Hadley Climate Center HadAT2 Data shows global cooling in the last year

Overall long term trend remains positive in lower troposphere.

Most often on this forum we have looked at either surface temperature data from surface observations or lower tropospheric temperature data derived from satellite sounders. Today I’d like to point out a short scale trend in global radiosonde data showing cooling in the last year, as well as examine the record back to 1958.

The HadAT2 dataset from the Hadley Climate Center takes in balloon radiosonde measurements taken twice daily from hundreds of points around the globe and compiles it. Here is how they describe it:

HadAT consists of temperature anomaly timeseries on 9 standard reporting pressure levels (850hPa to 30hPa). The data is also available as equivalent measures to the broad MSU satellite weighting functions. The gridded product is derived from 676 individual radiosonde stations with long-term records. Because of the criteria of data longevity the resulting dataset is limited to land areas and primarily Northern Hemisphere locations. Radiosondes are single launch instruments and there have been many changes in instruments and observing practices with time. HadAT has used a neighbour-based approach to attempt to adjust for these effects and produce a homogeneous product suitable for climate applications.

They also go on to add a cautionary note about data uncertainty:

It is important to note that significant uncertainty exists in radiosonde datasets reflecting the large number of choices available to researchers in their construction and the many heterogeneities in the data.

And they go on to suggest alternate data sets for “robustness”. For now, we’ll just stick to HadAT2, but if readers want to do comparisons against the other datasets I’ll post results here. Just visit the HadAT2 page for links.

Here is the plot of all the pressure altitude levels of temperature data since 1958:

Click for a larger image

The source data set in ASCII text is available here

In the graph above, the warmer (redder) colors represent lower tropospheric data closer to the surface (850mb for example) while the cooler blues (cyans) are the high altitude data (100, 50, and 30mb). You can see in the 850mb data, the familiar signature of the 1998 Super El Nino that raised temperatures globally.

You can also see the slow upward trend in temperature in the lower troposphere data since 1958, about 0.6°C.

To give laymen readers an idea of the vertical scope of the plot above, here is a graphic showing pressure versus atmospheric altitude.

Graphic Source: PhysicalGeography.net

Now what is interesting is when we zoom the data plotted above down to a five year level, as shown in the graph below.

Click for a larger image

Note that while preceding years have been relatively flat for trend, during the last 12-18 months, there has been a noticeable downward trend in all atmospheric levels except 50mb and 30mb, while 100mb appears to remain flat. The 50mb and 30mb levels don’t appear to have much of a positive trend in the last 12-18 months that differentiate it from the last 5 years.

For those who will immediately jump on the standard gripe of “cherry picking” let me say that I’m only using the zoomed 5 year time period above to better visually illustrate the change in the last 12-18 months. As I mentioned above, the overall long term trend since 1958 in the lower troposphere is still positive.

But whatever has happened globally in the last 12-18 months, the temperature downturn we see makes for interesting discussion.

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Pamela Gray
August 15, 2008 8:36 am

But Counters, without weather patterns, climate change would not be happening at all. Not going up, not going down. It wouldn’t exist. Weather patterns, stacked up over the long term, are EXACTLY what makes climate change. There are weather patterns for CO2, water vapor, jet streams, water droplets, volcanoes, urban heat, fire storms, pollution, mountains, oceans, ozone, seasons, latitudes, Earth tilt and rotation. These patterns MUST be a significant part of climate change discussions. Anything less and we are back to demagoguery and pet theories instead of scientific discussions of observed phenomena.

Bill Illis
August 15, 2008 8:52 am

There are some interesting charts at the Hadley site linked to by Anthony.
This one is supposed to be the MSU satellite-equivalent temps for stratosphere, mid-atmosphere and lower troposhere back to 1958.
http://hadobs.metoffice.com/hadat/images/update_images/msu_timeseries.png

Steve
August 15, 2008 9:06 am

How does the number of plots for 50MB & 30MB stack up with the lower levels? Balloon
failures are quite frequent above 100MB.

I was wondering the same thing as I read through the post. As someone who conducted research with the use of sounding data, I have the impression the data are frequently missing at higher altitudes/lower pressure. I was forced to eliminate a number of cases in my research because data were missing. Oh, and I was only looking between the surface and 700mb.

Pofarmer
August 15, 2008 9:14 am

so how is this altitude cooling data not some indication that the AGW hypothethis has some validity? Enquiring minds like this non-ideological skeptic want to know!
Couldn’t it just as easily be a signal of less stratospheric heating by the mechanisms of the Sun?

Rod Smith
August 15, 2008 9:22 am

Re: Temperature adjustments:
I’ve been retired a long time now, but radiosonde temperature elements used to be individually calibrated — with the calibration record attached to each element. Additionally, the instrument on which the element was mounted was then adjusted to match the outside air temperature at launch.
I believe these temperature readings were extremely accurate and should not require any adjustment whatsoever.

Evan Jones
Editor
August 15, 2008 9:24 am

What about the recent talk about how there really is a heat bubble in the UT? The data here doesn’t seem to show it.

Basil
Editor
August 15, 2008 9:29 am

Pierre Gosselin (03:45:29) :
” That’s pretty darn good forecasting!”
Are you serious? The average was 0.44, and the average forecast error 0.07, for an average forecast error of 16%. More than that, the standard deviation of the annual average was just 0.02, so the average forecast error was well outside even 3 standard deviations! A naive forecast of no change would have done better: in 2001, the average was .381, and the highest since was 0.432 in 2005, for a difference of .051. Maybe that 0.07 is something else, because if it is really the average error of their annual forecast, it isn’t very good.

August 15, 2008 9:32 am

Dreamin: Why do you consider the recent downturn in global temperatures short term? Southern Ocean SSTs have been declining since 1980 and dropping like a rock for more than 10 years.
http://i34.tinypic.com/1411sti.jpg
South Atlantic SSTs have been relatively flat since the mid-80s.
http://i33.tinypic.com/2rge5wx.jpg
The Indian and South Atlantic Ocean SSTs are influenced by the Southern Ocean.
http://bobtisdale.blogspot.com/2008/08/indian-ocean-and-south-atlantic-ocean.html

old construction worker
August 15, 2008 10:07 am

‘The fact that we can still observe such changes, that are of significant magnitude, such as the 0.6C drop in satellite derived temperature in the past 18 months, or the radiosonde data above, tells me that the postulated CO2 forcings are still not in primary control of the atmosphere.’
In other words CO2 forcing in lost in the noises.
No wonder we don’t have CO2 induced climate control systems in our homes.

Editor
August 15, 2008 10:32 am

Looking at a few past La Ninas, I’m not sure I see anything significant in the low levels temperatures, so this blog entry seems to rate a big yawn.
OTOH, I’m sure I buy the argument that volcanos are responsible for the cooling of the stratosphere, I haven’t matched the dates of the peaks, but if the peaks match eruptions, then it seems to me that the trend without them is still going down.
Nor am I clear about a link between warming Earth vs. cooling stratosphere. E.g. more lowlevel clouds increase albedo and sunlight photons generally don’t get stopped in the stratosphere. So it seems to me both levels could cool down simultaneously.
Medium wave IR vs CO2 might be interesting, but given the saturation of the CO2 band, perhaps there just isn’t enough of that reaching the stratosphere to prop up stratospheric temps. [Caution – I’m pushing beyond my level of competance….]
Another thing to go off and learn about. Good pointers appreciated.

Philip_B
August 15, 2008 10:38 am

Anthony is right. The GHG warming theory says, as GHG (CO2) concentrations increase so does the size of their effect, relative to other forcings. Hence, the relative effect of the other forcings on the temperature record decreases over time.
In simple terms, we should see progressively less ‘natural’ variation and progressively more GHG forcing. Which makes the natural variation argument to explain the recent cooling somewhat disengenous, because the GHG warming theory predicts natural variation should be decreasing (relatively).
Again in simple terms, if natural variation is as large as it appears (needs) to be to explain the recent cooling, then that is evidence against GHG warming being the primary climate driver, irrespective of any contribution (or not) by GHGs to temperature increases.
This may seem a somewhat arcane argument, but its an important prediction of GHG warming theory and makes the current cooling particularly problematic for the Warmers.

Joel Shore
August 15, 2008 10:39 am

Pofarmer says: “Couldn’t it just as easily be a signal of less stratospheric heating by the mechanisms of the Sun?”
The problem is that a change in solar luminosity is expected to cause the same sign change in the temperature of both the stratosphere and the troposphere, i.e., that they would both go up if it is increasing or both go down if they are decreasing.
Anthony Watts says: “The fact that we can still observe such changes, that are of significant magnitude, such as the 0.6C drop in satellite derived temperature in the past 18 months, or the radiosonde data above, tells me that the postulated CO2 forcings are still not in primary control of the atmosphere.”
No, it just tells you that different things control the changes over different timescales. After all, if you looked at the weekly weather here in Rochester, you would find that even in the fall there would be weeks where the temperature trend would be up even though we are going from summer toward winter. Does this disprove the seasonal cycle as being in primary control of the weather here? I think not.
old construction worker says: “In other words CO2 forcing in lost in the noises. No wonder we don’t have CO2 induced climate control systems in our homes.”
Well, it may be lost in the noise on short timescales…but that doesn’t mean it is not a very important effect over a longer timescale, just as the fact that the seasonal cycle in the weather here in Rochester is lost in the noise over short timescales but is nonetheless very important.

Chris H
August 15, 2008 10:44 am

I don’t see why CO2 forcings should “swallow up” natural forcings. If the different forcings are purely additive, then it should be possible to separate out the different forcings from the (e.g. temperature) data.
On that basis, I currently suspect that there has been a *small-ish* temperature increase over the last several decades due to (man made) CO2, but that the majority (>>50%) of the increases are due to other things (such as cloud variation due to changes in the solar wind).

Chris H
August 15, 2008 10:59 am

For stratospheric cooling, but tropospheric heating no greater than at the surface, does this make sense as a possible explanation:
It has been suggested (and shown to be possible) that increased solar activity -> reduced cosmic rays -> reduced cloud cover -> less sunlight reflected away -> higher temperatures.
*WHAT IF* it is mainly high-level clouds that are reduced? In that case lower-level clouds would still trap heat as usual (allowing temp to increased from increased sunlight), but without so many high-level clouds the stratosphere would not trap as much heat (and thus temp would reduce). This is well beyond my expertise, so I would appreciate feedback from any climate experts here.

Jared
August 15, 2008 11:23 am

Just an anecdote….
Here on the Front Range of Colorado, the temperature is currently 51 degrees at noon, with a light rain. The normal high temperature is 87 today. Denver is forecast to reach a high of 59. If that occurs, it will smash the record low high of 68 for the date. Tomorrow’s record low high of 63 is also in jeopardy.

August 15, 2008 11:28 am

Mr. Watts, your analogies are appropriate for if we were discussing burps of CO2 being injected over a short period of time. However, that’s not the case here whatsoever. Notice that both of your analogies deal with the absolute magnitude of the “forcing” being introduced to the system.
Here’s the appropriate way to think about it: imagine that each oscillation and trend is a distinct signal which can be plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane. The expected trend over a given period of time, then, becomes the sum of each signal at each timestep over the interval of time in question. Essentially, it’s the law of superposition; each signal’s amplitude must be added together in order to determine the signal at each point in time.
With this analogy, it’s much easier to illustrate several things. First, let me illustrate why one would not expect CO2 to drown out other forcings: for starters, over 12-18 months ,what will the net change in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere be? If you look at the Keeling curve, you could guesstimate that it would actually be close to zero due to the seasonal oscillation of the biosphere. However, there is still most likely a overall trend of perhaps 1 ppm at the max. Now, reference my above posts with SOI and PDOI values; you see a dramatic shift over a 12-18 month period. Now, which would you expect to effect the weather (not the climate, since we’re talking about a 1 year trend) the most: a 1 ppm increase in CO2, or a shift of the warm waters in the Pacific from the center of the ocean all the way to the coast of South America? It’s not a trick question.
HOwever, this analogy (or “model”) let’s us also clear up a common misconception about the anticipated 10 year “flat-line” of the AGW trend. It has been estimated that we will enter a strong phase of hte PDO oscillation, which will essentially mitigate a rapid upward trend in temperature for a short while. What does this mean on our signal-graph analogy? The PDO would be dipping very low, like a damped sine wave; if you have a roughly positive trend coming from overall AGW added to a severely negative trend? What do you get? An artificial period of either reduced warming or even possibly cooling.
I appreciate your time in deducing analogies for your explanations, but they’re just not appropriate for what we’re discussing here. My analogy is closer to the one you’d find if you sat through a University course on climate trends. If you wish for me to elaborate on it further, let me know, and I’ll try to write an entry to my own blog which could address some nuances in it.
Pamela: You’re a bit confused here. For starters, climate is not equal to the sum of the weather conditions over a period of time; climate is the de facto “stable” or standard state of the atmosphere after you remove the dramatic swings seen over short temporal or spatial frames. Many of hte things you talk about – such as volcanoes, urban heat, pollution, etc – are not “patterns.” Many of them introduce distinct forcings into the overall climate system. But the bottom line is that after decades of study, these forcings (for the most part) are pretty well understood and incorporated into models. Clouds and aerosols are really the only major forcing which is still an active area of intense research, although great strides occur each month.
You’re right that patterns are a significant part of climate change. And the clear pattern is that global temperatures have been rising for the past century.
REPLY: Hmm, interesting twist, but I’m unconvinced at this point. I’ll look into it further.

DaveK
August 15, 2008 11:30 am

Rod Smith:
I believe these temperature readings were extremely accurate and should not require any adjustment whatsoever.
Yes, the temperatures reported were probably highly accurate… but were the altitudes/pressures just as accurate?
DaveK

Jared
August 15, 2008 11:51 am

What the AGWers are unable to explain is the 10 year flat trend in global temps. With rising CO2 ongoing, why would temperatures stop rising over such a period? Give me an answer more substantial than the meanigless “decadal variation” or “noise”.

Philip_B
August 15, 2008 12:06 pm

<i.No, it just tells you that different things control the changes over different timescales.
(Warning; rant coming) It disturbs and frustrates me that no one on the warming side of the debate seems to be able (more likely wants to) debate the facts on their merits. I call it the culture of deception, and it so pervades the warming side of the ‘debate’ that they appear to think it’s normal and natural.
The point at issue is whether or not GHG are, or are not ,increasingly driving climate change (assuming it’s happening). And so to say, different things control the changes over different timescales is pure obfuscation.

Richard deSousa
August 15, 2008 12:11 pm

I think what’s happening is that as more CO2 is introduced to the atmosphere it is becoming saturated hence the effect is less and less… ergo no crisis as far as global warming is concerned. Some scientists have proposed this theory and it seems they might be right.

Alec DesRoches
August 15, 2008 12:16 pm

What’s up with this…
7 earthquakes, 4.4-5.7, exact same spot, which I think is on the gekkel Ridge
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Maps/10/120_85.php
click so see LON LAT
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Maps/10/120_85_eqs.php
Volcano???
Sorry, this is the only place I know to ask something like this.

JP
August 15, 2008 12:30 pm

“You must remember, for a decade we’ve been lectured that CO2 and other greenhouse gases overwhelm other “natural” climate forcings over multi-decadal, long periods of time.””
Puleeze counters,
There have been several “weather events” that’ve occured that’ve been tagged as proof of AGW. Here are just a few:
The remarkably hot European summer of 2003, in which 35,000 died due to heat realted deaths.
The 6 year Austrailian Drought.
The Nov 2006-Feb 2007 period, in which NOAA highlighted was the warmest Nov-Feb in recorded history.
The 1995-2005 uptick in North Atlantic Basin TCs.
In each of these events (short term events), you can find a number of Climate Experts who cite AGW as the cause. Again, I will also mention Dr Hansen’s assertion that we have a decade or less to act in order to avoid an climatic tipping points. SInce Hansen has narrowed the interval to years, and Dr Hansen is one of the most respected Geoscienists, Anthony is well within his bounds to highlight a 12-18 month cross section of data.
How about a truce: you get the “peer reivewed climate experts” to refrain from using short term “weather events” a proof of AGW, and maybe Anthony will do the same. How about we use non-MBH paleo reconstructions and up the debating interval to say 400 years (that would take into account a full cylce of the solar Gliessberg Oscillation). I imagine the debating hall would get awfully quiet.

Chris
August 15, 2008 12:30 pm

Dean_1230 and others regarding stratosphere cooling:
I have always contended that it is less man-made pollution over the course of the 20th century that is causing stratospheric cooling and tropospheric warming (less particles to cause dimming). Any particulate matter/aerosol in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere will cause warming (and vice-versa). This is why the NH has had temperature increases over the past 30 years and the SH has not (85% of all sulfates originate in NH). Imagine how cold it would be (due to the quiet sun) if NA, Europe, and the former Soviet Union did not clean up their skies in the 70’s, 80’s, and 90’s (causing a warming microtrend). Why has it been cooling since 2001? Answer: the sun has gone quiet and the effect of reducing pollution on atmospheric temperature has reached a point of diminishing returns (China being the exception).

Neo
August 15, 2008 12:39 pm

DOHERTY: NEW SCIENTIFIC DATA JUSTIFIES REPEALING GLOBAL WARMING RESPONSE ACT
URGES STATE TO HOLD OFF ON DAMAGING NEW REGULATIONS AS CLIMATE CHANGE THEORIES CLASH

Responding to various new scientific reports questioning the concept of global warming, Assemblyman Michael Doherty today called on Governor Corzine to hold off on proposing any new regulations associated with the state’s Global Warming Response Act and urged the Legislature to repeal that act when it returns to legislative business after Labor Day.

old construction worker
August 15, 2008 1:15 pm

counters
‘if you have a roughly positive trend coming from overall AGW added to a severely negative trend? What do you get? An artificial period of either reduced warming or even possibly cooling.’
An artificial period of either reduced warming or even possibly cooling?
PDO
I would call that a natural cooling or less warming which has a greater effect than all the total effect than CO2 forcing. Are you saying that PDO, La Nina, La Nino, cooling oceans water vapor not being the “positive feedback” is masking the 2.5 amplification of CO2?
So, what has been that amplification number for the last 8 years?