The tale of the hockey stick

Or as an alternate title: “Why we find it difficult to trust certain climate scientists.”

This posting by Bishop Hill, telling the tale of the nefarious temperature reconstruction known as the Michael Mann hockey stick, from start to present, is an excellent summation for the layman reader struggling to understand the entire affair and why it is such an amazing pox on the conduct of science and practice of peer review. This sums it up quite well:

That the statistical foundations on which they had built this paleoclimate castle were a swamp of misrepresentation, deceit and malfeasance was, to Wahl and Amman, an irrelevance.  

I highly recommend reading it, and Bishop Hill deserves thanks for condensing this affair into a readable story.

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August 13, 2008 5:27 pm

Most of the replies to my comment have been courteous and, as this is really an endeavor of the opinion rather than the fact, more than reasonable and appropriate. However, several times now have my “lines of evidence” been contested; this is simply not the case. Let’s look at Pofarmer’s nice list:
Hockey Stick – It still hasn’t been shown to be “debunked.” Debunked implies it is incorrect; if it’s incorrect, than we wouldn’t expect any other records to match it in any way. There are many independent paleo-climate reconstructions used to corroborate the “big picture” of the past. RealClimate is still the definitive source rebutting this claim. Shoot the messenger if you will, but once again, no one has debunked the Stick. The only thing that has been shown is that there is a great deal more uncertainty in that particular reconstruction than in others.
Warming Troposphere – Just because a dude writes an op-ed claiming it’s not there doesn’t mean that’s the case. The expected warming pattern is indeed present.
Warming Oceans – This entire allegation stems from a single paper published by Lyman et al. two or so years ago. But guess what? The paper had huge sources of bias, and the authors retracted and subsequently submitted a revised paper which has seriously less of a cooling signal. Furthermore, the actual observation is that of a warming ocean, not a cooling one, so the point is moot.
Melting Polar Ice Caps – It’s true that the Antarctic Ice Cap has a slight positive trend; believe it or not, this is what has been predicted in the IPCC 4AR. Furthermore, the Arctic Ice Cap has a very definite multi-decadal negative trend. The northern ice cap is most definitely melting.
GISS – It’s not under “serious scrutiny.” I’m sorry, but a couple of blogs haranguing Hansen does not equate with legitimate investigation. There is no credible evidence that the GISS data set is either fabricated or systematically biased in such a way to overstate global warming.
“We understand the physics” – The thread underneath this is about solar cycles. No skeptic on the blogosphere has been able to demonstrate where the physics behind AGW is incorrect. Period. Nearly every single time someone tries to rebut the physical basis of AGW, they end up disproving greenhouse theory in its entirety. The bottom line is that the physics is more than sound.
Climate Models – Model’s don’t “predict.” Models are used to establish a statistical measure of where we expect the climate to trend. Experiments involving models don’t predict what the weather or climate will be 100 years from now; the develop trends. There is a great deal of misinformation about what climate models are, what they do, how they work, and what they’re used for. I’d recommend starting here before continuing this allegation.
There. I’ve rebutted each of your points. Now, the onus is on your shoulders to rebut or provide sources which corroborate your original assertions.

Raven
August 13, 2008 5:39 pm

counters says:
“Hockey Stick – It still hasn’t been shown to be “debunked.” Debunked implies it is incorrect; if it’s incorrect, than we wouldn’t expect any other records to match it in any way”
There are two groups of proxy studies: those that are variations of the hockey methodology that use the same set of tree ring proxies and those that don’t. All of studies that use non-tree proxies show a strong MWP and LIA. There is no rational reason to believe that the stick has any connection to reality at this time. That means it has been debunked.

Editor
August 13, 2008 5:40 pm

Ray Reynolds (14:32:19) :

I hate to see the value of science damaged in the eyes of the public which is exactly whats is going to happen when this comes to light. Mistakes are expected (thats what peer review is in place to catch) but to manipulate the system and peer process to that extent should end their professional career.

I think when cooling become incontrovertible and the house of cards comes fluttering down, then the eyes of the public will behold all science and scientists with disdain. I fear that will be the real legacy of Hansen and Mann. How much this will impact adapting to the cooler regime is unclear, but a couple well-placed cold snaps could be disastrous. At least the high price of energy is encouraging conservation and weatherproofing, so that will be a help.

Leon Brozyna
August 13, 2008 5:48 pm

Thanks for posting this. I read Bishop Hill’s excellent summary of the whole affair and my reaction was, “You’ve got to be kidding me!” {Actually, I didn’t say kidding, but we want clean language here.}
In a similar vein, I found this interesting article at Climate Skeptic. It covers an interesting technique of backcasting with an interesting illustration:
http://www.climate-skeptic.com/images/2008/08/12/temp.png
This one looks like the type of model that may have been shown to one of our local TV weathermen to convince him that we are warming and it’s mankind’s fault. Unstated in the illustration {used in the draft CCSP Climate Change report} is any explanation as to why, in mid-century, the warming would suddenly reverse naturally. This appears to be just another variant of the hockey stick approach.
Now, should the climate cool over the next several decades, will climatologists then state that the cooling would be worse, were it not for the offsetting warming that the cooling is masking? What they should be prepared to do is to go back to their fundamental assumptions and admit that they may be wrong and that there’s more at play than they first thought. Of course, if anyone thinks that will happen, perhaps I can interest you in some prime real estate a hundred miles east of Miami that I can let you have for a pittance.

jc stout
August 13, 2008 6:06 pm

iceFree (16:05:56) :
Not to be picky, but Jimmy H. actually called for trials for ‘Crimes Against Humanity.’ That charge carries the death penalty.
I guess if one is going to emulate Lysenko one may as well go all the way.

Gary Hladik
August 13, 2008 6:29 pm

Re: counters’ “warming troposphere” point. The linked page says that the predicted signature of AGW is a troposphere “hot spot” plus cooling stratosphere, whereas the signature of GW due to a 2% increase in solar output is a hot spot with no stratosphere cooling. If so, then neither is happening, since the troposphere hot spot hasn’t been found. Right?
BTW, hasn’t “solar output” supposedly varied by less than 1% over the centuries, or am I remembering wrong?

iceFree
August 13, 2008 6:49 pm

jc stout: thanks for the heads up jc, nothing like central planning to perk up an economy.

old construction worker
August 13, 2008 7:14 pm

counters
‘Climate Models – Model’s don’t “predict.” Models are used to establish a statistical measure of where we expect the climate to trend.’
In other words, models are used to forecast climate trend.
NCPA Study No. 308 February 2008 concluded
“The Forecasting Models Are Unreliable.”The Forecasters Themselves Are Unreliable.”
http://www.ncpa.org/pub/st/st308/#a
Warming Troposphere. We arte still looking for the CO2 induced hot spot that the climate model say should be there.
Oceans warming from 1961 to 2003. Wow. No mention of oceans not warming since then.
“It’s true that the Antarctic Ice Cap has a slight positive trend;”
What do expect during a natural warming trend. The only problem is we may be headed for a natural cooling trend.

Ray Reynolds
August 13, 2008 8:02 pm

Ric Werme
“I think when cooling become incontrovertible and the house of cards comes fluttering down, then the eyes of the public will behold all science and scientists with disdain. I fear that will be the real legacy of Hansen and Mann. How much this will impact adapting to the cooler regime is unclear, but a couple well-placed cold snaps could be disastrous. At least the high price of energy is encouraging conservation and weatherproofing, so that will be a help.”
I have until recently held science in the highest esteem, Science by damn governed by strict rules. These three (to ripoff anothers term) guttersnipe scientist abuse what I hold dear….and pure. Beyond that, GW has been a great incentive for long needed research, its unfortunate political pressure caused these guys to sully and impede knowledge.
um, i do intend to learn to iceskate this winter under a cool sun.

Bill in Vigo
August 13, 2008 8:02 pm

Hasse@Norway
it is on the 12th date on the home page of climate audit. Sorry to take so long to get bact to you been a long day.
Bill Derryberry

Pofarmer
August 13, 2008 8:33 pm

O.K. I found the argo bouy article finally. It’s from NPR, and is dated March 2008.
http://climatesci.org/2008/08/11/guest-weblog-a-comment-on-the-report-unified-synthesis-product-global-climate-change-in-the-united-states-by-joseph-d-aleo/

n fact, 80 percent to 90 percent of global warming involves heating up ocean waters. They hold much more heat than the atmosphere can. So Willis has been studying the ocean with a fleet of robotic instruments called the Argo system. The buoys can dive 3,000 feet down and measure ocean temperature. Since the system was fully deployed in 2003, it has recorded no warming of the global oceans.
“There has been a very slight cooling, but not anything really significant,” Willis says. So the buildup of heat on Earth may be on a brief hiatus. “Global warming doesn’t mean every year will be warmer than the last. And it may be that we are in a period of less rapid warming.”

August 13, 2008 8:35 pm

counters:

Hockey Stick – It still hasn’t been shown to be “debunked.” Debunked implies it is incorrect; if it’s incorrect, than [sic] we wouldn’t expect any other records to match it in any way… once again, no one has debunked the Stick… GISS – It’s not under “serious scrutiny.” I’m sorry, but a couple of blogs haranguing Hansen does not equate with legitimate investigation. There is no credible evidence that the GISS data set is either fabricated or systematically biased in such a way to overstate global warming… There. I’ve rebutted each of your points.

But arguing that the Hockey Stick is credible begs the question: why has the UN/IPCC been forced to drop Mann’s “Hockey Stick” chart from AR4, if it hasn’t been debunked?

Pofarmer
August 13, 2008 8:39 pm

Actually, that paper at realClimate on the models kind of makes my point. No mention of actually checking the models against, ya know, the climate.
Models say this, models say that. So?

August 13, 2008 8:44 pm

Mr counters (10:08:24) said :
“this episode merely demonstrates that very specifically, the Mann “Hockey Stick” should be re-evaluated and analyzed. This says nothing on other temperature reconstructions (bear in mind that the Mann one is what, a decade old now, and more modern ones have been constructed since its publication). Finding some evidence of some vast political conspiracy in this story is nothing more than confirmation bias by those who have already determined that such is the nature of AGW – a hoax perpetrated upon them by politicians for some reason or another.”
I agree with every word of that, Mr Counters, but would qualify your statement with four observations:
(a) the hockey stick graph was presented to the world as part of the argument that “the science is settled” and “the debate is over”, it was presented as a diagrammatic representation of indisputable fact;
(b) the hockey stick was the result of two things: (i) a set of temperature measurements (including extrapolations from ice core samples and the rest) and (ii) an analysis of those measurements;
(c) serious questions have been raised about the accuracy of the temperature measurements used to form the hockey stick;
(d) serious questions have been raised about the analysis used to create the hockey stick graph.
Once something has been set up as indisputable, as a definitive conclusion of a scientific exercise, it is a hostage to fortune. Once it has been said that THE conclusion has been reached, anything that undermines that conclusion cannot be dismissed by saying “OK, so maybe we were wrong in that little part of the analysis, but our overall conclusion is still correct.” Something that is declared to be indisputably and finally correct becomes disputed and not finally correct by even such a small concession.
I look forward to the terms “the science is settled” and “the debate is over” being expressly repudiated by you, Mr Counters, and other reasonable people who accept the AGW hypothesis. Once that has been acknowledged we might be able to get things back in perspective and relegate suggestions of conspiracy to the newspaper opinion columns where they belong.

Joe Miner
August 13, 2008 9:40 pm

The Hokey Stick is more appropriate it seems.

Drew Latta
August 13, 2008 10:27 pm

@counters, and just in general:
Its good to have company of those like counters in a forum like this. Otherwise these things can tend towards a dittohead type atmosphere, IMO–the groupthink that Pamela speaks of.
But to chime in: I didn’t become a skeptic because of any of the stuff offered up by the anti-AGW blogosphere, although reading Anthony’s page has made me wonder more about the science of the modern climate models. Nope, my skepticism about climate models came from what we don’t know about the factors affecting Quaternary and Holocene climate. If we don’t have a good idea of everything that affected the climate in the past, how can we pretend to be able to derive trends for the future? (Ha! Reword this for a grant application…)
The biggest thing that struck me in studying Quaternary geology in a class last spring was that no one has a really good idea on what is behind the fluctuations in climate called Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (in the Quaternary) and Bond cycles (in the Holocene). Certainly there are ideas, including changes in ocean circulation and perhaps solar cycles forcing Bond cycles. Are these taken into account in the physical computer models we read about–what I mean is can we accurately simulate Quaternary climate including these short-term wiggles? If not, are we missing something? (Though these are still long term wiggles w.r.t. the 2000-2050 trends from GCMs.)
Re: GISS. I missed the point where Hansen was under legitimate investigation by what counters’ post would seem to construe as “official” investigation by some sort of authority. What I’ve seen is the efforts of Anthony et al on trying to understand and question exactly how GISS comes up with its numbers since they don’t seem to be upfront in their methods. There should be absolutely nothing wrong with wanting to see bits of paper with the code used for data processing and specific methods related to GISS’s publicly funded climate research.
Re: The secular trend of decreasing NH ice. See Old Man Winter’s comments plus the discussion that some NOAA (?) scientists have had about it being partly due to changes in wind patterns and not increased temperatures. But this to me is rumors of rumors, as I’ve never actually seen that citation, but someone here has to have it…
Aside:
If you’re in for a long read from a skeptic scientist and some hard-line activist sentiment, I recommend:
<a href=”http://activistteacher.blogspot.com/2007/02/global-warming-truth-or-dare.html”

jc stout
August 13, 2008 10:44 pm

Shucks. I wrote a response to some of Counters stuff, but I waited too long and now I feel tacky for piling on. Oh well, anyone who has seen the contents of my closet knows I am not above being tacky. So, even though it should be a 15-yard penalty for a personal foul, here goes:
counters (17:27:07)
===
Hockey Stick — “RealClimate is still the definitive source rebutting this claim.”
I guess that clears up why one of my legs feels longer than the other today. Please don’t elaborate further; I am going to have to see a chiropractor as it is.
=====
GISS – It’s not under “serious scrutiny.”
I will agree with that, but it is a damn shame. In http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=1880 we learn that 1934 was the hottest in the U.S. record. A few months later 1934 wasn’t so hot anymore. Use your Google Fu and you can probably find a couple dozen more Wattsup and Climateaudit links about it.
Ok, so I will acknowledge that CO2 released in the last few years may have some significant effects. But there is no way today’s CO2 can change the temperature of the past. I know. I know. Anomaly. Anomaly. Yeah right. B.S. Adjustments might be needed to keep score over time, but only on a limited, one-time basis where each adjustment matches an identifiable change in equipment, methodology, etc. There is no valid reason why temperature records for past years need to keep changing on a perpetual basis except to match the AGW script.
====
“No skeptic on the blogosphere has been able to demonstrate where the physics behind AGW is incorrect.”
Nor has anyone ever demonstrated that it is correct. Steve McIntyre has been asking for “an engineering-quality exposition of how 2.5 deg C is derived from doubled CO2” for a long time. He even asked the IPCC for it in writing as one of their reviewers and was denied. No exposition is forthcoming, and all the people who say it is baby food physics never deliver when pressed. If such an exposition exists, it sure is a carefully guarded secret.
Just one link about it is: http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=2528 Once again, use your Google Fu and you can probably find a couple dozen more links.
BTW, nice job of moving goalposts. The skeptics did not advance this theory, so the burden of proof does not lie with them. Yes, you are certainly justified in prodding Wattsup patrons who over-reach with ‘debunked’ claims. I just hope you are intellectually honest with yourself while you are needling them a little.
BTW#2, McIntyre’s reference to engineering is 100% appropriate for a number of reasons. The most obvious one is that once a science (such as parts of physics) becomes so airtight that it can no longer be seriously debated — it becomes a branch of engineering. There a host of other reasons, too, but I won’t belabor the point here.
====
Climate Models – Model’s don’t “predict”
And, hog nipples don’t produce milk. Fortunately, nobody has called for ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ trials for those who dare to contest the value of hog nipples.
=====
Sorry about the 15 yards, team. Sometimes a late hit is just worth it. I’ll try to make it up to you on the next play.

Pieter Folkens
August 13, 2008 10:57 pm

Referring to counters (17:27:07) :
“Hockey Stick – . . . no one has debunked the Stick. The only thing that has been shown is that there is a great deal more uncertainty in that particular reconstruction than in others.”
“A great deal of uncertainty” is quite the understatement. If a central component of the Stick is debunked would the entire Stick then be also debunked? If a major component was based entirely on untested theoretical climatology and never attained a high degree of certainty or acceptance through rigorous peer review, would the combined Stick have enough “bunk” in the first place to ever be debunked? Frankly, I think the stick is all bunk as in “noun: unacceptable behavior (especially ludicrously false statements).”
Sometime ago an article appeared in Nature that concluded dendrochronology was good for dating, but a lousy proxy for temperature. If dendrochronology is such a good temperature proxy (according to some), why was it not used instead of the direct instrument data in the Stick for consistency? There are other temperature proxies of the past 1000 years. Why were they not referenced in addition to or rather than the very flattened dendrochronology used in the Stick?
Anthony Watt has quite the reputation for questioning the accuracy of the direct observation/instrument temperature data of the past century plus due to the urban heat effect. Indeed, there appeared in this week’s Nature an article that shows city temperatures are higher during the week when automobile traffic is up than on the relatively quieter weekends (study from Spain). Would it not follow then that city temperature measurements are artificially high compared with country measuring stations and revert to the “real ambient temps” when the autos are removed? If the direct instrument data is questionable, then would the Stick also come into question on that basis?
Venerate statisticians have hammered the Stick, so much so that the IPCC quit including it in the most recent report. Is that not the equivalent of debunking?
The problems with the Stick are not trivial. Reasonable criticism of the Stick puts a nasty stone in the hoof of the draft horse pulling the AWG band wagon.

August 13, 2008 10:57 pm

Too much emphasis is being placed on the Hockey Stick. Please realize, there are many other paleo-climate reconstructions out there. At one point, yes, the HS was the “icon” of AGW. But that was a decade ago. Since then, issues with uncertainty have cropped up; this often happens in science and technology. One person asked why the HS was dropped from AR4 – it wasn’t. And even if it was, better reconstructions would’ve taken its place.
My tropospheric hot spot still stands; it’s there. Read the link and look at the data for yourself.
As for the models, perhaps I wasn’t clear. Models aren’t used for predicting; they’re used for attribution and detection. Attribution experiments demonstrate that increased |CO2| is necessary to see the past century’s warming; detection experiments demonstrate that there is a warming trend. Once these two things are corroborated (which they are), then one can observe the trends that evolve when the models are tuned to faithfully reproduce the observed climate. These trends are your so-called “predictions,” but that’s just not quite the right word for it, seeing as a climate model deducing a 2.5 degC/century trend doesn’t necessarily predict that a century from now it will be 2.5 degC warmer. It’s extremely statistical in nature and subject to chaos.
REPLY: “Too much emphasis is being placed on the Hockey Stick.” I agree, it shows up in thousands of web articles, newspaper, TV, and magazine stories, in journal papers, government reports, and calls to action like AIT. But is it based on flawed science. I agree, too much emphasis has been placed on it, and it should be discarded as a reference due to that flawed science behind it. – Anthony

SpecialEd
August 13, 2008 11:43 pm

counters.
Models have been used for prediction. Hansen had predictions in his report 20 years ago, the A, B, C cases. His predictions were wrong. Even taking into account uncertainty (which can be bounded mathematically) his predictions were wrong. So either 1) we had a very rare occurrence outside the uncertainty bounds or 2) his models were wrong. After seeing what went into their methodology, I would bet his model was wrong.
The thing that worries me most, is the CO2 goes up but the warming has leveled or decreased. How is that explained rationally?

rutger
August 14, 2008 12:02 am

well ist still 9 C colder dan 3 million years ago
R. Bintanja (KNMI, Universiteit Utrecht) en R.S.W. van de Wal (Universiteit Utrecht). The Onset of the 100,000-year glacial cycles and to the North American ice sheet dynamics, Nature 14 augustus 2008
did anybody read this..
it says the last milion years are the codest ever 🙂
http://www.knmi.nl/VinkCMS/news_detail.jsp?id=42976
…the atmosphere on earth slowly cooled 10 degrees (celsius) over the last 3 million years, and gave rise to iceages, a milliion years ago the ice ages got longer (100kyears vs 40k years) and colder. (because the smaller icecaps merged to big continental ice caps)
..other research show that 14 million years ago ANtarctica was 20 C warmer than is its today.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/08/01/0802501105
so after 10 to 20 C cooling we are worried about 1 degree warming and calling it unnattural.
i think its a matter of perspective..

Pierre Gosselin
August 14, 2008 12:13 am

Reading Steve McIntyre’s latest post, I’m beginning to think he’s losing his mathematical mind. He wrote:
“I said very clearly that if I had been a manager or principal of the next IPCC report I would have wanted to understand very clearly what, if anything, was wrong with it, and how we could avoid such mistakes in the future.”
“mistakes”?
While his entire case shows a profound pattern of behaviour by scientists and the IPCC to deceive, he implies human innocence here. Huh?
Imagine if a taxpayer or accountant behaved like Ammann, Mann, etc.
In any other political, corporate or civic area, there’d a full-fledged investigation for fraud!
Of course maybe Steve is just trying not to add oil to the fire he himself has lit. But I wonder how far he thinks he’ll get appeasing the likes of Mann, Hansen, Schmidt, Amann, etc.
Attack their work like a pit bull, but pat them as if they are little warm kitty cats.
I don’t get it.

Pierre Gosselin
August 14, 2008 12:18 am

From the Bishop Report:
“That the statistical foundations on which they had built this paleoclimate castle were a swamp of misrepresentation, deceit and malfeasance was, to Wahl and Amman, an irrelevance. ”
What more can I say?
You are not going to get anywhere appeasing these characters. Basta!

Steven Talbot
August 14, 2008 2:22 am

I think some missed the point of my previous post (way up the thread now). I personally could not care less if people here want to witch-hunt Hansen or any of the ‘team’. That’s up to you. My point is that it gives the impression that you’re obsessed with attacking these scientists as a substitute for having any science to talk about that can actually offer a significant and robust challenge to the prevailing view.
So, reading this site, I get the impression that the really big challenges you have to make to AGW theory is 1) Hansen is cooking the figures and 2)the HS is debunked & the scientists behind it are corrupt.
Ok, so then I look at the first charge. I’m well aware that all temperature records allow for error, both methodological and observational (and by the way, if you want to talk about the biggest error in the history of all this then that would be UAH’s hash of their satellite data, which wasn’t revealed until other scientists showed it to them in 2005). So, what I need to look for is evidence of human bias, right? If the records are being fiddled upwards, then GISS will be showing a greater increase over time than HadCRUT, yes? So, what is the truth of the matter?
Look at page 242 of the 4thAR, which shows GISS& HadCRUT, 1850 – 2005, based to the same mean. Do you see what I see? The GISS upward trend is less than HadCRUT!!! The idea that GISS has been fiddled upwards fails the first most basic test for evidence.
To illustrate this another way, here’s a graph borrowed from Climate Audit (with thanks to the poster Basil) –
http://i37.tinypic.com/6r20zb.jpg
You can see that sometimes GISS is ‘ahead’ and sometimes it’s HadCRUT, but any differences have not been cumulative. Recently GISS has been pulling ahead again, but so what? This is no more ‘evidence’ of GISS being fiddled than it would have been ‘evidence’ of HadCRUT being fiddled in 2000, when that was ‘ahead’. It doesn’t take much thinking to realise that since the two have differing methodologies they’re likely to show short-term divergences (for examples, different approaches to estimating polar regions where there is no observational data, or the fact that GISS uses satellite measurements for SSTs whilst HadCRUT uses ship-based).
So, where’s the evidence of the supposed human bias? That, surely, is the first question that any genuine sceptic would ask…..
(As for the second charge, just for now, for those who’ve picked up the idea that the IPCC has ‘dropped the hockey stick’, look at pages 466-7 of the 4thAR WG1, Chapter 6 on Palaeoclimate . It’s the first page of the section dealing with the last 2,000 years).

August 14, 2008 2:40 am

Counters: You should go back and read the realclimate reference on the troposheric heating. Here’s the link:
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/12/tropical-troposphere-trends/
First, the color zonal troposheric temperature illustrations on your deltoid link are generated by GCMs for what-if secnarios. They don’t illustrate the actual temperatures.
Second, in the realclimate webpage discussion, Gavin Schmidt states, “The basis of the issue is that models produce an enhanced warming in the tropical troposphere when there is warming at the surface. This is true enough. Whether the warming is from greenhouse gases, El Nino’s, or solar forcing, trends aloft are enhanced. For instance, the GISS model equilibrium runs with 2xCO2 or a 2% increase in solar forcing both show a maximum around 20N to 20S around 300mb (10 km).”
Did TSI increase 2%? No.
Has CO2 doubled? No.
If the the upper troposphere has warmed in the tropics, as you insist, it didn’t result from CO2; it was caused by El Ninos.
Wanna try again.
Regards.