Observing Arctic ice-edge plankton blooms from space

False-colour satellite image of ice-edge phytoplankton blooms
Ongoing climate-driven changes to the Arctic sea-ice could have a significant impact on the blooming of tiny planktonic plants (phytoplankton) with important implications for the Arctic ecosystem, according to new research conducted by scientists at the UK’s National Oceanography Centre (NOC).
“Ice-edge phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic Ocean provide food for planktonic animals called zooplankton, which are in turn exploited by animals higher up the food chain such as fish,” explained Dr Andrew Yool, one of the team of NOC researchers.
During the Arctic spring and summer, sea-ice melts and breaks up. Freshwater from melting ice forms a blanket over the denser, saltier water below. This stratification of the water column, along with seasonal sunshine, triggers the appearance of phytoplankton blooms, which often form long but narrow (20–100 km) bands along the receding ice-edge.
Arctic ice-edge blooms have in the past been studied largely during research cruises. These studies have often focused on regions such as the Barents Sea between Norway and the Svalbard Archipelago, and the Bering Shelf bordering Alaska, where blooms are thought to account for 50% or more of biological production.
However, advances in modern satellite technology now offer the opportunity to observe and monitor ice-edge blooms at high spatial resolution over large areas and extended periods of time from space.
“Our aim was to use satellite data to get a synoptic view of ice-edge blooms across the whole Arctic region,” said Dr Yool.
To do this, the research team used daily data from the NASA’s SeaWiFs satellite, which was launched in 1997. SeaWiFs continuously observes ocean colour (sea-ice, cloud and fog cover permitting), sampling the whole globe every two days. To provide an alternative estimate of bloom occurrence, and an independent check on their findings, the researchers also used data from the MODIS satellite.
Ice-edge blooms are identified from the spectral signature of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, after correction for contamination by other coloured organic matter in surface waters.
So as better to understand the relationship between phytoplankton blooms and seasonal changes in sea ice, the researchers also used information on sea ice concentrations obtained from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Their study covered the period 1998–2007.
They found that ice-edge blooms occurred in all seasonally ice-covered areas and from spring to late summer. They observed ice-edge blooms in 77–89% of locations for which they had adequate data. The blooms usually peaked within 20 days of ice retreat, sometimes forming long belts along the ice edge (greater than 100 km).
“The bloom peak is most often located close to the ice edge,” said Dr Yool, “We observed blooms propagating in a wave-like fashion behind the receding ice edge over hundreds of kilometres and over several months, while others remained stationary.”
Because of the geography of the Arctic Ocean, sea ice does not always retreat northwards. For example, in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, west of Greenland, ice shrunk both westward and south-eastward from the north in spring and summer, with phytoplankton blooms propagating along the ice edge as it receded.
“Our findings demonstrate strong biophysical linkage between bloom propagation and sea-ice melt back, which is independent of the actual direction of retreat,” said Dr Yool.
These findings are important because they indicate that future change in Arctic sea- ice resulting from climate change could significantly impact the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms as well as the animals further up the food chain that ultimately depend upon them, including fish.
Ice-edge phytoplankton blooms also play an important role in the Arctic carbon cycle. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton blooms draw large amounts of carbon dioxide down from the atmosphere, some of which is exported to the deep ocean.
What effects future shrinkage in sea-ice will have on the ecology and biogeochemistry of the Arctic Ocean are still largely unclear, as Dr Yool explained:
“It is quite possible that ongoing climate change will lead to ice-free summers in the Arctic within the next few decades. As the melt season becomes longer, ice-edge blooms may propagate over larger distances, stripping out surface nutrients as they go. However, whether the Arctic becomes more or less productive will ultimately depend on complex factors affecting ocean stratification and mixing, and thus the availability of nutrients in sunlit surface waters.”
Dr Yool and his colleagues hope that their findings will contribute to a better conceptual understanding of the ecology of the Arctic Ocean, which should help computer modellers forecast future changes under global warming.
The researchers are MahéPerrette, Andrew Yool, Graham Quartly and Ekaterina Popova of the National Oceanography Centre. The research work began as part of MahéPerrette’s Masters degree undertaken within the University of Southampton’s School of Ocean and Earth Sciences.
Travis says:
March 6, 2011 at 1:31 pm
Climate scientists, in any case, claim to have falsified the null hypothesis that “the current warming trend can be explained solely by known climate cycles and variability”
They claim that the current warming trend can’t be caused by natural variability. But that is solely based on climate models, which are not validated at all. To the contrary, as no climate model has predicted the lack of warming over the past decade (besides the ENSO influence), they clearly underestimate the influence of natural cycles and need scapegoats like human aerosols, which have such an uncertainty, that even the sign is not certain…
RE: Ferdinand Engelbeen
“…like human aerosols, which have such an uncertainty, that even the sign is not certain….”
Hence my disappointment that recent satellite launches of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory and GLORY have failed. They would have supplied much-needed data and perhaps put parts of this controversy to rest…or at least moved us forward into another set of questions.
Whatever drives the Arctic ice sheet when it is retreating from 10e6sqm to 8e6sqm is what determines the minimum ice extent. Typically this is when the ice is retreating from Northern Kamchatka across Siberian shore of the Arctic ocean to Finland.
I think this new idea is plausible as a driver for minimum extent.
Travis,
You ask reasonable questions. So I’ll try my best to explain the situation, beginning with statistical significance.
“You say: ‘The trend in temperature over the past 150 years is not statistically significant.’ I hope we can agree to reject that without argument.”
Sorry, it is either statistically significant or it isn’t. It’s like being pregnant; you either are or you aren’t.
Phil Jones, of the alarmist inner sanctum, admitted there was no statistically significant warming, “but only just.” That doesn’t matter. There was in fact no statistically significant warming, which blows the GCM predicitions out of the water. They were wrong as usual.
Further, Phil Jones himself provided Hadley data showing essentially exact replicas of the current temperature trend going back to 1850. Recall that the Little Ice Age began moderating about 1800.
Neither current trends nor temperatures are outside the parameters of natural variablity during the Holocene. Any so-called climate scientist who claims to have falsified the null hypothesis is lying, plain and simple. If it had been falsified, Trenberth would have been running around crowing about it, instead of trying to replace it with his own bogus, cherry-picked “null hypothesis.”
I am not claiming [and I never have] that human emissions have zero effect on temperatures. What I am stating is this: The demonization of “carbon” [by which the scientifically illiterate mean carbon dioxide, a very minor trace gas] is happening because it is extremely lucrative, and because the nerdy scientists who succumbed to the rock-star fame of being repeatedly interviewed, with the public swallowing their catstrophic prediction hook, line and sinker, never in their wildest dreams thought they would go from zero to hero simply by lying about climate data.
Based on my background and following the articles posted here and elsewhere for the past four years, and listening more closely to those scientists who are at the pinnacle of their carreers and thus have nothing to gain by lying or exaggerating [such as Dr Richard Lindzen], I think that the effect of CO2 is insignificant, on the order of a few tenths of a degree per doubling at most. There is no evidence showing otherwise. Thus, the rise in CO2 can be completely disregarded for all practical purposes.
Next, you asked for a definition of the null hypothesis: The null hypothesis is the statistical hypothesis that states that there are no differences between observed and expected data. The warming over the past century and a half is coincidental with the rise in CO2. If CO2 caused even a large part of the warming, the temperature would closely track the rise in CO2. It doesn’t.
Finally, you ask about the cause of the current warming. Once again I must explain that the question of cause is entirely separate from the null hypothesis. A reductionist fixation on mechanism can lead to the fallacy, “argumentum ignarus res” or argument in defiance of facts: so much faith is placed in a mechanism [and in the simplicity of the mechanism’s operation in the real world] that an alternative hypothesis is stubbornly believed in spite of substantial evidence to the contrary. CAGW is a prime example of this.
The null is simply a benchmark. The claim was repeatedly made that rising CO2 will cause runaway global warming [now mendaciously changed to ‘climate change’]. James Hansen has been arm-waving about this since at least 1988. As it turns out, Hansen and every other person that predicted runaway global warming was wrong.
The null hypothesis is sometimes challenged by alternative hypotheses. If the alternative hypothesis, such as CO2=CAGW is valid, then there must be an observable change from the prior climate. But there has not been any measurable change in trends, temperature, or magnitude. The current climate is completely normal. In fact, the it is is especially benign compared to the extremes of the past 10,000 years.
Those demonizing “carbon” are self-serving charlatans along with their cognitive dissonance-afflicted true believer followers. As Prof Lindzen puts it:
So you can relax. A few tenths of a degree temperature change is completely normal and natural. It would be a different story if the temperature was inexorably rising year after year in line with CO2. But it isn't. The temperature anomaly is now exactly where it was in 1981, 30 years ago. There is simply no empirical evidence – none – that CO2 causes even minuscule warming. It may. But if so, it is insignificant.
R Gates,
As I've shown, GCMs have an abysmal prediction record. Not one of them predicted the last decade's cooling. And based on your comments you still have no understanding of the null hypothesis.
You improbably claimed that atmospheric CO2 is causing the ice caps to melt away. But plenty of glaciers are growing. I have no doubt you will use unbelievable rhetoric to explain how CO2 is causing the melting of ice in one location but not in another.
Claiming that "…in regards to the decline of the Arctic sea ice, and of global warming in general, it is beyond “known” natural variability, and your inability to understand this…" & etc. That is simply wrong. It is wishful thinking. The Arctic has been ice free many times throughout the Holocene. But we only have instrumental data from the 1950's. You are basing your entire conjecture on a few decades, and your mind is closed to the ice core evidence showing much warmer temperatures throughout the past ten millennia.
Your preposterous claim that a minor trace gas comprising only 0.00039 of the atmosphere is melting the Arctic is as silly as it sounds. Warmer water under the ice is melting the ice cap. As the great John Daly explained it, "As we can see from recent history, both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice is certainly subject to variation. But it would be a mistake to assume that a brief period during which the Arctic is in a thinning cycle is anything more than that – a cycle. We know from past history that it has been subject to earlier retreats as suggested by the opening quote from 1817." [source]
There is no empirical [real world], testable evidence showing that CO2 is the cause of changes in Arctic ice cover. There are only your baseless claims – and the always-inaccurate computer models that can’t predict their way out of a paper bag. As the great scientist Prof Freeman Dyson explains:
The disreputable alarmist crowd has lately tried to demonize Prof Dyson. Of course he did synthesize and reduce to practice the Feynman/Schwinger/Tomonaga solutions to the renormalization problems of quantum electrodynamics, and Prof Feynman stated that he deserved the Nobel prize in Physics. But it is limited to three recipients [unlike the worthless Nobel “Peace” prize], and Dyson was the fourth member of the team. I prefer to listen to true scientists without an agenda. Prof Lindzen and Prof Dyson are two of the few commenting on climate issues who haven’t sold out for money and fame. You can listen to climate charlatans like Mann, Pachauri, Gore and the rest of their clique. But the truth is not in them.
R. Gates says:
March 6, 2011 at 1:11 pm
…., and your inability to understand this provides me ample reason to doubt your overall understanding of the topic.”
===
Hubris defined.
Smokey said:
“R Gates,
As I’ve shown, GCMs have an abysmal prediction record. Not one of them predicted the last decade’s cooling. And based on your comments you still have no understanding of the null hypothesis.”
____
I completely understand the null-hypothesis but also completely disagree with your assessment of the facts of global warming as you see them over the past century. We will not therefore, ever agree on any conclusions to follow after those basic disagreements. However, I do not disagree with your assessment of the specific “prediction” record of GCM’s, though they have been quite good at identifying general trends. But all this has nothing at all to do with the general tenets of the greenhouse properties of increasing amounts of CO2, but rather, of the current state of climate science in attempts to make linear type predictions on a complex chaotic system such as the climate. This failure, does not in any way mean that the basic theory of CO2 induced global warming is wrong, but rather, that the specifics related to this warming (including both positive and negative feedbacks) are not able to be completely modeled by the current GCM’s. For a more thorough discussion on this, I would suggest going to the Climate, etc. website and reading:
http://judithcurry.com/2011/03/05/chaos-ergodicity-and-attractors/#more-2580
R. Gates says:
March 6, 2011 at 7:17 pm
This failure, does not in any way mean that the basic theory of CO2 induced global warming is wrong, but rather, that the specifics related to this warming (including both positive and negative feedbacks) are not able to be completely modeled by the current GCM’s.
___________________________________
Well that’s a fancy way of saying the models are full of sh*t.
Like we didn’t already know.
Smokey,
I’m afraid you did not understand what I was asking. I was not asking for the definition of a null hypothesis; I am very well aware of what a null hypothesis is an what is required to reject it. My question/request involved you clarifying exactly what YOUR OWN null hypothesis was.
You continue to have a difficult time narrowing down a time interval. I am not talking about statistically significant warming over the span of the Holocene; any credible climate scientist would have to agree that there were warm intervals in the past, and neither am I arguing the point.
You also misrepresent Phil Jones’s quote, which was referring to the past 15 years (since 1995), not the last 150. Besides, that was last year. According to Jones, it was just short of statistically significant at the 95% confidence level at the time. I ran a Linear Regression T-Test of the annual UAH temperature anomalies from 1995-2009 and am forced to agree; the P-value is above the significance level. However, if he ran the test again this year including the 2010 data, he would get a P-value of about .044, making it statistically significant. You say it’s either statistically significant or it isn’t. I agree: it wasn’t then. It is now.
If you run a simple significance test on UAH data for the trend over the entire satellite era, you get a trend that’s easily significant at a 95% confidence level. A similar test on NOAA data going back to the 19th century will result in the same conclusion at a 99% confidence level.
You need not demonize those pushing carbon taxes or doom and gloom to me. I am making no such claims. I am simply looking for a base on which to build consensus instead of shooting down ridiculous alternatives.
If we cannot agree that Earth has experienced a statistically significant warming trend in the most recent 150 year interval, then I’m afraid there’s not much use in continuing this conversation. Thank you for your time.
philincalifornia says:
March 6, 2011 at 8:30 pm
R. Gates says:
March 6, 2011 at 7:17 pm
“This failure, does not in any way mean that the basic theory of CO2 induced global warming is wrong, but rather, that the specifics related to this warming (including both positive and negative feedbacks) are not able to be completely modeled by the current GCM’s.”
___________________________________
“Well that’s a fancy way of saying the models are full of sh*t.”
_________________________________________
In other words, the Bull hypothesis.
Now don’t tell me that all this planktonic activity could actually affect the atmospheric CO2 abundance, by turning all the dissolved CO2 into blooming plants; hence leaving a CO2 deficiency which Henry’s law might see fit to correct by dissolving more atmospehric CO2 into the exposed open water; did they actually call this an ice edge phenomenon; fancy that.
Well it has been stated elsewhere that atmospheric seasonal CO2 changes, notably drops in the “growing season” are the result of plant growth; ain’t those little oceanic buggers plants too ?
George E. Smith says:
March 7, 2011 at 4:15 pm
Well it has been stated elsewhere that atmospheric seasonal CO2 changes, notably drops in the “growing season” are the result of plant growth; ain’t those little oceanic buggers plants too ?
They are included in the overall oxygen balance, which shows that somewhat 60 GtC is exchanged over the seasons (back and forth) of which over 1 GtC per year is net absorbed by the total biosphere (land + sea). There is some 3 GtC in average in the sea surface as living plant organics (600 GtC in land plants), but these have a rapid turnover in the food chain, thus most is returning as CO2 by krill, fish and sea mammals…
Thus by far most of the exchange is from land plants, not from sea plants.
“””””
Ferdinand Engelbeen says:
March 8, 2011 at 3:15 am
George E. Smith says:
March 7, 2011 at 4:15 pm
Well it has been stated elsewhere that atmospheric seasonal CO2 changes, notably drops in the “growing season” are the result of plant growth; ain’t those little oceanic buggers plants too ?
They are included in the overall oxygen balance, which shows that somewhat 60 GtC is exchanged over the seasons (back and forth) of which over 1 GtC per year is net absorbed by the total biosphere (land + sea). There is some 3 GtC in average in the sea surface as living plant organics (600 GtC in land plants), but these have a rapid turnover in the food chain, thus most is returning as CO2 by krill, fish and sea mammals…
Thus by far most of the exchange is from land plants, not from sea plants. “””””
What sort of land plants grow at the North pole, where NOAA reports the seasonal CO2 cycle is 18 ppm p-p; the largest found anywhere on the planet (three times Mauna Loa’s 6 ppm)? (they say)