From the THE EARTH INSTITUTE AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY and the “must make the blade of the hockey stick flat” department comes this claim:
Study undercuts idea that ‘Medieval Warm Period’ was global
Vikings may not have colonized Greenland in nice weather
A new study questions the popular notion that 10th-century Norse people were able to colonize Greenland because of a period of unusually warm weather. Based upon signs left by old glaciers, researchers say the climate was already cold when the Norse arrived–and that climate thus probably played little role in their mysterious demise some 400 years later. On a larger scale, the study adds to building evidence that the so-called Medieval Warm Period, when Europe enjoyed exceptionally clement weather, did not necessarily extend to other parts of the world.
“It’s becoming clearer that the Medieval Warm Period was patchy, not global,” said lead author Nicolás Young, a glacial geologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. “The concept is Eurocentric–that’s where the best-known observations were made. Elsewhere, the climate might not have been the same.” Climate scientists have cited the Medieval Warm Period to explain anomalies in rainfall and temperature in far-flung regions, from the U.S. Southwest to China. The study appears today in the journal Science Advances.
Norse, or Vikings, led by Erik the Red, first sailed from recently settled Iceland to southwestern Greenland around 985, according to Icelandic records. Some 3,000 to 5,000 settlers eventually lived in Greenland, harvesting walrus ivory and raising livestock. But the colonies disappeared between about 1360 and 1460, leaving only ruins, and a longstanding mystery as to what happened. The native Inuit remained, but Europeans did not re-inhabit Greenland until the 1700s.
The Greenlandic Vikings’ apogee coincided with the Medieval Warm Period (also known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly), generally dated from about 950-1250; their disappearance followed the onset of the Little Ice Age, which ran from about 1300-1850. Both periods are firmly documented in European and Icelandic historical records. Thus, popular authors and some scientists have fixed on the idea that nice weather drew the settlers to Greenland, and bad weather froze and starved them. But there are no early historical climate records from Greenland. Recently, historians have proposed more complex factors in addition to, or instead of, climate: hostilities with the Inuit, a decline in ivory trade, soil erosion caused by the Vikings’ imported cattle, or a migration back to Europe to farms depopulated by the Black Plague.
In the new study, the scientists sampled boulders left by advancing glaciers over the last 1,000-some years in southwest Greenland, and on neighboring Baffin Island, which the Norse may also have occupied, according to newly uncovered evidence. Glacial advances during the Little Ice Age have wiped out most evidence of where the glaciers were during the Norse settlement. But Young and his colleagues were able to find traces of a few moraines–heaps of debris left at glaciers’ ends–that, by their layout, they could tell predated the Little Ice Age advances. Using newly precise methods of analyzing chemical isotopes in the rocks, they showed that these moraines had been deposited during the Viking occupation, and that the glaciers had neared or reached their later maximum Little Ice Age positions between 975 and 1275. The strong implication: it was at least as cold when the Vikings arrived as when they left. “If the Vikings traveled to Greenland when it was cool, it’s a stretch to say deteriorating climate drove them out,” said Young.
The findings fit with other recently developed evidence that the effects of the Medieval Warm Period were not uniform; some places, including parts of central Eurasia and northwestern North America, may actually have cooled off.
In the Atlantic region, the research includes a 2013 study of ocean-bottom sediments suggesting that temperatures in the western North Atlantic actually went down as the eastern North Atlantic warmed. Other studies of the region suggest a more complex picture. A 2011 study of a core from the Greenland ice sheet shows a strong cooling at the start of Norse occupation, and another in the middle, with interspersed warming. On the other hand, lake-bottom sediments from southwestern Greenland studied in 2011 by Lamont-Doherty paleoclimatologist William D’Andrea, suggest it might indeed have been warm when the Norse arrived, but that climate cooled starting in 1160, well before the Little Ice Age.
The new study may feed recent suggestions by other researchers that the Medieval Warm Period was in part just an extended phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Modern observations show that the NAO is a generally decadal-scale climate cycle, in which warm winds from the west strengthen and boost temperatures in Europe and Iceland, but simultaneously make southwest Greenland and Baffin Island colder, by sucking in more Arctic air. That makes the two regions seesaw in opposite directions.
Gifford Miller, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Colorado, called the paper “a coup de grace on the Medieval Warm Period.” Miller said it shows “with great clarity of evidence” that “the idea of a consistently warm Medieval period is certainly an oversimplification and of little utility.”
Astrid Ogilvie, a climate historian currently based at Iceland’s Akureyri University, said the study “shows that the climate is clearly more complicated and variable than people earlier assumed.” As for the Vikings, the climate story has been dimming for some time, she said. “I do not like the simplistic argument that the Greenland people went there when it was warm, and then ‘it got cold and they died’,” she said. “I think the Medieval Warm Period has been built on many false premises, but it still clings to the popular imagination.”
The rocks were analyzed at the University of Buffalo, and at the Lamont-Doherty lab of geochemist and study coauthor Joerg Schaefer. The Lamont lab is among a handful that can precisely date such recent rock deposits. The analyses are done by measuring buildups of small amounts of Beryllium 10, an isotope created when cosmogenic rays strike rock surfaces newly exposed by melting ice.
###
In addition to Young and Schaefer, the paper was coauthored by Avriel Schweinsberg and Jason Briner of the University at Buffalo, who carried out the Greenland portion of the fieldwork.
The paper, “Glacier maxima in Baffin Bay during the Medieval Warm Period coeval with Norse settlement,” is available from Science Advances
‘On a larger scale, the study adds to building evidence that the so-called Medieval Warm Period, when Europe enjoyed exceptionally clement weather, did not necessarily extend to other parts of the world … “It’s becoming clearer that the Medieval Warm Period was patchy, not global,” said lead author Nicolás Young …’.
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Even if that were true (which it isn’t) ‘absence of evidence is not evidence of absence’.
‘Gifford Miller, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Colorado, called the paper “a coup de grace on the Medieval Warm Period” …”.
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Every branch of science has its subbranches or specialties, chemistry has environmental, inorganic, nuclear, organic etc., physics has applied, experimental, theoretical, computational and so on.
So there is this speciality in climate change™ science called ‘getting rid of the medieval warm period’ climate science.
MWP world wide evidence…..
http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/Glacial.pdf
from that den of deniers Cambridge University ,UK
Correcting isn’t presenting facts….. trying to correct past history is the same as throwing dust in the face of people so they can’t see what’s there…..
Where have all the MONEY gone politicians, so called experts and journalists visiting COP21 in Paris?
Reality check:
Short introduction
Greenland was a green land when the first settlers arrived, not in 1000 AD but around 980. The farms that grow on Greenland from Disco Bay (north of Western Settlement) mostly along the coast or close to fjords were compared with farms on Iceland and Norway/Sweden same time large farms.
A quick information re. farms on Greenland during Viking Age up to 1435.
Short info about farms in Western and Eastern Settlements.
While the main hall in the Eastern Settlements is around 56 m² the same type of hall in Western Settlement had a mean value of 28 m²,
as for the total mean of Byres: Eastern Settlements 87 m² and 27 m² in the Western Settlements,
Barns in Eastern Settlement had a total mean 85 m² and in Western Settlements the Barns had a total mean of 36 m²
Storeage mean also was lower in west as well.
Lets look at two of the farms in the west Greenland Settlements: Sandnes(W51) Hall 72 m², Byre 84 m² and Barn 155 m²; and Anavik(W7) Hall ?, Byre 50 m², Barn 54 m² and Storage 38 m². [McGovern, Table 6 Floor-area of selected structures of farms of the Eastern and Western Settlements, page 213.]
The barn and other outbuildings were so large that most non royal farms in Scandinavia during the Viking – Early Middle Ages should have been jealous of the surfaces and the number of stalls in the barn.Garden under Sandet a Greenland farm rising from 670 years permafrost
Gifford Miller, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Colorado, called the Young paper “a coup de grace on the Medieval Warm Period.” That’s rather overstating it a bit.
The Danes think “climate change” did for the Greenland settlements…..
“We cannot attribute the end of the Norse civilisation to a single factor, but there is enough evidence to suggest that climate change played a major role in determining its collapse,” concluded Ribeiro. “Harsh climate conditions made farming and cattle production increasingly difficult and the extensive sea-ice prevented navigation and trading with Europe.”
[http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/PressRelease/pressReleaseId-98837.html]
It seems the Norse Greenlanders could have survived but got tired of eating seal rather than beef [and they weren’t great farmers]……so the girls left and the boys followed [they are always slower to get the drift]
http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/archaeologists-uncover-clues-to-why-vikings-abandoned-greenland-a-876626.html
And there is plenty of evidence the MWP was not just a local phenomenon but was world wide
e.g. Groves and Switsur of Cambridge University..
http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/Glacial.pdf
and Zinli Lu of Syracuse University..
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X12000659
Bubonic plague did not hit Iceland until 1402, but when it did, it killed half the population. This would have freed up land there for immigrants from Greenland.
The Black Death struck again in 1494, once more killing half of Icelanders.
Some Greenlanders might also have gone all the way back to Norway, devastated from 1349-50. Smaller outbreaks of plague and other infectious diseases appeared there approximately every decade during a 300-year period.
Reblogged this on Norah4you's Weblog and commented:
A quick information re. farms on Greenland during Viking Age up to 1435.
Short info about farms in Western and Eastern Settlements.
While the main hall in the Eastern Settlements is around 56 m² the same type of hall in Western Settlement had a mean value of 28 m²,
as for the total mean of Byres: Eastern Settlements 87 m² and 27 m² in the Western Settlements,
Barns in Eastern Settlement had a total mean 85 m² and in Western Settlements the Barns had a total mean of 36 m²
Storeage mean also was lower in west as well.
Lets look at two of the farms in the west Greenland Settlements: Sandnes(W51) Hall 72 m², Byre 84 m² and Barn 155 m²; and Anavik(W7) Hall ?, Byre 50 m², Barn 54 m² and Storage 38 m². [McGovern, Table 6 Floor-area of selected structures of farms of the Eastern and Western Settlements, page 213.]
The barn and other outbuildings were so large that most non royal farms in Scandinavia during the Viking – Early Middle Ages should have been jealous of the surfaces and the number of stalls in the barn.
The Greenlanders exported butter (salted in the jar) and hard cheese (!) to Europe especially from 1100 up to 1435. There still exist documents showing these. Origins!
Up to late 1200’s the Greenlanders lived a good life. Then the King of Norway called for them to pay tax not only tithes to Church. That together with colder weather after a series large eruptions of vulcano in Greenland from 1280 up to 1341 made a drastic change in wealth and lifestyle. Up to 1410 they still had regular contacts with Europe – the last known expedition that returned with information that came to Papal Church knowledge was as late as 1521(!) Garden under Sandet – a Greenland farm rising from 670 years permafrost
An article of interest from Spiegel Online International:
Abandoned Colony in Greenland: Archaeologists Find Clues to Viking Mystery
Nora
Thank you for posting. Is this statement correct?
Did you mean a volcano in Iceland perhaps?
Not the first large eruption but eruptions on or around Iceland helped colling down. The first eruption was on the eastern side of Greenland where a large island was blown up same as St. Helena. The islands remains today is a good fishing place. You may find it on maps almost like Dogger bank but remains after a volcano blow up.
the remains is located in sea outside a place where a ship in mid 1000’s had to land due to boat falling apart (a King’s son and several priests were on board and 7 of them survived and made it to land but when ships looking for them the year afterwards no one lived graves and an annal was found)
Thanks Norah,
Can you supply more details? e.g. the traditional name of the fishing grounds.
I cannot locate any online records of a volcanic eruption in historic times on the Greenland continental shelf near Cape Farewell.
From the New York Times, May 8, 2001, By James Brooke
Story of Viking Colonies’ Icy ‘Pompeii’ Unfolds From Ancient Greenland Farm
Kulusuk Lake is located on Kulusuk Island off the east coast of Greenland about the same latitude as northern Iceland. The lake was the subject of a recent paper with a graph of glacier advance and retreat. I used this graph to explore how the warming and cooling might correspond with warming and cooling in Europe and finally what the impact might have been on the Greenland colony.
https://geoscienceenvironment.wordpress.com/2015/12/05/glacier-response-to-north-atlantic-climate-variability-during-the-holocene/
As for the Greenland settlements about 1000 AD, it seems that Greenland may indeed have recovered from very severe climate conditions that had prevailed 200 years before. My graph based on accumulating the data shows that the greatest extent of the glacier was probably 200 years before settlement began.
By 1000 AD the climate may have appeared suitable for settlement. The settlers could not have known that climate would again deteriorate for 400 years, that the glaciers would again advance and that the colony would fail.
The Medieval Warm Period may not have been nearly as warm as the Roman Warm Period, which in turn may not have been as warm as the Minoan Warm Period. Possibly the Medieval Warm Period did not quite match the modern warm period. However, the evidence from the Kulusuk Glacier reveals substantial glacier retreat culminating around 1000 AD, the expected date of the Medieval Warm Period.
The evidence from the Kulusuk Glacier suggests that the modern warm period may be similar to some of the short, quick blips of the past that were followed by cold periods. See the graph showing cold periods beginning at 3000 PB and 2000 BP after short quick glacier retreats caused by warming.
https://geoscienceenvironment.wordpress.com/2015/12/05/glacier-response-to-north-atlantic-climate-variability-during-the-holocene/
Glacier response to North Atlantic climate variability during the Holocene. N. L. Balascio, W. J. D’Andrea and R. S. Bradley, Clim. Past Discuss., 11, 2009-2036, 2015
http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/11/2009/2015/cpd-11-2009-2015.html
If the temperature goes up regionally this will still increase average global temperatures. Basic grade school math.
In Europe 1 midi Marielle Fournier – 09/08/12, the discussion about climate begins at 33:40.
It is an exchange between
Michel Petit, climatologist, member of the French Academy of Sciences
Benoît Rittaud, mathematician, author of Le Mythe climatique and La peur exponentielle
Laurent Cabrol, weatherman
At 42:16
Translation:
Who is Michel Petit?
http://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/membre/PetitM_bio0611.pdf
One aspect of the failed Greenland settlements was lack of access due to increased sea ice. The Norse settlers relied on Norway for items such as iron goods for agriculture and boatbuilding.
“It’s becoming clearer that the Medieval Warm Period was patchy, not global.”
Jeez – what are these people taking?
All climate trends are patchy. Modern warming is patchy. Where is the warming at the south pole?
During the MWP, Greenland’s climate supported agriculture during the vast majority of years. They would have had the occasional bad year. Most farmers can survive one failed crop. Ten failed crops in a row would certainly put the farmers off the land.
The MWP in Greenland was not patchy. It was reliable.
richard verney says
“This is a point that I have long made.
First Climate is regional not global, and second change and the consequences of change occur and are felt predominantly on a regional basis.”
Yes that is true but there is a greater truth – that climate is zonal, as amply demonstrated by the Koppen-Geiger land classification that dates back to 1884 and demonstrates that climate change is best displayed in the movement of these zones as reflected in the movement of native plant species that respond to changes in precipitation and land temperature – specifically soil temperature over the growing season as measured by the modern heat unit system. Climate changes is best measured by movement of the boundaries of the Koppen zones of which the historical cropping data from Viking Greenland, Roman Britain etc are good examples with the changes in climate in the Sachel a good modern example.
Such changes largely reflect a redistribution of the heat arising from solar energy by changes in ocean and atmospheric oscillations (with changes in the boundaries of the Hadley, Tyrell and Polar cells) mainly induced by a combination of changes in solar activity combined with lunar Saros cycles. Thus we do not expect the Earth to show uniform cooling or warming, and indeed that is the case with the well establish NH – SH yoyo and is reflected in the 100 plus papers showing the Medieval Warm Period was global but not necessarily contiguous in all areas. Details of these papers are available at the Idso site: http://www.co2science.org/subject/g/globalmwp.php
On the question of Hoeth and growing barley in Greenland this has been reported by the Economist:
http://www.economist.com/node/7852916
Whilst this reflects increased temperatures in Greenland combined with more modern varieties and agronomic expertise it also reflects the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide that improves performance as shown in the following videos on the “Greening of the Earth” that date from 1992, updated in 1998.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27XbnyWC5WM&feature=youtu.be
There is a good argument from the satellite data that much of the increased atmospheric CO2 has come from the oceans as they have warmed. The converse is also true and as the oceans cooled at the end of the Medieval warm Period one can speculate that the resulting lower level in Greenland – where much of the re-absorption into the colder ocean would have taken place – would have contributed to a lowering of barley yields making agriculture at that time untenable, leading to emigration.
The proponents of the current “CO2 witchhunt” in Paris will doubtless claim that these videos are denier propaganda as they were funded by the US coal industry. However, the research, that is well documented and peer reviewed, took place at the University of Florida, at US Department of Agriculture Research Stations, and other places abroad including Germany. The conclusions of these videos has been amply supported by the data from the recent Ibuki, OCO and other satellite studies showing that since satellites began flying in the early 1980’s the Earth has had an approximate 14% increase in biomass. Given the importance of CO2 to the continuing welfare of humans via the essential supply of food it is fortunate that there are some countries that are going rt ensure adequate future supplies, not least China, India, South Africa and others that are building a large number of coal fired power stations;
http://joannenova.com.au/2015/12/planetary-heroes-meet-in-paris-to-save-earth-from-bad-weather/
The only really interesting comment in this for me at least is that from Astrid Ogilvie, a climate historian currently based at Iceland’s Akureyri University, who said the study “shows that the climate is clearly more complicated and variable than people earlier assumed.”
Amen to that!
Except they use it as an excuse. As in “we don’t really know, but trust us! We’re scientists!”
1300 CE was also about when farming became impossible due to lack of rainfall thus causing the abandonment of the cliff dwelling villages in the quaint tourist destination of Mesa Verde in the US southwest. Coincidence?
The “science” in this study sure is patchy.
Here’s another study that concludes:
” This ikaite record qualitatively supports that both the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age extended to the Antarctic Peninsula.”
An ikaite record of late Holocene climate at the Antarctic Peninsula
Zunli Lua, , , Rosalind E.M. Rickabyb, Hilary Kennedyc, Paul Kennedyc, Richard D. Pancostd, Samuel Shawe, Alistair Lennief, Julia Wellnerg, John B. Andersonh
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X12000659
These drones are simply using the directive from “1984”; “Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past”. Straight out of the Warmunist playbook.
There is insurmountable evidence from every part of the world that the MWP was global and warmer than now, to include historical as well as proxy physical data.
That the reams of evidence to this effect continues to be ignored is yet another sign of how far the rot and corruption of science has spread/
Clearly the brief warming period experienced by the Norse in Greenland was brought about by the flatulance of their herds. As they switched from cows to goats and pigs due to the ease of raising those animals, the effect was diminished, cooling the region and ultimately causing the collapse of the Norse colonies there.
Can I get my grant now? Department Chair, even?
“I do not like the simplistic argument that the Greenland people went there when it was warm, and then ‘it got cold and they died’,” Astrid Ogilvie
It’s certainly true that it’s non-simplistic to say that they went there when it was too cold to grow food or raise livestock and then “died” while it was still too cold, after hundreds of years.
Sometimes the truth is simple, if not indeed simplistic.
Many such instances exist throughout human history of real climate change populating, then depopulating regions.
Basing a study on cosmogenic nuclide dating (Beryllium 10 in this instance) of rock samples is akin to putting your life savings on zero in Roulette.
Read about it here.
http://quaternary-science.publiss.net/system/articles/pdfas/782/original_vol57_no1-2_a07.pdf?1284108221
These guys are going to have a much tougher job with the task of erasing the Chinese MWP:
http://www.co2science.org/subject/m/summaries/mwpchina.php
This paper obviously was written to push the cult of CAGW’s agenda as opposed to solve a scientific problem.
Holistic analysis with a formal written complete review of all possible hypotheses and all of the data is used if the objective is to solve a problem as opposed to write papers forever or in this case to push the cult of CAGW’s agenda. Industrial analysis such as plane crash analysis uses holistic formal analysis as the public would not accept occasional crashes of planes due to uncorrected technical and pilot problems.
The methodology used by pure science is fractional analysis where the problem is divided into infinitesimal parts and each fractional part is examined ignoring other observations and analysis. Fractional analysis enables paradoxes and anomalies which disprove the base theory to be ignored and enables, in fact forces, the analysis to go on forever as the problem with never be solved, as there is fundamental error in the base theory which is never corrected. Paradoxes and anomalies that occur due to base errors in the theory are hand waved away with Zombie theories such as Milankovitch theory that changes to summer insolation at 65N somehow causes the glacial/interglacial cycle and cyclic abrupt climate change or is part of the ‘solution’.
In the case of this climate wars paper, the specialists are aware small regions of a glacial can advance when there is warming if there is a significant increase in snowfall in the region in question. This does not mean there was no Medieval warming period.
Support for the fact that there was a Medieval warming period is the fact there are cycles of warming and cooling the paleo record, called Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles or Bond cycles and that this cyclic warming and cooling is evident in both hemispheres.
Contrary to folk legend the earth’s climate does not cyclically jump or tip from one ‘state’ to another. Just as rocks do not jump up hill, there is a physical reason why the earth cyclically warms and cools (sometimes abruptly cools). The physical reason is changes to the solar cycle.
P.S. The sun can cause the cyclic warming and cooling, as the sun is significantly different than the standard model. As noted the analysis will go on forever if there are fundamental errors in the base theories. There are hundreds of astronomical paradoxes and anomalies in peer reviewed papers some of which have been known for more than two decade (number of paradoxes and anomalies increases with time with better observations) that support the assertion that the sun and stars are significantly different than the standard model which explains how the universe can be/ is eternal rather than started 13.7 billion years ago in a big bang.
Greenland Ice Sheet Temperatures Last 100,000 years
http://www.hidropolitikakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/4.gif
It is interesting that the Dansgaard/Oescheger events which have characteristic period of 1470 years have continued throughout the Holocene interglacial period.
As there are cosmogenic isotope changes that are concurrent with all of the Dansgaard/Oescheger events (also referred to a Bond events named after Gerald Bond who tracked 23 of the cycles) and the Heinrich events it is obvious a specific solar cycle change is causing what is observed.
http://www.climate4you.com/images/GISP2%20TemperatureSince10700%20BP%20with%20CO2%20from%20EPICA%20DomeC.gif
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/09/05/is-the-current-global-warming-a-natural-cycle/
http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/davis-and-taylor-wuwt-submission.pdf
http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/Publications/Journals/rahmstorf_grl_2003.pdf
In short the alarmists are simultaneously attempting to erase the Medieval WP while at the same time accusing skeptics of trying to erase the Modern WP.
—
Glacier maxima in Baffin Bay during the Medieval Warm Period
coeval with Norse settlement
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/11/e1500806
The paper looks like a political piece of writing to me.
However among the bluster, is a lot of what ifs and maybes and that should be noted. Also for warmist propaganda, a lot of own goals. In admitted to the MWP in Europe and the Little Ice Age which they don’t seem to claim as local. And they don’t lay a scratch on other warm periods like the Holocene.
This paper throws doubt on using Moraines as a climate proxy:
—
The effects of interannual climate variability on the moraine record
http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2013/12/05/G34791.1.abstract
It seems strange to me how the Baffin piece can claim Europe to be local but Baffin not?
Why is Baffin not the anomaly? The paper doesn’t go into in depth research to around
the world to back up their claim. Even so they are left to explain away their cold Baffin
via the term ‘dipole’? And there seems to be a lot about soil ages but if the making of their
expansion is in doubt, this seems bogus and useless.
It seems that when the sea ice expands out in the South Pole, warmists call it warming.
But when it’s Moraines, it’s the cold.
All I can say is two can play that “game” – today’s “global” warming isn’t “global”. Some places have growing glaciers. Some places have almost started their own glaciers again (Boston still had a snow pile in July and last year there was a place in Canada that did). Let’s do away with that fictitious “global temperature” and see if there are any local areas that are getting colder. Global warming is an oxymoron.