapes not only emit CO2, they emit choking smoke, destroy vegetation and habitat, burn homes, farms, and ranches, foul rivers and streams, cause enormous public health and safety problems, alter entire ecosystems, cost $billions to fight, and inflict tens of $billions in lasting damage on- and off-site to resources and economies.

Ranger Joe
November 20, 2008 7:34 pm

It’s the difference between black seats on your Impala convertible and white seats. They just completed a study called PACDEX….Pacific Dust Experiment…. that tracked soot from the Asian Brown Cloud to the Canandian Rockies in British Columbia. The cloud contained a melange of aerosol detritus including Gobi Desert sand. There’s a NASA Earth Observatory shot of the brown cloud over New Jersey heading out across the Atlantic. We are all downwind from that fragrant Chinese restaurant.

November 20, 2008 7:35 pm

Having seen only 1 computer model (a java based galaxy collision that crashed a lot), I would like to comment on these fantastic climate models that I have never seen. They seem to be causing unending reams of grief. What would a model look like? What type of equations/theorems are driving the computations?

Pete
November 20, 2008 7:57 pm

SteveSadlov (15:07:01) :
“Any time you force snow or ice to melt “artificially” (i.e. without raising the ambient temperature) is it a highly endothermic reaction. Even “natural” melting is net endothermic.”
I’m just testing myself here…
When water goes through a phase change from solid to liquid it only needs to change its temperature by a very, very. very small amount, but a relatively large amount of energy is needed to get the molecules to get out of their lower energy state “comfort” zone to the more frantic liquid state.
So, if the rest of the environment wasn’t introducing this energy, the melting has to suck the energy from around it (endothermic). The surrounding ice, snow and air would then cool.
Conversely, when water freezes, it warms its surroundings, (exothermic) or in practical terms, keeps the cold air above it from staying as a cold as it would have been if the liquid water wasn’t around to freeze and give up that phase change required energy. (I can’ remember what they call it “Heat of something…?”)
BTW can this explain some of the northern Siberia warming with all that Arctic sea ice formation releasing heat?

AnyMouse
November 20, 2008 8:12 pm

slash & burn ground is not sustainable, so the need to clear more ground is ever present.

But “slash and char” is sustainable; that’s apparently what created the rich “terra preta” soils around Brazil. And as the article which spurred this topic suggests, regular burning traps more carbon in soil than either no burning or irregular burning. Others have pointed out studies of the high-carbon grasslands which Native Americans created by frequent burning across much of North America (for thousands of years).
Fire suppression became popular in North America in the early 20th century. So less carbon being stored in the soil means… more carbon dioxide has been released from North America during the 20th century than earlier because of less burning of land. Well, a man-made carbon dioxide increase on a continental scale. How much of an increase, I wonder.

November 20, 2008 8:22 pm

Robert Bateman (19:35:15) :
fantastic climate models […] What would a model look like? What type of equations/theorems are driving the computations?
To give you a feeling for the sophistication of the models, look at these two pages from the 800-page book “Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling” by Mark Z. Jacobson, 2nd Ed. found here http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521548656
page 614: http://www.leif.org/research/Atm-models-1.png
page 615: http://www.leif.org/research/Atm-models-2.png

November 20, 2008 9:09 pm

Yes, I see the complexity. My remaining question then would be:
Are the results from these equations weather patterns that are as finnicky as nature dishes out or ones that follow a normalized baseline with outliers? Or are these something else?
No doubt very taxing on computational power. Mother Nature makes it look so easy.

November 20, 2008 9:21 pm

There have been cloud seeing experiments conducted here (CA) for many decades. For the one that I am aware of, some rather startling results have appeared.
Massive seeding in 1975 was conducted in Nevada County, so much snow was accumulated that local agencies screamed for it to come to a halt. They aquiesced. The next two years culminated with precipitation patterns in the drought 76-77 that featured what looked like a fist shoving the fronts approaching the Pacific Northwest to the north, and it was centered in Nevada County. It was equally persistent.
What it told me that there is a distinct possibility that moisture streams are closed loops that respond negatively to being prematurely tapped. A ‘memory’ if you will like a lender who is not terribly appreciative of your borrowing heavily in a spate and being late with payments.
In this case, the transport system remembers what was dumped last year and where it was dumped. You are getting what it has decided to give you and no more. Monkey with it at your own peril.
Does any of this give you any ideas?