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	<title>Comments on: How not to measure temperature, part 68</title>
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	<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/</link>
	<description>Commentary on puzzling things in life, nature, science, weather, climate change, technology, and recent news by Anthony Watts</description>
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		<title>By: dmchatham</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-30912</link>
		<dc:creator>dmchatham</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2008 13:39:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-30912</guid>
		<description>I hope this is the right place for my comment.  In addition to all of the errors of temperature measurement documented here and at SurfaceStations.org, I&#039;ve been thinking about potential measurement errors inherent in the concept of &quot;Maximum/Minimum&quot; as opposed to integrated measurements.  To that end, I&#039;ve purchased one of the Data Loggers and started doing some measurements in my yard.  From July 12 through Aug 8, the difference between the Max/Min average and the five-minute average during each 24-hour period shows the Max/Min to be greater every day but one.  The average difference is 1.5 deg F with a max difference of 4.9 and a min difference of -0.7.  I intend to continue doing these and will make the data available.  

Some questions occurred to me:  Are the MMTS systems automatic recording, or do the maximum and minimum readings have to be manually recorded?  If they are manually recorded and the attendant misses a day, there is no way to tell which day the maximum and minimum readings represent.  The deployment of the MMTS system began in the mid-80&#039;s.  How far along is that deployment and what effect does that have on temperature records?

&lt;strong&gt;REPLY:&lt;/strong&gt; The early MMTS display had no memory, while the newer display model, the &quot;Nimbus&quot; has a 5 day hi/lo memory I believe. So yes, it&#039;s possible in the early models (and many are still in service) to miss a day. The deplayment of equipment cna be seen here:

http://www.surfacestations.org/images/USHCN_equip.gif

- Anthony</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I hope this is the right place for my comment.  In addition to all of the errors of temperature measurement documented here and at SurfaceStations.org, I&#8217;ve been thinking about potential measurement errors inherent in the concept of &#8220;Maximum/Minimum&#8221; as opposed to integrated measurements.  To that end, I&#8217;ve purchased one of the Data Loggers and started doing some measurements in my yard.  From July 12 through Aug 8, the difference between the Max/Min average and the five-minute average during each 24-hour period shows the Max/Min to be greater every day but one.  The average difference is 1.5 deg F with a max difference of 4.9 and a min difference of -0.7.  I intend to continue doing these and will make the data available.  </p>
<p>Some questions occurred to me:  Are the MMTS systems automatic recording, or do the maximum and minimum readings have to be manually recorded?  If they are manually recorded and the attendant misses a day, there is no way to tell which day the maximum and minimum readings represent.  The deployment of the MMTS system began in the mid-80&#8217;s.  How far along is that deployment and what effect does that have on temperature records?</p>
<p><strong>REPLY:</strong> The early MMTS display had no memory, while the newer display model, the &#8220;Nimbus&#8221; has a 5 day hi/lo memory I believe. So yes, it&#8217;s possible in the early models (and many are still in service) to miss a day. The deplayment of equipment cna be seen here:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.surfacestations.org/images/USHCN_equip.gif" rel="nofollow">http://www.surfacestations.org/images/USHCN_equip.gif</a></p>
<p>- Anthony</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28609</link>
		<dc:creator>Evan Jones</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2008 17:18:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28609</guid>
		<description>&lt;cite&gt;why the sidewalks. Really?&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;cite&gt;

To keep us from wearing down the earth.&lt;/cite&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><cite>why the sidewalks. Really?</cite><cite></p>
<p>To keep us from wearing down the earth.</cite></p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28608</link>
		<dc:creator>Evan Jones</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2008 17:16:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28608</guid>
		<description>I don&#039;t see a problem. All you have to do is adjust it using the GISS urban cooling factor . . .</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I don&#8217;t see a problem. All you have to do is adjust it using the GISS urban cooling factor . . .</p>
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		<title>By: bob gregg</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28545</link>
		<dc:creator>bob gregg</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2008 04:41:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28545</guid>
		<description>In response to Bateman&#039;s comments, we are trying to prove that there is no global warming, just urban areas.  Los Angeles a few years back moved their instruments from downtown to the USC campus.  Average temps immediately fell to 1950 levels.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In response to Bateman&#8217;s comments, we are trying to prove that there is no global warming, just urban areas.  Los Angeles a few years back moved their instruments from downtown to the USC campus.  Average temps immediately fell to 1950 levels.</p>
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		<title>By: Robert Bateman</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28418</link>
		<dc:creator>Robert Bateman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2008 10:21:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28418</guid>
		<description>If most weather stations are located in expanding, sprawling urbana, where most of us live, all we have proven is that our expanding, sprawling urbana is hotter than it used to be when it was wide open spaces.
Blame global warming on reinforced concrete &amp; asphalt that our cars run on.
Want a cooler climate?
Rip up the asphalt, burn it in the local power generating station, cover all the concrete with sod, then go back to horse &amp; buggy.
When the climate gets too cold, uncover the concrete.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If most weather stations are located in expanding, sprawling urbana, where most of us live, all we have proven is that our expanding, sprawling urbana is hotter than it used to be when it was wide open spaces.<br />
Blame global warming on reinforced concrete &amp; asphalt that our cars run on.<br />
Want a cooler climate?<br />
Rip up the asphalt, burn it in the local power generating station, cover all the concrete with sod, then go back to horse &amp; buggy.<br />
When the climate gets too cold, uncover the concrete.</p>
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		<title>By: guacamoby</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28333</link>
		<dc:creator>guacamoby</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2008 01:39:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28333</guid>
		<description>Im with BarryW - why the sidewalks. Really?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Im with BarryW &#8211; why the sidewalks. Really?</p>
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		<title>By: Mike C</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28285</link>
		<dc:creator>Mike C</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:49:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28285</guid>
		<description>If you go to the meta data for this site at MMS, click on the &quot;updates&quot; tab you will see a remark about how there was a localized station move in 2002.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If you go to the meta data for this site at MMS, click on the &#8220;updates&#8221; tab you will see a remark about how there was a localized station move in 2002.</p>
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		<title>By: cozumelkid</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28283</link>
		<dc:creator>cozumelkid</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:43:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28283</guid>
		<description>I think it would be relevant to find out who is leasing the properties to the government, and if, or not, there is a connection between the lessor&#039;s and certain members of the government in charge of such inaccurate locating activities.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I think it would be relevant to find out who is leasing the properties to the government, and if, or not, there is a connection between the lessor&#8217;s and certain members of the government in charge of such inaccurate locating activities.</p>
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		<title>By: David</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28270</link>
		<dc:creator>David</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 20:32:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28270</guid>
		<description>As a Milwaukee resident for many years, I can assure you that site was out in a field somewhere in 1948 and for many years thereafter.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As a Milwaukee resident for many years, I can assure you that site was out in a field somewhere in 1948 and for many years thereafter.</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28245</link>
		<dc:creator>Evan Jones</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 18:51:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28245</guid>
		<description>&lt;cite&gt;I am very curious were the “warming culprit” hid in the data.&lt;/cite&gt;

That&#039;s how heat sinks work. The more heat, the more heat sink effect.

The flip side is that if a serious cool phase sets in, the effect &quot;undoes&quot; itself an may produce an exaggerated cooling trend.

It would be ironic if they fix the problems just as a cool phase begins so there is a normal cooling trend, but they never account for the artificial warming that proceeded it.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><cite>I am very curious were the “warming culprit” hid in the data.</cite></p>
<p>That&#8217;s how heat sinks work. The more heat, the more heat sink effect.</p>
<p>The flip side is that if a serious cool phase sets in, the effect &#8220;undoes&#8221; itself an may produce an exaggerated cooling trend.</p>
<p>It would be ironic if they fix the problems just as a cool phase begins so there is a normal cooling trend, but they never account for the artificial warming that proceeded it.</p>
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		<title>By: Przemysław Pawełczyk (P2O2)</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28227</link>
		<dc:creator>Przemysław Pawełczyk (P2O2)</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 17:30:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28227</guid>
		<description>Ooops... beg your pardon.
50 deg C = 122 F
60 deg C = 140 F
70 deg C = 158 F</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ooops&#8230; beg your pardon.<br />
50 deg C = 122 F<br />
60 deg C = 140 F<br />
70 deg C = 158 F</p>
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		<title>By: Przemysław Pawełczyk (P2O2)</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28226</link>
		<dc:creator>Przemysław Pawełczyk (P2O2)</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 17:14:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28226</guid>
		<description>Let me asked for a few new charts as I&#039;d like to know what months contribute more to the g***l w****g trend on this pecular station. Why?

Winter months are nearly &quot;the same&quot;. But summer months are &quot;more&quot; warmer/hotter due to the station&#039;s surroundings. The parking lot itself but I think far more the car-ovens (they warm up to 60-70 deg Celcius - 122-140 F) contribute to the warmness/hotness of the area and its vicinity. Let&#039;s make 12 charts with annual mean temperature for the 12 months (for the years period). Draw the trend lines and compare them on joint chart. I am very curious were the &quot;warming culprit&quot; hid in the data.

I would also make another assesment. I&#039;d select all July days with fully sunny days with 4 types of wind (null, gentle, light, small strong) and two directions (1) from the lot and 2) from a &quot;cooling&quot; direction against the lot). I&#039;d be able to check how far the temperatures differ with or without &quot;warming/cooling&quot; winds. In other words I could find out how much the lot-pans contribute to the temp readouts.

The best method would be to put for a week in neutral place a similar station plus wind meter and match the results according to wind direction and strength. But assuming yearly percentage of wind directions for the given area would suffice.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Let me asked for a few new charts as I&#8217;d like to know what months contribute more to the g***l w****g trend on this pecular station. Why?</p>
<p>Winter months are nearly &#8220;the same&#8221;. But summer months are &#8220;more&#8221; warmer/hotter due to the station&#8217;s surroundings. The parking lot itself but I think far more the car-ovens (they warm up to 60-70 deg Celcius &#8211; 122-140 F) contribute to the warmness/hotness of the area and its vicinity. Let&#8217;s make 12 charts with annual mean temperature for the 12 months (for the years period). Draw the trend lines and compare them on joint chart. I am very curious were the &#8220;warming culprit&#8221; hid in the data.</p>
<p>I would also make another assesment. I&#8217;d select all July days with fully sunny days with 4 types of wind (null, gentle, light, small strong) and two directions (1) from the lot and 2) from a &#8220;cooling&#8221; direction against the lot). I&#8217;d be able to check how far the temperatures differ with or without &#8220;warming/cooling&#8221; winds. In other words I could find out how much the lot-pans contribute to the temp readouts.</p>
<p>The best method would be to put for a week in neutral place a similar station plus wind meter and match the results according to wind direction and strength. But assuming yearly percentage of wind directions for the given area would suffice.</p>
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		<title>By: BarryW</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28209</link>
		<dc:creator>BarryW</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 16:04:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28209</guid>
		<description>&lt;blockquote&gt;What is it with the siting of these screens that they insist on having a sidewalk leading up to them?&lt;/blockquote&gt;

It&#039;s a &quot;don&#039;t walk on the grass&quot; thing.  You can see the path in the aerial view and of course the shrubbery is needed to make the site less unsightly.  And don&#039;t worry, the tree will correct for the asphalt eventually (grin).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>What is it with the siting of these screens that they insist on having a sidewalk leading up to them?</p></blockquote>
<p>It&#8217;s a &#8220;don&#8217;t walk on the grass&#8221; thing.  You can see the path in the aerial view and of course the shrubbery is needed to make the site less unsightly.  And don&#8217;t worry, the tree will correct for the asphalt eventually (grin).</p>
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		<title>By: mesmermedia</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28204</link>
		<dc:creator>mesmermedia</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 15:03:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28204</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m certainly not as expert (or expert at all) in this area.  But I do follow and blog about how the news media does its&#039; job and it seems to me that virtually the entire coverage of the climate issue revolves around reporting press releases and &quot;studies&quot; without even the most basic effort to learn what those studies are based on or whether they are well done.
  It&#039;s almost impossible anymore to find broadcast news outlets, let alone newspapers, that employ serious science reporters.   And even those who do, simply refuse to give those reporters enough time to actually delve deeply into a story.
   So, when someone comes out and says monitoring stations clearly show rising temperatures, how could that be wrong.  No one has the time or ability to ask if the stations are reporting accurate numbers.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m certainly not as expert (or expert at all) in this area.  But I do follow and blog about how the news media does its&#8217; job and it seems to me that virtually the entire coverage of the climate issue revolves around reporting press releases and &#8220;studies&#8221; without even the most basic effort to learn what those studies are based on or whether they are well done.<br />
  It&#8217;s almost impossible anymore to find broadcast news outlets, let alone newspapers, that employ serious science reporters.   And even those who do, simply refuse to give those reporters enough time to actually delve deeply into a story.<br />
   So, when someone comes out and says monitoring stations clearly show rising temperatures, how could that be wrong.  No one has the time or ability to ask if the stations are reporting accurate numbers.</p>
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		<title>By: Fred Nieuwenhuis</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28203</link>
		<dc:creator>Fred Nieuwenhuis</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 15:00:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28203</guid>
		<description>Note that in the text file, there hasn&#039;t any data reported from this station since May of 2007.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Note that in the text file, there hasn&#8217;t any data reported from this station since May of 2007.</p>
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		<title>By: Clark</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28202</link>
		<dc:creator>Clark</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:28:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28202</guid>
		<description>&lt;blockquote cite=&quot;&quot;&gt; it is becoming clearer to me that looking for a clean climate change signal in surface data is a complex excercise in uncertainty.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

You are rather generous here.  I would have chosen the phrase &quot;an exercise in futility.&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote cite=""><p> it is becoming clearer to me that looking for a clean climate change signal in surface data is a complex excercise in uncertainty.</p></blockquote>
<p>You are rather generous here.  I would have chosen the phrase &#8220;an exercise in futility.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>By: David Segesta</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28200</link>
		<dc:creator>David Segesta</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:20:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28200</guid>
		<description>What&#039;s the total count... oops sorry...  Watts the total count of stations rated 1 or 2 so far?

&lt;strong&gt;REPLY:&lt;/strong&gt; It&#039;s in the high 20&#039;s I believe, I&#039;m about ready to do another compiliation and I&#039;ll report on it soon.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>What&#8217;s the total count&#8230; oops sorry&#8230;  Watts the total count of stations rated 1 or 2 so far?</p>
<p><strong>REPLY:</strong> It&#8217;s in the high 20&#8217;s I believe, I&#8217;m about ready to do another compiliation and I&#8217;ll report on it soon.</p>
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		<title>By: Retired Engineer</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28198</link>
		<dc:creator>Retired Engineer</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 13:38:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28198</guid>
		<description>May not be all that bad. It does provide evidence of Parking Lot and Sidewalk Warming. Someone will pick up the (LED, rechargeable) torch to combat that.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>May not be all that bad. It does provide evidence of Parking Lot and Sidewalk Warming. Someone will pick up the (LED, rechargeable) torch to combat that.</p>
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		<title>By: Przemysław Pawełczyk (P2O2)</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28193</link>
		<dc:creator>Przemysław Pawełczyk (P2O2)</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 13:15:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28193</guid>
		<description>Given the seriousness of the measurements I should think that every year there was the same diversity in climate conditions - the same average of sunny days, windy days, precipitations (after warm/cold weather), the same number of cars, etc, etc. In other words both climate and human factors.

But what if there was a change in winds pattern or cloudness over the place from 40s? Or droughts which resulted in lawn sprinkling limits?

Wouldn&#039;t it be advisable to select, let&#039;s assume, 5 such locations and perform meticulous research taking into consideration all possible factors? I wonder how the Annual Mean Temperature would look like then? Perhaps such research would reveal a practical method how to deal with such placed stations which in turn would enable to correct more scientifically all the station results without resorting to population densities?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Given the seriousness of the measurements I should think that every year there was the same diversity in climate conditions &#8211; the same average of sunny days, windy days, precipitations (after warm/cold weather), the same number of cars, etc, etc. In other words both climate and human factors.</p>
<p>But what if there was a change in winds pattern or cloudness over the place from 40s? Or droughts which resulted in lawn sprinkling limits?</p>
<p>Wouldn&#8217;t it be advisable to select, let&#8217;s assume, 5 such locations and perform meticulous research taking into consideration all possible factors? I wonder how the Annual Mean Temperature would look like then? Perhaps such research would reveal a practical method how to deal with such placed stations which in turn would enable to correct more scientifically all the station results without resorting to population densities?</p>
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		<title>By: Patrick Henry</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/07/28/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-68/#comment-28191</link>
		<dc:creator>Patrick Henry</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 12:46:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/?p=1894#comment-28191</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;Responsible NASA Official: James E. Hansen&lt;/i&gt;

Despite all of the localized warming effects, it appears from the GISS graph that the site has cooled significantly since Dr. Hansen made his 1988 speech to Congress forecasting imminent and catastrophic warming.

http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/products/maps/acis/mrcc/YearTDeptMRCC.png</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>Responsible NASA Official: James E. Hansen</i></p>
<p>Despite all of the localized warming effects, it appears from the GISS graph that the site has cooled significantly since Dr. Hansen made his 1988 speech to Congress forecasting imminent and catastrophic warming.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/products/maps/acis/mrcc/YearTDeptMRCC.png" rel="nofollow">http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/products/maps/acis/mrcc/YearTDeptMRCC.png</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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