Readers may recall the story Global Warming?……. It was warmer in Sydney in 1790 by Craig Kelly, MP in NSW Australia in response to some of the recent alarmist caterwauling in the press about the hot summer in Australia being a sign of ‘global warming’. He writes in with an update regarding criticisms by Steven Mosher regarding instrument calibration.

Kelly writes:
=============================================================
Hi Anthony,
I’ve done a bit more research on the temperature measurements recorded by Tench in 1790 that I thought you might be interested in.
Firstly, it appears the measurements were taken in a purpose built observatory which stood at location of the current pylons of the Sydney Harbor Bridge. The Observatory was built and run by William Dawes.
There is a detail description of the Observatory in letter sent back to England. The Observatory had two thermometers not one. These were loaned to the First Fleet by the Board of Longitude.
One was made by Nairne & Blunt and the other one by Ramsden.
When the First Fleet stopped at Cape Town on the way to Sydney, Dawes refers to calibrating the instruments. William Dawes’ journal actually mentions making a comparison between the two thermometers, noting;
‘‘I observe when the thermometers have been long at nearly the same height that they agree.’’
When both Dawes and Tench returned to England at the end of 1791 (after having their requests to stay denied) they took the thermometers with them and returned them to the Board of Longitude.
Both Tench and Dawes were remarkable men, they would have done everything in their power to ensure the measurements were as accurate a possible. Gergis et al. (2009) has stated that William Dawes’ data is commensurate with present-day meteorological measurements.
Add this to the numerous ancedotes of bird and bat deaths, and I think even the most skeptical would have to agree that records are quite accurate.
Regards,
Craig Kelly
Federal Member for Hughes
==============================================================
Some additions by Anthony:
The abstract of Gergis et al 2009:
This study presents the first analysis of the weather conditions experienced at
Sydney Cove, New South Wales, during the earliest period of the European settlement
of Australia. A climate analysis is presented for January 1788 to December
1791 using daily temperature and barometric pressure observations recorded by
William Dawes in Sydney Cove and a temperature record kept by William Bradley
on board the HMS Sirius anchored in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) in the early
months of the First Fleet’s arrival in Australia. Remarkably, the records appear
comparable with modern day measurements taken from Sydney Observatory
Hill, displaying similar daily variability, a distinct seasonal cycle and considerable
inter-annual variability. To assess the reliability of these early weather data, they were cross-verified with other data sources, including anecdotal observations recorded in First Fleet documentary records and independent palaeoclimate reconstructions. Some biases in the temperature record, likely associated with the location of the thermometer, have been identified. Although the 1788–1791 period experienced a marked La Niña to El Niño fluctuation according to palaeoclimatic data, the cool and warm intervals in Sydney over this period cannot be conclusively linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. This study demonstrates that there are excellent opportunities to expand our description of pre-20th century climate variability in Australia while contributing culturally significant material to the emerging field of Australian environmental history.
An account from Dawes journal extracted from Gergis et al 2009:
By September 1790, the settlers were fast realising just
how unpredictable Australia’s weather could be. Watkin
Tench remarks ‘it is changeable beyond any other I ever
heard of… clouds, storms and sunshine pass in rapid succession’.
But by the middle of 1790, Tench (1793) describes
the impact of dry conditions on the colony’s food supplies:
‘vegetables are scarce…owing to want of rain. I do not think
that all the showers of the last four months put together,
would make twenty-four hours rain. Our farms, what with
this and a poor soil, are in wretched condition. My winter
crop of potatoes, which I planted in days of despair (March
and April last), turned out very badly when I dug them about
two months back. Wheat returned so poorly last harvest’
(Tench 1793).
It appears that the summer of 1790–91 was a hot and dry
summer. Tench comments that, at times, it ‘felt like the blast
of a heated oven’. He goes on to describe the heat endured
during summer: ‘even [the] heat [of December 1790] was
judged to be far exceeded in the latter end of the following
February [1791], when the north-west wind again set in, and
blew with great violence for three days. At Sydney, it fell
short by one degree of [December 1790] but at Rose Hill [Parramatta],
it was allowed, by every person, to surpass all that
they had before felt, either there or in any other part of the
world…it must, however, have been intense, from the effects
it produced. An immense flight of bats driven before the
wind, covered all the trees around the settlement, whence
they every moment dropped dead or in a dying state, unable
longer to endure the burning state of the atmosphere. Nor
did the ‘perroquettes’, though tropical birds, bear it better.
The ground was strewn with them in the same condition as
the bats’ (Tench 1793).
Gosh, “climate disruption” in 1790? It’s worse than we thought!
List of Instruments proper for making astronomical Observations at Botany Bay
Other related items include two lists that detail the instruments Dawes needed for his colonial observatory. ‘List of Instruments proper for making astronomical Observations at Botany Bay’ contains a great many items, but as the Board of Longitude — of which Banks was an ex-officio member by virtue of his position as President of the Royal Society — did not have sufficient instruments on hand, most of these were eventually crossed out.

Note the “two thermometers” in the list above.
List of instruments to be lent by the Board of Longitude for making astronomical Observations at Botany Bay
The ‘List of instruments to be lent by the Board of Longitude for making astronomical Observations at Botany Bay’ is a much shorter list; it served as a clean copy of what was actually available from the Board of Longitude.

Here is a photo from the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney.
Thermometer with case, glass / mercury / metal / wood / shagreen, Nairne and Blunt, England, 1770-1800

Read more: http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=68006#ixzz2IKiUeerQ
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial
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BTW, model skeptics, amongst whom I count myself, might be interested to know that the East Gippsland fire models failed the night before last. For those who may not know, fire models are used by fire incident controllers to predict the probable behaviour of any particular fire. Lots of parameters go in to the model – eg wind speed and direction. The incident controllers use this to decide on where to put containment lines, where to backburn and where to deploy their human and physical resources. They also use them to alert homeowners and farmers about the degree of danger. So the models are very important.
The details are very sketchy but it appears as if at least one of the East Gippsland fires spotted up to 8 kilometres in the absence of significant ambient wind. The suggestion was that the fire was so hot that it created its own weather.
Normally spot fires are started several kilometres in front of a moving fire front by the wind carrying embers). It is spot fires that can be particularly dangerous to firies because the spot fires can block exit roads and because the firies, instead of being outside the fire front can find themselves inside a ring of fire. Sudden wind changes can have much the same sort of impact on firies. The other thing about spot fires is that that is how fires jump containment lines.
Glen
It looks pretty much as if the monsoon has reached the Top End with rain predicted for much of the northern half of the Territory.
michael sweet says:
January 18, 2013 at 2:32 pm
46.5 at Penrith, near Sidney. Could these all time record highs be related to warming? It has sure been hot for a long time now in Oz. See here for discussion and links to scientific opinion. Or we could continue to listen to politicians here. Who do you trust?
They said it was going to get hotter. Gobally, hot temperature records are being set at multiples of cold temperature records. The oceans are getting hotte. Arctic ice is disappearing over summer. A high proportion of the worlds 45,000 odd glaciers are retreating. Globally thousands of species of plants and animals are behaving as if it is hotter.
Passes the pub test, doesn’t it?
son of mulder says:
January 18, 2013 at 5:54 am
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21072347
The BBC are saying that a new record of 45.8 deg C has just happened. Well above the 42.8 deg C in 1790.
Any parrakeets and bats dropping to the ground?
“Richard Sharpe says:
January 18, 2013 at 6:38 am
The BBC are saying that a new record of 45.8 deg C has just happened. Well above the 42.8 deg C in 1790.
Of course, Sydney has several orders of magnitude more asphalt and has had many human-caused changes to the local environment since then.
Urban heat island?”
Agree UHI would be part of the increased temp equation.
I had a interesting observation of the UHI effect in Auckland NZ. Last week. The official Temp for Auckland was 25C for the day. I was driving all over Auckland from South to North and on parts of the Asphalt covered roads the car’s outside temp reading was peaking up to 31C.
Marian
I was driving all over Auckland from South to North and on parts of the Asphalt covered roads the car’s outside temp reading was peaking up to 31C.
Very scientific. Instead of leaving it to suspect organisations like BOM and CSIRO with their fraud-filled halls of suspect scientists who do nothing but fiddle data to gain research dollars and, maybe we should just crowd-source citizen temperature readings by getting people to drive around? We could get Craig Kelly and Piers Akerman to run the databases. They know all about that sort of stuff. Just ask them.
That would show those AGW hoaxing panic merchants!
Marian
I was driving all over Auckland from South to North and on parts of the Asphalt covered roads the car’s outside temp reading was peaking up to 31C.
Excellent thinking. Instead of leaving it to suspect organisations like BOM and CSIRO with their fraud-filled halls of suspect scientists who do nothing but fiddle data to gain research dollars, maybe we should just crowd-source citizen temperature readings by getting people to drive around?
Of course we would have to calibrate the results a bit – to take into account the 1 degree, 4 degree or 5 degree UHI. Whichever we happen to pick.
We could get Craig Kelly and Piers Akerman to run the databases and do the reporting. They could include a dead Budgie index and a dead bat index to provide external validation of the drive-by temps. They know all about that sort of stuff. Just ask them.
I bet you that the results would show that Sydney is already cooling! That would show those AGW hoaxing panic merchants!
The Big Heat has certainly been here in Oz. I suspected a bit of a nasty spring coming, but none of this. Wind patterns up the coast haven’t been of the deadly sort that makes you careful of making sparks, as in 1994. Interesting that they got a southerly and temp drop in Sydney. That sounds very 1950s, and not at all 1790s…but how much do we actually know? Our Green Betters do a lot of knowingness, but not much knowing.
It’s been a real hoot listening to them explaining recent cold waves. Did you hear the one about the melting Arctic ice sending cold south, even at a time it wasn’t melting. Anyone catch their spin on all that Antarctic ice?
Cold which gripped Eastern Europe in early 2012 has instead gripped the Middle East, Asia and Russia this winter. Extraordinary stuff, terrible for India where people just aren’t equipped for cold. There have been these widespread and severe cold events in the NH in recent years, with the 2012 event in Europe being one the worst in history. Is that just weather? And, by contrast, is this current heat in Oz climate? Truly, I don’t get it. How did so many people miss or forget such an event as this:
http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/three-weeks-on-iceeurope-cold-1/61629
Or are certain people just looking the other way? Are certain people paid and required to look the other way?
Hunter, Tench, Dawes, Phillip etc knew buckets about weather and climate. Check out where they went and what they had to do in the course of their lives. Nine months after the First Fleet arrived, when supplies were low and the nearest shop was on the Cape of Good Hope, John Hunter circumnavigated the globe via Cape Horn, in a leaky boat. He did that. Really. You think those guys didn’t know about weather, climate, currents and instrumentation?
Not sure about Climate Ace, but 0.5 of a degree between 1939 and now seems fair. Two reasons – One – Sydney stretches a huge distance in any direction now, and given Anthony’s personal account of Sydney’s Observatory weather station, it is likely to read high. For the same reason Melbourne’s station (in a small park less than 3m from the footpath and road) are hardly reliable. However we have had a heatwave, and the heat had to get out of the inland somehow. Glad it didn’t come directly through Melbourne. Don’t know about Sydney, but the temps in this heatwave in Melbourne are nowhere near the years from 2003-2009. Then we’d have a few hot days together, this year they’ve been sporadic.
Two – If temps are rising out of the LIA you’d expect higher temps as time goes on. Why we are rising out of the LIA is the question. Are temps plateauing? Will they go down in one of the many cycles that seem to be available? But yes hot in Sydney yesterday.
@Gail,Combs: Australia has compulsory voting, with the Australian Electoral Commission paying professional people to run the stations. Many advantages IMHO. Elections are on a Saturday, so easier for people to get there, never run out of ballot papers, cos we know how many people will vote. Voter turnout is not an issue, as you get fined if you don’t, more consistent rules across the country and everyone pays more attention to politics. There are still some who vote for Micky Mouse or whatever, and that’s legal, but its usually less than 10%.
@Marion,
We have this argument all the time, my husband drives home – says the car thermometer says 29, and the official BOM site shows 25. I drove a fair way through Melbourne Thursday 5-6pm when the temps at our nearest BOM station said 39-40, but the car showed 42-43. On the way home, about half an hour later, the car shows 40-41, same roads, more shadows. BOM still said 39-40. The roads get hot, and the cars are reading the temps drawn through the car from the air just above the road. I tell my husband – its the micro-climate. That’s why the siting of official stations are so important. That’s why Sydney Observatory Hill and Melbourne’s regional office sites are not used in the High Quality networks.
@Climate Ace – doesn’t matter who looks after the data as long as they document their changes, and share all the information for replication and validation.
For the fun of it, go to Youtube and see the movie, Kangaroo (1952), starring Maureen O’Hara, Peter lawford, and Richard Boone. Notice the scenes where they are saving a herd of cattle from the drought as the trees fall apart, the kangaroo die, and other wildlife perish in the Australian heat.
re Frank k jan 18 12.12pm D Patterson 1.07 pm Tallbloke 2.13 pm
‘Nor did the ‘perroquettes’, though tropical birds,bear it better. The ground was strewn with them in the same condition as the bats’
To obtain a good idea of relative heat stress in mammals and birds death rates are a good proxy for temperature.
Yesterday in my practice in the north west of Sydney I had one Eastern Rosella presented in extremis.It was seen to have ‘fallen from the sky’ ten minutes before. I had no other reports.
Whatever the air temperature, which was very hot the bird would have been exposed to radiant heat from direct sunlight.
This death occurred in a fully suburbanised area with relatively new McMansions. Plenty of UHI here especially with the almost complete destruction of the Cumberland Woodland.
I await to hear reports of the bat colony dying in the Royal Botanical Gardens, and parrots falling from the sky in Port Jackson.
If these do not arrive then from this new line of evidence it could be deduced the temperature conditions in 1790-91 were far hotter than yesterday in the area measured.
On our 40 plus day last Saturday, temps were registering up to five degrees above official out on the busy Pacific Highway. Not that it means much, of course. If the record that got broken in Sydney was a 1939 record, it only shows not much has changed – especially since Sydney’s monthly heat and annual drought records still stand from the 1800s.
The real hazard, apart from fire, is high summer heat with inland influence sustained over weeks. It’s happened before and it will happen again. Far more people perished through heat than fire in the summer of 1938-39, and the 1895-1896 toll was nearly as bad.
Let’s hope that we have a completely renovated coal power generation industry and low coal and energy costs so that Australian humanity can stay as cool as it likes as long as it likes. And when it chills, same deal. And when people need to run whitegoods and cook…same deal. And the same deal for industry and all commerce, for the people who give job-type jobs.
Cheap, accessible and reliable electricity for all. Nothing else is acceptable. I suspect Craig Kelly may be of like mind, though I don’t want to speak for him. He’s made a great start, that’s for sure.
Readers may get some measure of the UHI potential of the meterology station at Observatory Hill.
Go to Google Maps and type in “Sydney Observatory” and select “Sydney Observatory Watson Rd,” then magnify the selection.
The observatory is bounded by the hexagonal road with the meterology station in the grounds to the north and east of the observatory building. Note the close proximity of the 8 lane highway going over Sydney Harbour Bridge to the east, widening considerably at the toll plaza and also the 2 lane sunken Cahill Expressway loop road immediately to the south. Note also the acres of concrete and metal roofs immediately to the west and below the observatory. The high rise centre of Sydney lies immediately to the south.
Now drag the little man to the mini roundabout at the southern tip of the hexagonal boundary road. Spin the control to look around and observe the very close proximity of the highway, loop road and city. Drive the short distance to the highway and look at the size of the road and the size of the inner city buildings.
I suspect that the scene looked a little different back in 1790. If you were looking to distort the temperature record, you could not do better than retain this location.
I wonder what sort of thermometer they were using back in 1806 in the first southern settlement in Tasmania?
By early 1806, bay whaling had begun in the mouth of the Derwent River but by October 1806, the signs for the coming summer were bad. Chaplain to Lieutenant-Governor Collins, Reverend Robert Knopwood wrote in his diary late in October:
“ The distress of the colony is beyond conception. ”
In November:
“ The weather is very dry. Nothing grows for want of rain…the grubs destroy all our vegetables. ”
By Christmas Day, the temperature was so high he wrote of the heat:
“ that it bent the glass of the thermometer and broke it. ”
The Sydney Observatory records were ‘revised’ in 1996 as part of a PhD thesis funded by the National Greenhouse Advisory Committee. No prizes for guessing how they were adjusted.
http://joannenova.com.au/2013/01/unthreaded-friday/#comment-1225236
http://joannenova.com.au/2013/01/unthreaded-friday/#comment-1225212
The graphs are here:
http://users.tpg.com.au/johnsay1/Stuff/Sydney_re-adjusted.png
Leaving aside the whole climate change debate, this surreptitious revision of actual scientific records is deeply disturbing. As Anthony has documented, it is going on all over the place. People source this data on the basis that it represents what was actually recorded, and are not told that it has been fiddled with.
It is about as anti-scientific as you can get, and if it was done in medical research, would be regarded as life-threatening fraud. How do climate ‘scientists’ get away with it?
Climate Ace, kudos for leaving the personal distress of bushfire victims out of your more recent posts. They gain credibility as a result.
It is claimed that yesterday :
The mercury hit 45.8 degrees Celsius at Observatory Hill at 2.55pm, 0.5 above Sydney’s previous hottest day in 1939.
Here’s the temps at Observatory Hill :
2:30pm 45.1
3:00pm 44.7
3:30pm 37.7
Is a 1.1 degree fall in 5 minutes likely ? Did someone turn off an air conditioner perhaps ?
http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDN60901/IDN60901.94768.shtml
Further to my comment above. Temps at Observatory Hill:
2:39pm 44.3
2:49pm 44.9
2:59pm 44.7
3:09pm 43.7
http://www.weatherzone.com.au/station.jsp?lt=site&lc=66062&list=ob
45.8 deg at 2.55pm seems a tad unlikely !
Perhaps an investigation is warranted.
Dr Burns, I have commented elsewhere on very strange readings from BOM sites – like the recorded temperature dropping from 24C to 15C in ten minutes, as has happened here in Canberra at least twice recently. As a resident, I can assure readers that no such unlikely event occurred.
They need to sack the climate fantasists and get on the job of properly measuring and recording weather. Meanwhile, between their crappy records, dubious measurement and fiddling with data decades after the event, I only believe what I see on the satellite pictures.
@Dale Rainwater Burns, Agreed – strange that it seems to peak at 45.1 at 14.29, a wind change to E from ESE at 14.30, and it drops to 44.9 then 44.7, then continues downwards. Must have been a blip up for a minute that got it!
Date/time Wind dir wind speed temp
Fri 15:09 EDT E 19 43.7
Fri 15:00 EDT E 15 44.7
Fri 14:59 EDT E 15 44.7
Fri 14:49 EDT E 15 44.9
Fri 14:39 EDT E 19 44.3
Fri 14:30 EDT E 19 45.1
Fri 14:29 EDT ESE 9 45.1
Fri 14:19 EDT ESE 9 44.8
It shows as the official max for the day, but clearly had to blip up 0.8 in 6 mins then drop down a full degree in the next 4 mins. Amazing!
January 18, 2013 at 4:43 pm | HB says:
@Gail,Combs: Australia has compulsory voting, with the Australian Electoral Commission paying professional people to run the stations. Many advantages IMHO. Elections are on a Saturday, so easier for people to get there, never run out of ballot papers, cos we know how many people will vote. Voter turnout is not an issue, as you get fined if you don’t, more consistent rules across the country and everyone pays more attention to politics. There are still some who vote for Micky Mouse or whatever, and that’s legal, but its usually less than 10%.
————————————-
We do, however, have a problem with fraudulent voting … the Labor Party has previously directed its supporters to “vote early and vote often” and this is taken to heart. The security to prevent this is weak as there is nothing to stop an individual voting at multiple stations and there is no requirement for identification of voters on the role.
January 18, 2013 at 6:47 am |Steven Mosher says:
——————————-
Can you say, “I’m sorry, I was wrong” ?
Lewis P Buckingham says:
A rosehiller fell dying from the sky? How could that be?
We now have several posts (see above) which prove that the temperature data was wrong, fiddled with, and/or deliberately distorted, so it must have been cooler than the deliberately dissembling authorities reckon, that it might have been hot but it was hotter in their cars, and that it was hot but hotter as it should have been, because you can safely deduct 1, 4 or 5 degrees for the UHI effect. Take your pick.
Anyone would think that a single data point cherry-picked by an Aussie polly matters a jot or a tittle to a general discussion about AGW. (It demonstrates that the man is a fool but he has a bit of history in that direction, so no real harm done). So the Sydney Basin broke a swag of temperature records? So what? You Sydney-siders should get a bit of a grip. Australia beyond the Blue Mountains is a big place and we have had a national heat record broken.
Perhaps had the dead parrot read WUWT it would still be alive? Maybe, it was just panicked into dying by rabid trendy greenies who fooled it by ignoring the UHI?
BTW, what species were Tench’s dead bats? If you want a direct comparison with the Bot’s Fruit Bats, for example, it matters. Scientifically. Fruit bat species distributions vary considerably and you might want to consider whether some are better able than others to withstand heat. Indeed perhaps the ones that could not stand heat might have become locally extinct well before the nineteeth century? You might also want to enquire whether the Bot’s micro-climate (with its magnificent non-local shade trees and its constant watering) replicates anything at all that was available to any species of bats at all during the colony’s infant years. If not, you might want to withdraw your dead bat comparative climate studies altogether. Or at least qualify them sensibly.
Climate Ace Jan 18 2013 8:54pm
‘Single data point cherry picked by an aussie polly’
The eastern Rosella not sic ‘roshiller’ ‘travels high and level over long distances’ and is common in the Sydney basin.Come to Sydney, they are everywhere. Many of them are fed by residents in high rise in the city and are part of our colour.It is a great pity that we Aussies are by our blogs not pointing to the true beauty of our country and city, for the six thousand or so scientific readers of this site.
Just as background,and I assume by your writing you are a journalist and political adviser, you may want to skip the next bit.
The Sydney Observatory is a great place to visit when there is no cloud cover.If there is you will be shown the Planetarium and the old clock.Because of heavy light pollution it is not much more than a tourist destination, and of course the temperature instrument record is no longer reliable.
But that means its a very interesting place to visit.
Now coming to the science bit.
The reason that this unfortunate rosella is of interest is that by its distribution as a species it may be used as a temperature proxy over time.
Last time I checked, and when in conversation with pollys I have come to know and love, few if any read this site as they seem to lack an inquiring mind.
But I digress.
Your point is that Australia has had a record heatwave.
I don’t yet know if you are right.As a political adviser you would appreciate that even budget figures are subject to revision. This revision needs to be done on the Australian temperature record, just as it has been on the US temperature record.If you are in a real position of influence,you may be in a political position to confirm to an increasingly skeptical public that such meta information is available and may be re looked at by a wide scientific community.
But in the meanwhile, the subject here is not that but ‘Was it warmer in 1790?’
So I added my little bit. A tiny bit of information,another line of inquiry, that supports the hypothesis that it was hotter in Port Jackson way back then in 1790, when the headlands were clothed in vegetation and the Parramatta river was pollution free and the pollys fell from the sky in large numbers according to eyewitness reports.
That’s all.
As for your bat question, I quite like bats,although as of late it is not clear that encouraging them in public places is a good idea.
My first experience with bats was going down caving systems at places like Wee Jasper. These cave bats seem to be able to handle climate and weather really well.They love hanging around in really cool caves,and if you enter their domain, make sure you have plenty of warm clothing.
You are right about our friend the Fruit Bat.They come in at night and raid my colourless mulberries, but that’s OK. There is a big colony just up the road from me.
I don’t know what forensic work was done on the said bats, but hey, they were dead.
Now in science that is called a discreet variable.Deadness does not admit to degrees[no pun intended}.
So here we have a new line of enquiry, that’s what science is all about.
Maybe there is someone reading this who is an expert on bats and has studied bat guano and the distribution of bats around Port Jackson and will help us here.May be the odd old fossil.
That’s the beauty of this site, its a community.
It may be possible to examine your hypothesis that it was even hotter on occasion before 1790
at Port Jackson and temperature sensitive fruit bats had already died out,or perhaps moved on.
This may help us obtain another line of scientific evidence so that we may be able to recreate a faithful accurate and verifiable historical temperature record.
Without that all we are left with is wild theories and spin.
Before folk get too wound up about birds falling down from the sky because of the heat, they should be aware that in Australia (and I believe elsewhere) there is a well-documented cool phenomenum at the other end of the temperature spectrum. On very, very cold desert nights some species of birds go into a sort of torpor – a temporary state of hibernation. Before the sun warms them you can pick them up off the ground, motionless.
Is someone really trying to argue that fraudulent voting caused Sydney to break its maximum hot temperature record? If not, why are people talking about fraudulent voting?
Beats me.