Pielke Sr: No Climate Heating In “The Pipeline”

From Roger Pielke Sr’s Climate Science Website

Is There Climate Heating In “The Pipeline”?

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3274/2731999770_f91f4815ba.jpg?v=0

A new paper has appeared (thanks to Timo Hämeranta for alerting us to it!)

Urban, Nathan M., and Klaus Keller, 2009. Complementary observational constraints on climate sensitivity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04708, doi:10.1029/2008GL036457, February 25, 2009. in press,

which provides further discussion of this question.

The abstract of this paper reads

“A persistent feature of empirical climate sensitivity estimates is their heavy tailed probability distribution indicating a sizeable probability of high sensitivities. Previous studies make general claims that this upper heavy tail is an unavoidable feature of (i) the Earth system, or of (ii) limitations in our observational capabilities. Here we show that reducing the uncertainty about (i) oceanic heat uptake and (ii) aerosol climate forcing can — in principle — cut off this heavy upper tail of climate sensitivity estimates. Observations of oceanic heat uptake result in a negatively correlated joint likelihood function of climate sensitivity and ocean vertical diffusivity. This correlation is opposite to the positive correlation resulting from observations of surface air temperatures. As a result, the two observational constraints can rule out complementary regions in the climate sensitivity-vertical diffusivity space, and cut off the heavy upper tail of the marginal climate sensitivity estimate”.

A key statement in the text of their paper reads

“Surface temperature observations permit high climate sensitivities if there is substantial unrealized “warming in the pipeline” from the oceans. However, complementary ocean heat observations can be used to test this and can potentially rule out large ocean warming. Ocean heat observations are compatible with high sensitivities if there is substantial surface warming which is penetrating poorly into the oceans. Again, complementary surface temperature observations can test this, and can potentially rule out large surface warming.”

By “unrealized warming in the pipeline”, they mean heat that is being stored within the ocean, which can subsequently be released into the ocean atmosphere. It is erroneous to consider this heat as ”unrealized warming”, if the Joules of heat are actually being stored in the ocean. The heat is “realized”; it would just not be entering the atmosphere yet.

As discussed in the Physics Today paper

Pielke Sr., R.A., 2008: A broader view of the role of humans in the climate system. Physics Today, 61, Vol. 11, 54-55,

there has been no heating of the upper ocean since mid-2003. Moreover, there has been no heating within the  troposphere (e.g. see Figure 7 of the RSS MSU data).

Thus, there is no “warming in the pipeline” using the author’s terminology, nor any heating within the atmosphere! Perhaps the heating that was observed prior to 2003 will begin again, however, it is scientifically incorrect to report that there is any heat that has not yet been realized within the climate system.

The answer to the question posted in this weblog “Is There Climate Heating In “The Pipeline”? is NO.

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crosspatch
March 6, 2009 12:08 am

Does anyone have data on seawater temperature on the ocean floor? That would, I think give the best overall indication of general climate change over time and there are no Urban Heat Island or poor siting issues involved. An array of temperature sensors that measure the temperature of the ocean at 2 miles and deeper depth would, I think, provide better data. It would be quite stable over time and trends should pop right out of the data.

tallbloke
March 6, 2009 12:41 am

This seems to be broadly in line with Nir Shaviv’s paper
Citation: Shaviv, N. J. (2008), Using the oceans as a calorimeter to quantify the solar radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
A11101, doi:10.1029/2007JA012989
“any attempt to explain historic temperature
variations should consider that the solar forcing variations
are almost an order of magnitude larger that just the TSI
variations now used almost exclusively. It would imply that
the climate sensitivity required to explain historic temperature
variations is smaller than often concluded.”

Jeff B.
March 6, 2009 1:22 am

But there is a lot of political rhetoric and hyperbole masquerading as science, in the pipeline.

dreamin
March 6, 2009 1:51 am

Will it be long before the Hockey Team works its statistical magic and discovers that the oceans are actually warming dramatically?

gaoxing
March 6, 2009 2:04 am

Anybody knows what just happened to CA? Down again in the middle of a very interesting debate…

Lindsay H
March 6, 2009 2:04 am

Crosspatch
Deep ocean temperature history,
Nobody seems to know, but below the thermocline the temperature is somewhere between 2 and 4 degrees even in the tropics, the deep ocean constitutes 90 % of the ocean”s water. Water has maximum density at 4 degrees so at the poles sinks, supposedly driving the ocean currents. The ocean is a cold sink not a heat sink. when the sun heats the surface water it stays on the surface till it cools down ?
How much energy would be needed to raise the deep ocean temperature even .1 of a degree .
70% of earth surface average depth 3,300 meters total volume 1.359 billion cubic meters a hell of a lot of energy, but how do you get to heat the deep ocean ?

Mary Hinge
March 6, 2009 2:07 am

crosspatch (00:08:43) :
A good proxy of sea water temperature is mean sea level, higher sea temperatures will result in thermal expansion. Of course there are other factors especially melting glaciers and land ice sheets. These are also of course indicators of increasing temperatures. Check out the updated sea level graphs below
http://sealevel.colorado.edu/
I have used the home page link so you can play with the adjustments your self, but whichever way you play it the sea level is rising, therefore sea temperatures are rising and/or glaciers and land ice sheets are melting.

stephen richards
March 6, 2009 3:17 am

Mary
That is the worst piece of deduction I’ve seen in a long time.
Influences on sea level (depending on how and where it is measured) include:
Land movement, atmospheric pressure, temperature (local and long term), sea bottom profile.
If I read you correctly, sorry if I didn’t, you are saying :
sea level rise = temp rise ergo global temp rise ergo heat in the pipeline !!

realitycheck
March 6, 2009 3:23 am

Mary Hinge and Crosspatch
A plot of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (a well documented internal mode of variability in the Atlantic Ocean, thought to be related to changes in the Thermohaline circulation and strongly correlated to such things as Hurricane Activity in the Atlantic Basin) since the late 1800’s (ocean surface temperatures recorded by ships, bouys and more recently Satellite) shown here…
http://digitaldiatribes.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/amoraw200811.jpg
…shows that the Satellite recorded rise in sea-level (and ocean surface temperature) since 1994 is entirelly consistent with this natural mode of climate variability
For background on the AMO – the paper by Enfield is a good summary http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/docs/enfield/enfield_etal2001.pdf

Chris H
March 6, 2009 3:29 am

@Mary Hinge (02:07:31)
That graph can be *interpreted* as showing (virtually) no sea-level rise since 2005 or 2005. You need to ignore the straight black line that they misleadingly draw though the last few years.
Of course, there is so much noise in the data, that the sea rise could still be there, so we will only really know after waiting a few more years. But it does seem strange that this co-indices with flat air temperatures (for a decade), and flat sea temperatures (since 2003)…

Chris H
March 6, 2009 3:30 am

I meant to say “since 2005 or 2006”.

dreamin
March 6, 2009 3:37 am

A good proxy of sea water temperature is mean sea level, higher sea temperatures will result in thermal expansion.
If sea levels decline for 2 or 3 years, does that mean that the whole global warming scare has been falsified? Or will the alarmists come up with some reason why such a decline is “consistent with” their hypothesis?

anna v
March 6, 2009 3:43 am

I have a question on ocean temperature.
I know that on the land the deeper one digs the higher the temperature ( magma effect)
http://www.bullion.org.za/Education/Gold.htm
(to chilled water used to cool down air in the mine’s depths where rock temperatures can be as high as 45’C);
…..
Virgin rock temperatures higher than 52°C have been recorded in South African gold mines
…..
On average, gold in South African mines, is found in only 5.1 parts per million from rock extracted at depths of up to 3.5 kilometres below surface
Now the ocean bottoms are about 4 km down from the surface, so , my question is:
is all that heat taken into account when modeling/calculating oceans?
In my simple physicist mind the heat source (magma) must be approximately spherically distributed, thus the rock at the bottom of the ocean should have the above temperature 45 to 50 Cm maybe even more. That is a lot of heat, much more than the atmosphere heating the water on top ( it is seldom 45C). And hot water rises.
Just curious if anybody knows.

thefordprefect
March 6, 2009 3:54 am

Try poking around at this site:
http://argo.jcommops.org/website/Argo/viewer.htm
http://wo.jcommops.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Argo/
The argo floats seem to have temperature/salinity measurements down to 2000m
Can’t find historical data – need to poke more! (and if there is it may not go back many years – 2001?)
Mike

Frank Lansner
March 6, 2009 3:58 am

@Mary Hinge
You write: “A good proxy of sea water temperature is mean sea level, higher sea temperatures will result in thermal expansion”
The best measurement for ocean temperature is… ocean temperature, just as referred to in the article.
Im not saying that sea levels are 100% useless in this context, but its a bit more complex:
1) As you say there are meltings of ice.
2) Measurement precision and measurement methods and adjustings.
3) The fact – as Lindsay indicates above that water has highes density at 4 degrees C. This last fact is much more important than one might think because a HUGE fraction of the oceans water has temperatures below 4 degrees:
http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/oceanography/lesson4/images/sm_temperature_depth.jpg
For this volumen, any heating will have the opposite effect: A shrinking volume.
And the volume of ocean water around 4 degrees will hardly be affected by a little heat change.
Therefore the sea-level proxy is way too complex for temperature use.
But yes, if we there was no ocean temperature measurements, one might use it somehow.
@all…
Another thing: Why do we still not have 100% free access to the ARGO data???
Is there a very good explanation howcome we after 6 years still are not allowed to see these data?? Should not this be changed?

Stephen Skinner
March 6, 2009 4:18 am

It would be helpful to reclassify elements back to their historical names so that we can observe clearly what is happening and not create a situation that is similar to ‘leading the witness’. The term ‘global warming gas’ is not helpful as certain gases are picked out as having the ability to warm, even though all gases can be warmed. The term ‘global warming gas’ has the potential to block understanding of the world around us. In particular water vapour is classified as a ‘Global Warming Gas’ which is a loaded term, when it should just be called Water Vapour. Water vapour has certain properties, and those include the ability to cool as well as heat. If this is not the case then the nearly 800 million road vehicles that use water cooled engines must be doing something wrong.
My next gripe is albido. The oceans are considered dark and therefore heat absorbing. The oceans look dark but are not dark in the same way as black paint. They reflect a lot of light, perhaps most of it, because very little light gets very far. It does not take long to get to pitch black when descending in the ocean. Compare that to the atmosphere where light will make it through to the surface even with the thickest clouds. I can also attest to the reflective qualities of the Oceans having observed the calluses on two individual’s eyes who have spent several months each year sailing in the Bahamas over the last 30 years. Look at it another way. Imagine shining a light directly into a cave and it continued to look dark. Would that be odd?
I am not a sceptic of the fact we may be changing the environment. I am a sceptic of the single idea that CO2 is driving up temperatures and nothing else matters. As long as we deal with CO2 we can carry on clearing all the forests (given the same albido as towns), carry on overfishing, etc etc.
I overheard one sentence on the radio to do with eco friendly fridges “…CO2 is a natural refrigerant”
And ‘Swampy’ said; ”I don’t care about the numbers it’s the symbolism”.

Stephen Skinner
March 6, 2009 4:24 am

And another thing. I don’t understand how we would be a lot colder without CO2. The min/max temp records are -50/+50. Meanwhile up on the ISS they have to deal with -150/+120. We obviously live on a fantastic air conditioned planet.

foinavon
March 6, 2009 4:26 am

There seems to be some confusion in the top article on this subject. Inspection of the Urban and Keller (U-K) paper indicates that the conclusions drawn in the top post are incorrect.
ONE: U-K are addressing something quite specific, namely the long tail at the eigh end in possible climate sensitivities when analyses are constrained by observational evidence. Thus while a whole load of analyses support a “short tem” (decades-centuries) climate sensitivity near 3 oC of warming per doubling of atmospheric CO2, it’s difficult categorically to rule out significant likelihoods of values that are quite high (e.g. greater than 5-6 oC) based on observational evidence, largely due to uncertainties in the aerosolic contributions and especially the timescale(s) of the ocean response.
What S-K indicate is that in the so-far notional situation that we ignore the aerosolic uncertainties and consider a “pure” system of Earth surface temperature and ocean heat content, reliably known, that a combination of the two analyses can reduce uncertainty in the tail at the high end of climate sensitivities.
S-K don’t address the climate sensitivity in terms of assessing likely values and in fact use the evidence-based data (likely climate sensitivity near 3 oC) to model their analysis.
TWO- Nothing in S-K (or Pielke’s) analysis indicates that there isn’t warming “in the pipeline”. That’s an essential fact of life in a world that is warming via a increase in external forcing (solar/greenhouse). The question is how much warming is “in the pipeline”. S-K indicate that this can be narrowed down according to their model. But they certainly don’t show, state, infer or imply that there isn’t warming “in the pipeline”.
THREE-It’s worth pointing out that “warming in the pipeline” isn’t a result of heat stored in the oceans per se, although the storage of heat in the ocean is an integral part of the inertia with respect to the Earth’s surface temperature change under enhanced forcing. The “warming in the pipeline” is more easily understood in relation to the ability of the oceans to cool the Earth’s surface (or to resist surface warming), until such a time that the oceans themselves come towards equilibrium with the enhanced forcing.
So Pielke’s notion of heat stored in the ocean and “subsequently released into the atmosphere” isn’t a very helpful one….The essential question is the rate at which the oceans come towards equilibrium with forcings. If it’s fast, the climate senstivity is low…if slow the climate sensitivity is high. That’s the question that U-K are addressing with their modeling…

Ron de Haan
March 6, 2009 4:59 am

Mary Hinge (02:07:31) :
crosspatch (00:08:43) :
A good proxy of sea water temperature is mean sea level, higher sea temperatures will result in thermal expansion. Of course there are other factors especially melting glaciers and land ice sheets. These are also of course indicators of increasing temperatures. Check out the updated sea level graphs below
http://sealevel.colorado.edu/
I have used the home page link so you can play with the adjustments your self, but whichever way you play it the sea level is rising, therefore sea temperatures are rising and/or glaciers and land ice sheets are melting.
Mary Hinge,
New posting, same conclusions.
Melting glaciers, melting and land ice sheets, rising temperatures!
Have a look at this Dutch Study which presents “real historic data” and know that since 2005 until today no accelerated rise in sea level has occurred.
http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=61
This is the stuff which is put under the carpet because it’s to “inconvenient” for certain religious agenda’s.

Steve Keohane
March 6, 2009 5:03 am

anna v (03:43:52) It seems logical to me that there would be an effect from the earth’s internal heat. From the numbers in my CRC handbook, it only works out to .082 W/m2, not much compared to the sun.

Mike Bryant
March 6, 2009 5:11 am
klausb
March 6, 2009 5:11 am

anna v (03:43:52) :

In my simple physicist mind the heat source (magma) must be approximately spherically distributed, thus the rock at the bottom of the ocean should have the above temperature 45 to 50 Cm maybe even more. That is a lot of heat, much more than the atmosphere heating the water on top ( it is seldom 45C). And hot water rises.
Just curious if anybody knows.

Anna, read about Picard and his bathyscaph “Trieste” or google for them
or other deep see projects. It’s damn freaking cold down there, with the exception of a subsurface volcano here or there

Richard111
March 6, 2009 5:15 am

anna v (03:43:52)
I was able to visit Vaal Reefs many years ago and experienced that heat.
I think it is the rock density of the land being much less than the basalt under the sea that prevents the seas heating from the bottom up. I think there is more deep water heating from the mid-ocean ridges. Question is, how much?
Please add my question to anna’s.

realitycheck
March 6, 2009 5:24 am

Re: anna v (03:43:52) :
An average geothermal gradient for the Earths Crust is about 25 degrees C per Km of depth, however it varies strongly depending on the type of Crust.
For example, the crust under the Oceans is very different to that under the Continents. Typical Continental crust is about 200 km thick, relatively low in density and relatively low in thermal conductivity whereas Oceanic crust can be as thin as 100 km thick, much denser and higher in thermal conductivity. The total heat loss from the Mantle through the Earths crust is though to be about 42×10^12 W, of which 70% is through the deep oceanic crust (see http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1980/RG018i001p00269.shtml)
In the oceans, you then have the additional factor of hydrothermal vents which occur along the mid-ocean ridges. These are the locations where new oceanic crust is being formed – the crust is very thin here (on the order of a few Kms) and therefore the 600C+ Mantle is much closer to the ocean/crust boundary. Water temperatures around these hydrothermal vents has often been recorded in the 300 to 400C range. These mid-ocean ridges are a semi-permanent feature through geological time and probably account for about 90% of the heat loss through the Oceanic crust.
With all of this in mind – there is almost certainly a Mantle heat loss component in the temperature of the worlds oceans. How does that vary with time (e.g. tidal influences and chaotic dynamics within the Earths Mantle and Core)? We don’t know. That science is still in its infancy.

anna v
March 6, 2009 5:34 am

Steve Keohane (05:03:20) :
anna v (03:43:52) It seems logical to me that there would be an effect from the earth’s internal heat. From the numbers in my CRC handbook, it only works out to .082 W/m2, not much compared to the sun.
I am sorry, I am not familiar with a CRC handbook. Could you be a bit more clear? Is that for the ocean bottom at 50C? sounds too small to me. I would spend more watts to bring my kitchen hot plate to such a temperature. Maybe I should experiment with the microwave.

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