Guest essay by Eric Worrall
A new study claims that the contribution of big oil companies to hurricane intensity can be calculated with sufficient precision to determine how much fossil fuel companies should pay as compensation for storm damage.
Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much
It is possible for scientific evidence to help apportion responsibility for climate damages among fossil fuel producers. Our paper shows how.
Peter C Frumhoff and Myles Allen
Friday 8 September 2017 00.00 AEST
As communities in coastal Texas and Louisiana confront the damage wrought by Hurricane Harvey, another hurricane, Irma, fueled by abnormally warm waters, is barreling into the Caribbean and threatening Puerto Rico and Florida.
We know that the costs of both hurricanes will be enormous and that climate change will have made them far larger than they would have been otherwise. How much larger? Careful studies will take time but the evidence that climate change is warming ocean waters, increasing both sea level and the risk of extreme precipitation in these regions is well established.
…
Today, we and several colleagues are publishing a peer-reviewed paper in the journal Climatic Change that shows it is possible for scientific evidence to help apportion responsibility for climate damages among fossil fuel producers.
Using a simple, well-established climate model, our study for the first time quantifies the amount of sea level rise and increase in global surface temperatures that can be traced to the emissions from specific fossil fuel companies.
Strikingly, nearly 30% of the rise in global sea level between 1880 and 2010 resulted from emissions traced to the 90 largest carbon producers. Emissions traced to the 20 companies named in California communities’ lawsuits contributed 10% of global sea level rise over the same period. More than 6% of the rise in global sea level resulted from emissions traced to ExxonMobil, Chevron and BP, the three largest contributors.
We have the data needed to link the emissions traced to products sold by a fossil fuel company to a specific share of changes in temperature and sea level rise. Determining who should pay what for climate damages is a social and political question. But this kind of scientific work can help inform public and policy debate over the issue and potentially offers an approach that can help juries and judges to monetize damages in cases like the California communities’ lawsuits.
…
It may take tens to hundreds of billions of dollars to support disaster relief and recovery among Gulf coast communities affected by Hurricane Harvey. ExxonMobil, Chevron and BP have collectively pledged only $2.75m.
As scientists further identify the role that climate change has made to exacerbating this tragedy, courts of law and public opinion should judge whether they are paying their fair share.
Peter C Frumhoff is the Director of Science and Policy at the Union of Concerned Scientists. Myles R Allen is Professor of Geosystem Science in the School of Geoography and the Environment, University of Oxford
The abstract of the study;
The rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers
Authors
B. Ekwurzel, J. Boneham, M. W. Dalton, R. Heede, R. J. Mera, M. R. Allen, P. C. Frumhoff
Researchers have quantified the contributions of industrialized and developing nations’ historical emissions to global surface temperature rise. Recent findings that nearly two-thirds of total industrial CO2 and CH4 emissions can be traced to 90 major industrial carbon producers have drawn attention to their potential climate responsibilities. Here, we use a simple climate model to quantify the contribution of historical (1880–2010) and recent (1980–2010) emissions traced to these producers to the historical rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level. Emissions traced to these 90 carbon producers contributed ∼57% of the observed rise in atmospheric CO2, ∼42–50% of the rise in global mean surface temperature (GMST), and ∼26–32% of global sea level (GSL) rise over the historical period and ∼43% (atmospheric CO2), ∼29–35% (GMST), and ∼11–14% (GSL) since 1980 (based on best-estimate parameters and accounting for uncertainty arising from the lack of data on aerosol forcings traced to producers). Emissions traced to seven investor-owned and seven majority state-owned carbon producers were consistently among the top 20 largest individual company contributors to each global impact across both time periods. This study lays the groundwork for tracing emissions sourced from industrial carbon producers to specific climate impacts and furthers scientific and policy consideration of their historical responsibilities for climate change.
Read more: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-1978-0
Back in the real world, even NOAA doesn’t think the alleged impact of anthropogenic CO2 on storm intensity is detectable. (h/t Benny Peiser)
… It is premature to conclude that human activities–and particularly greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming–have already had a detectable impact on Atlantic hurricane or global tropical cyclone activity. That said, human activities may have already caused changes that are not yet detectable due to the small magnitude of the changes or observational limitations, or are not yet confidently modeled (e.g., aerosol effects on regional climate). …
Read more: https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/
The Myles Allen study admits a joke size climate sensitivity range of 1.5C / doubling to 4.5C per doubling of atmospheric CO2, unknown impacts from a variety of factors such as aerosols, and a need for further study; an interesting set of admissions for scientists who provided the initial impression that they have a precise means of modelling anthropogenic damage to the climate on a per company basis.
How should oil companies and other fossil fuel businesses respond? What should be obvious to oil executives and shareholders is more needs to be done to publicly challenge scientifically suspect climate claims which threaten their businesses. If you try to appease your opponents, if you let their wild claims stand, it just encourages them.
Then it should also be possible to compute drivers’, home heaters’, commercial and industrial fossil fuel users’ individual bills.
Unusually warm. In the world of the alarmists, summer has never happened before. I guess for them it’s always winter, but never Christmas.
+10
And the think Aslan is a tame lion.
The alarmists are like “Langoliers” that eat the knowledge of the past.
Or how much big oil contributed to hurricanes before 1850.
Are we going to let “Little Oil” off scott-free?
I’m sure that Big Whale Oil can be blamed.
Little Oil? Isn’t that a rapper?
Let’s take a look at their proposed responsibility (presuming that virtually ALL sea level rise since 1880 is caused by human induced carbon emissions).
Sea level has risen about 20cm (8 inches) since 1880 (137 years)
90 producers = 30% of the rise or 2.4 inches or around 1/4 inch average per producer.
20 companies named in California communities’ lawsuits = 10% of the rise or 0.8″ or around .04″ per company.
Exxon, Chevron and BP are responsible for 6% (average 2% each) of sea level rise or .48″ (.16″ (less than 1/6″) per company and less than 1/2″ total)
That is such a ridiculous amount of sea level rise that I am shocked I’m not drowning or treading water.
If it wasn’t for these NASTY 90 producers, Harvey would have dumped 1″ less rain and flooding would have been…THE SAME
Oops forgot the graphic on sea level rise
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/special_topics/teach/sp_climate_change/images/sealevel_recent.png
I wonder if they will ever calculate what percent of the subsidence at various locations is due to governments building our system of dams and levees. Half to 2/3 of the sea-level rise in N.O. (according to a series of articles in the local newspaper a few years back) is due to subsidence. The other side of the equation, of course, is that people bought those fossil fuel products for heat and transportation, so should the consumers have to pay? And under the law, does one have to know one is doing damage to be held liable?
From 1880??????
Apparently CO2 is so powerful that it can influence the climate decades before it is released into the atmosphere.
Oops…2.4″ / 90 producers = 0.026″ each, far less than 1/4.
I hope “Big Oil” gets a rebate for the all the hurricane free years
Continuing with the same logic, the oil companies should be CREDITED for the value of the fossil fuels used to mitigate the damage. That would include the difference in the amount of energy expended in the cleanup using bulldozers and trucks compared to the use of horses and oxen and even human muscle power. Oh yes, there are millions of other fossil fuel derived benefits, from the use of emergency evacuation helicopters which don’t run too well on battery power, to the fuel used to carry the President to Texas in A F 1 so that he can establish the funding for the cleanup.
As noted in a graph in Middleton’s post today, there has been no trend in hurricanes since 1850. Exxon-Mobil is also responsible for the extinction of unicorns?
The apparent number of more hurricanes recently is simply due to better detection of small ones which don’t approach land, and probably from more lax standards for Cat 1 hurricanes, as opposed to tropical storms.
For instance, 2005 is rated the busiest Atlantic hurricane season, and might well have been, with 15 storms rated as hurricanes. But 1933 probably had more than the 11 with which it is credited. However the counts of major hurricanes for the two seasons are probably comparable. The 1933 season had six major hurricanes, of which two were Cat 5, versus a tie record of seven major hurricanes for 2005, of which four have been rated Cat 5 (tied with 1961; when two Cat 5s).
Since catching peak winds while the storms are still out to sea was hit or miss then, the 1933 season might have had more Cat 5s.
Gloateus,
Your comments noted, but it suggests that the data, at least, is uncertain.
We have of course been told that the science is settled . . . . . . .
And 1933 is within the lifetimes of – well over a million Americans, all those over 85.
Indeed in 2010 85-94-year-olds numbered over five million – per the census. That is unlikely to have fallen in the seven years since.
it is not like it was in the later Upper Stone Age.
And yet we are being urged to rip up our entire economic system because of – wind.
[Not flatulence, although I think that also will be reduced when the extreme watermelons reduce the humans capable of flatulence to below 750 million. By having the rest of them die.]
Wind – or something.
Auto
See
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/cei/graph/us/cei-tc/01-12
U.S. Climate Extremes Index With Tropical Cyclone Indicator shows a slight, statistically insignificant DECREASE in extreme weather events from 1910 through 2016.
That’s the best comment I’ve ever heard mocking climate change foolishness.
What utter nonsense. This presupposes that CO2 causes climate change–not proven; that we can isolate a specific company’s impact–not possible.
Instead we should look at the $trillions spent on climate change and re-allocate current funding from climate change projects to disaster relief funds.
Sea level has dropped since Trump’s election. He should get paid at least a billion per mm.
https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/lsa/SeaLevelRise/LSA_SLR_timeseries_global.php
And it looks like 3 billion.
How should they respond : “F-off & die”
The fact that these slimy climate crusaders would use a human tragedy of epic proportions to try to extort money to line their own filthy pockets in nothing short of despicable.
Well said.
Like all class action suits, only the tort lawyers get the money, so any fraud is as good as another…and the climate change fraud is the biggest of them all.
Wealth redistribution knows no bounds, not even reality.
I trust the authors use horse and buggy and a Smith-Corona as they would be complicit in using these ocean-warming fossil fuels…
What about the plastic keys on late model typewriters. And the ink? Energy to make the metal parts?
What’s a typewriter?
Now they just need to support the lie that hurricanes have become more intense, severe or frequent.
When will these charlatans dressed as scientist devolve to human sacrifice?
Oh wait! These charlatans are members of a community that has members openly discussing genocidal reductions in human life, and do so without condemnation from their community.
The formulas they use are nothing more than science sounding incantations.
“Strikingly, nearly 30% of the rise in global sea level between 1880 and 2010 resulted from emissions traced to the 90 largest carbon producers.”
And here I thought that it was the end-users of fossil fuel that converted it to CO2. Little did I know that the producers were holding most of it back and releasing it into the environment out of some perverted sense of evil.
As soon as you go back to a producer, it opens up a can of worms.
Every gun manufacturer, bullet manufacturer, powder manufacturer is liable for every death where firearms are used, and every car manufacturer for deaths involving automobiles, etc.. The list becomes endless.
It is the end user that decides whether they want the product, and what they will do with it, and how they will use it.
Regarding guns, liberals have tried that tactic against gun manufacturers. Suing them to recover damages caused by criminals using guns.
So called big oil should shut the fuel off, and its benefits, to all of these climate thieves.
I, too, have suffered under the effects of ‘Big OIl’ and several other companies and need a compensation cheque right away.
You are so right. Tanking drains my account. Can I get my money back and some to cover the injuries they caused to the environment. Of course, the money shall be squeezed out from the present owners, as any good socialist knows.
The oil companies didn’t build the cars that use their gasoline.
And I bet every one of these jackasses owns car, a BIG house from their government salary.
We know their leader, Big Al, has a carbon footprint the size of a small-medium nation.
It is not just the cars. It is not cars. It is everything people do. Everything. Try living without fossils. You just can’t do that. Or can, for a short time, but you’ll get soon hungry and later you’ll die because you didn’t have medicine.
Trying to fault that on oil companies is what we traditionally call ‘hate speech’.
Of course, the only money the oil companies have come from consumers , so this is a charge against consumers who drive cars. Therefore you are requiring auto drivers to pay reparations regardless of the fact that their only mode of transportation uses fuel provided by oil companies.
How about the pain and suffering caused by fraudulent global warming claims, such as these?. Let’s catalog the lies promulgated by the Union of Concerned Scientists (they claim there will be deadly disasters from nuclear accidents, kiling tens of thousands, for example, a claim they cannot possibly demonstrate has a significant probability of occurance).
OK but when you take big oil to court please bring some empirical evidence that fossil fuel emissions drive changes in sea surface temperature and show that to the judge.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3033001
An interesting study, but it is based upon highly adjusted data. Even with that highly adjusted data, the correlation is very weak to non existent.
One needs to look at the raw unadjusted data. I suspect that would drive a nail in the coffin with a sledge hammer.
The authors of this study know that Big Oil won’t be the one paying damages. Even if they get Congress or the Courts to agree with their nonsense, it is the customers of Big Oil who will foot the bill in the form of higher prices. So if more poor people die because they can’t afford the higher energy prices, the authors of this study should be sued to pay the damages that can be attributed to them. What goes around comes around.
Me thinks you attribute too much intelligence to the authors. It appears “Hire the handicapped” has also now been implemented in academia. :<)
Big oil exists to meet the need of the consumers. Oil companies could just as easily be blamed for car accidents because the cars are fuelled by gasoline. As it is, big oil will fund the repair because it gives us the weath to do so.
Just remember where ALL the money would go – the tort lawyers.
Three of the six authors are paid climate crackpot organizations. (click on author affiliations at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-1978-0
That should be:
Three of the six authors are affiliated with climate crackpot organizations. Click on author and affiliations at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-1978-0
Hey,…. UCS has some very clever members.. particularly Kenji Watts
“…Dr. Ekwurzel also presents frequently to a range of audiences on climate science, educating the public on practical, achievable solutions for climate change…”
Practical and achievable solutions? It sounds so easy. I want to know more!
Obviously whoever came up with this idea is not a lawyer, or even very intelligent. To collect damages you
have to prove responsibility. In this case who is responsible for the burning of gasoline and diesel fuel in our vehicles? You would have to go after the people who invented the gas powered car – over a hundred years ago. They are all long gone. Good luck collecting from them.
Oil companies neither invented gas powered cars, nor do they build them , nor do they sell them.
Kind of like filing a lawsuit against a bullet manufacturer for producing the projectile that was used to murder someone
They don’t want to collect damages. They want to continue the hype to keep the money coming in so they can continue the hype that produces the income they need to do their work.
Some of these same authors wrote a very similar paper in 2015 with the help of the horrible Oreskes…keep going to the well!
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-015-1472-5
The oil companies have already started to donate many millions of dollars to the Houston area.. Perhaps the oil companies will get tired of the blame game and reply with napalm. ( A little sarcie, but not 97% )
Why legitimize it with the prefix “Claim:”
Call it “Hate Speech:”, because that’s what it is.
Assuming prophecies of Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming, Climate Change, whatever unfulfilled.
What’s the bet that the specific fossil fuel companies that can b e targeted by these incredibly smart climateers are all American? No prizes for guessing why.
I read up to:
“Using a simple, well-established climate model….”
–and instantly went full stop.
No need to read further.
TL
There is no such thing as a well established climate mode.
If it’s simple, it’s not a GCM.
Even if one believed this incredible stupidity for one second, there is the much, MUCH larger offset of positive economic activity which is the result of the use of fossil fuels. “Peer review”…..yeah, sure.
The gall of lawyers is unbounded. The more justified action would be to sue climate alarmists for the trillions of dollars wasted on unnecessary projects funded under the guise of the fake “fight” to stop global warming.
Yes exactly.
They can drone on about precisely approportioning blame for damages that are no different (actually far less lethal) than 100 years ago.
But these inept jokers are personally in frame for advocating policies to promote BigWind, BigSolar and BigBio.
Solutions that don’t really work to problems that don’t really exist.
Lawyers don’t have to win in order to get paid.
People have died because of Femin@zi Betty Friedan’s demand that hurricanes be given both male and female names. At least her insistence that they be called “himmicanes” wasn’t adopted:
http://time.com/4927889/hurricane-names-history/?xid=homepage
Coming to cinema near you
Taking the “billing those responsible” thesis to its ultimate level, then perhaps
(see Spanish woman claims ownership of The Sun, Telegraph, 10 Dec 2010.
There is often if not always substantial space weather when TCs form and grow. There were solar flares last weekend when Irma gathered her full fury. The link between solar weather and terrestrial weather is not yet confirmed and so is tenuous, still conservatively considered as “possible,” but it is on more solid ground than that of CO2 emissions. Hold the owner liable.
. .
How can they claim that science that has had to switch sell even its basic name from global warming to climate change can be considered even probable proof when the law requires beyond reasonable doubt?
They have never even explained how without the global warming as well we could get man made climate change as the mechanism is supposed to be heat retention by the CO2 blanket.
In a civil case, merely the balance of probabilities.
Bid Wind is to blame, they sucked the energy out of the wind and now it is pssd off and looking for revenge !
“Big” Wind
More than just a touch of irony, asking for big oil to pay for damage to infrastructure that big oil created.
Similarly, I have data to prove the misanthropogenic climate change alarm is responsible for 97% of the pain in my back. Following the logic of Peter C Frumhoff and Myles Allen, they should volunteer to finance the palliative care, including and not limit to the physiotherapist sessions for the rest of my life.
And so the life goes on – more and more spending their time discovering ways forcing others to pay for it, rather than producing something worthy for them in return.
In Australian case law there is an event in Sydney, 1919, wherein person Mary Mahoney was said to have been paid to make a fabrication that a meat pie made by the reputable firm of Sargents, caterers, contained parts of a rat or mouse. Sargents claimed damages for loss of business from loss of good reputation.
Today, instead of Sargents the caterers, we have Exxon etc the oilies, we have the Union of concerned Scientists playing Mary with the phantom rat tail trying to damage the reputation of Exxon etc.
When, oh when, will the big oilies finally start to sue for reputation damage and consequent business losses of $$$? Only a few successful cases would be needed to bankrupt the Mary Mahonies? The evidence to secure a win every time seems hard to argue against. Geoff.
When I was in high school in the late 1960s I remember reading an article (in car and driver) about a chap that was driving a delivery van in Australia. He got into an accident and was thrown through the drivers window and died. Hi wife sued.
But the judge said had he put his seat belt on he would have survived so he dismissed the case.
Last time I respected a judges opinion.
The idea that you can somehow transfer responsibility and payment for any problem to some third party is a common theme today, yet, in this instance, those who use the products of the oil companies business will have to pay, this includes just about all of us. Fore or against modern life and the enormous benefits it has provided makes no difference, most if not all drive cars, depend on lorries to move goods, heat their houses, employ plastics etc. Stupidly attacking the companies whose endeavours produce the things which have made modern life possible is an unthinking malevolence that should it get out of hand will reduce life to collective pauperism. Be careful what you wish for.
The courts decided years ago that proportional damages meant fewer paydays for lawyers. Under modern standards, a client who is found to be 1% responsible for an accident can be forced to pay 100% of the damages, if their pockets are deep enough.
Venezuela and Cuba are good examples of this “collective pauperism” in action.
Maybe “Big Oil” should think about that proposition for at least one second.
That is of course after the rent seeking beneficiaries of government renewables subsidies have repaid the trillions they’ve stolen/gouged on the basis of the biggest hoax in the last two centuries.
Who would have thought BS artists produce BS,!
“Careful studies will take time…”
but until then, we’ll just make shit up.
Haven’t they been doing these studies for nearly 40 years, and still have not found convincing evidence.
The last IPCC Report accepted that it was not possible to establish a link between more extreme weather events and Climate Change.
This task is becoming ever more difficult because there has been no, or very minor warming these past 20 years. ENSO is presently neutral, but there are signs beginning to emerge that a La Nina may occur within the next 6 months.
Don’t forget that weather phenomena are atmospheric events where satellite data must be more pertinent, or they are driven by oceans where because the SST has not warmed Trenbeth and his ilk claim it is a travesty and that the energy/heat is hiding in the deep.
Richard, I have no intent to argue the IPCC’s position, or even the mainstream NASA/NOAA position. As a participant in the development of the NOAA/NASA (in that order) remote sensing systems used by our current generation of satellite systems I have no choice but to agree with you.
I don’t at all care for the recent changes made to those data and have difficulty believing the rationale for them. You can hide a truth forever, but I lie is soon discovered.
“A lie”. Oh my. Was that Freudian or what? 🙂
Surely big oil is responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs as well – a hitherto unknown effect of Quantum time tunneling physics requiring a vast amount of funding – please send cheques immediately.
To the person who asked what a typewriter is – it is a device once used by academics and others which gave sufficient time to reflect between the moment of thinking something and the physical action of writing it down.
Quantum time tunneling, that must be how CO2 that was released in last half of the 20th century can impact sea level rises back in the 1880’s.
I see that you fully understand the effect and should immediately receive massive funding to investigate further. Anyone doubting is a deplorable denier!
That should be “vast amount of research funding”.
Proof positive of second paragraph.
2 plots that say it all.
First sea level rise:
http://notrickszone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Holocene-Cooling-Sea-Level-Gulf-Mexico-Donoghue-2011.jpg
Second, landfall hurricanes past 140 years and CO2.
http://notrickszone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CO2-vs-Hurricanes.png
Where is the CO2 Climate change signature?
I want to remind people that it takes 25.4 mm to make an inch. 1.7 mm per year is not very much..barely more than 1/16 of an inch.
Presumably they also recommend suing Chinese coal producers and….just about everyone else. Good luck with that.
Big oil is the reason why whales did not become extinct by 1930.
These “researchers” are nothing but slimy, low-life charlatans attempting to benefit from a tragedy, and pushing a warped, anti-human ideology. Disgusting.
Watching SKY news right now. Some bald fella is telling us that Atlantic hurricanes are becoming more frequent and stronger with an obvious upward trend since the 1970’s. He put up a couple of graphs in support but I did not recognize them nor did he say where they came from.
It looked to me to be totally incorrect. Then he extrapolated a straight line through to 2100 showing what looked to be a five fold increase so it is obviously propaganda.
What a world, what a world.
In defense of Big Oil … “If you’ve got a business — you didn’t build that. Somebody else made that happen.” [ President Obama ]
It must be somebody else’s fault.
last time I checked the oil companies actually burn very little fossil fuel … shouldn’t they blame the people who burn the fuel ?
Can we also calculate with reasonable precision the contribution of these same companies to the local economies resulting in the construction of these homes and businesses?
They can use the calculation as a write off against the total, no?
Hey, maybe they are onto something here. How about suing Big Farm? I mean, think of all the environmental damage they do, with all the chemicals and fertilizers they use, much of which gets into the water at some point, raising nitrate levels, causing fish die-offs and other enviro-nightmares. Not to mention all the water they use, leading to lowered water tables. Then there’s all the dust they raise, and depletion of nutrients from the soils. The list goes on and on.
Ok farmers, pay up, you low-lifes.
Dr. Spencer has said that the Gulf is ALWAYS warm enough late summer to support a powerful storm. Harvey was weather.
‘Using a simple, well-established climate model, our study for the first time quantifies the amount of sea level rise and increase in global surface temperatures that can be traced to the emissions from specific fossil fuel companies.’
Rilly? There are people who believe this ?!?!
Positively true. If people want to go legal on this, then they best consider the concept of shared blame and their own contributing negligence in continuing to use the products that “big oil” produces.
So, you are going to buy your gas, run your furnace on high, fly to other countries in big planes, use all your cushy civilized products made by “big oil”, and then you are going to dismiss yourself from any blame in using “big oil”? I don’t think so. If you do any of these things, then you are complicit in the “damage” for which any legal remedy might seek a remedy.
So, what are you going to do? — sue “big oil”, get a class action settlement payment, and then use that to pay yourself for suing yourself for being negligent in using the products that you sued “big oil” for producing?
… stupider and stupider.
Peer reviewed. Peer reviewed! PEER REVIEWED!! Ho hum.
Doesn’t anyone wonder why, in spite of all the hype, posturing and publicity seeking, no one has yet to actually file a lawsuit on these claims? That is because lawsuits require evidence, allow for discovery of relevant documents, depositions and cross examination of witnesses and experts. The climate alarmist community has fought like hell to prevent open debate and to hide records and data. They are not going to risk their careers and reputations by revealing the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.
Would make more sense for those that used Big Oil’s fuel to pay for the damages, since they’re the ones that actually put the CO2 into the atmosphere, right?
In that case, better send the lawsuit to Leonardo DiCaprio, for starters.
I did not read beyond this.
“Using a simple, well-established climate model …”
I’m looking forward to this paper: “It is possible for scientific evidence to help apportion responsibility for financial damages caused by alarmist climate science. Our paper shows how.”