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	<title>Comments on: How not to measure temperature, part 25</title>
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	<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/</link>
	<description>The world&#039;s most viewed site on global warming and climate change</description>
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		<title>By: Where Thermometers Go To Die - How not to measure temperature, part 80 &#171; Watts Up With That?</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-68637</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Where Thermometers Go To Die - How not to measure temperature, part 80 &#171; Watts Up With That?]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Jan 2009 14:40:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-68637</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] plants, next to burn barrels, or in parking lots of University Atmospheric Science Departments, or next to air conditioning heat exchangers. These were all huge [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] plants, next to burn barrels, or in parking lots of University Atmospheric Science Departments, or next to air conditioning heat exchangers. These were all huge [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Russ Nelson</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-797</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Russ Nelson]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Sep 2007 13:02:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-797</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ed, the evidence is clear that some warming has happened, and even that some of it is due to man.  I am skeptical that the future effects of global wsrming will exceed, for example, the current effects of unsafe drinking water.  As the Jewish people say, &quot;why borrow trouble?&quot;
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ed, the evidence is clear that some warming has happened, and even that some of it is due to man.  I am skeptical that the future effects of global wsrming will exceed, for example, the current effects of unsafe drinking water.  As the Jewish people say, &#8220;why borrow trouble?&#8221;</p>
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		<title>By: Ed Darrell</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-796</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ed Darrell]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Aug 2007 03:41:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-796</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The real mystery to me is this:  How do the glaciers know to read the faulty reports and melt?  How does the Gulf of Mexico know to heat up, based on faulty data?

Do the robins know they&#039;re changing their migration and nesting based on this faulty data?

And how do the insurance companies get hoodwinked into following the data and paying out more money for weather disasters made more dramatic due to warming?  Shouldn&#039;t they know that the damage isn&#039;t as bad as their paid adjusters see?
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The real mystery to me is this:  How do the glaciers know to read the faulty reports and melt?  How does the Gulf of Mexico know to heat up, based on faulty data?</p>
<p>Do the robins know they&#8217;re changing their migration and nesting based on this faulty data?</p>
<p>And how do the insurance companies get hoodwinked into following the data and paying out more money for weather disasters made more dramatic due to warming?  Shouldn&#8217;t they know that the damage isn&#8217;t as bad as their paid adjusters see?</p>
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		<title>By: George M</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-795</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[George M]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2007 03:43:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-795</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Another long term effect not yet mentioned, I believe, has to do with automobile cooling systems.  Since the photos show sensors mounted next to parking spaces, this is another artifact.  Back in the 1950s, it was a rare automobile with a cooling thermostat set higher than 160° F, and many had none at all.  Since then, the automakers have changed that to ever higher temperatures, sometimes exceeding 200° F, seeking higher fuel economy, etc.  So, there is another subtle long term change not usually considered.
I have not carefully read the details of processing, but do these graphs show the seasonal highest high and lowest low?  Surely they must be averaged somehow, or one good pass nearby with a hot weed whacker on a hot day would make a really good peak summer reading.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Another long term effect not yet mentioned, I believe, has to do with automobile cooling systems.  Since the photos show sensors mounted next to parking spaces, this is another artifact.  Back in the 1950s, it was a rare automobile with a cooling thermostat set higher than 160° F, and many had none at all.  Since then, the automakers have changed that to ever higher temperatures, sometimes exceeding 200° F, seeking higher fuel economy, etc.  So, there is another subtle long term change not usually considered.<br />
I have not carefully read the details of processing, but do these graphs show the seasonal highest high and lowest low?  Surely they must be averaged somehow, or one good pass nearby with a hot weed whacker on a hot day would make a really good peak summer reading.</p>
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		<title>By: BlogReader</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-794</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[BlogReader]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Jul 2007 16:58:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-794</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&lt;i&gt; Thus, the effect of these units is pretty unpredictable unless the nameplate data is recorded and the type identified.&lt;/i&gt;

Are they?  It seems like both in the summer and in the winter the AC/heaters give off heat, thus raising the nearby temperatures.  It should push the winter month&#039;s lows up higher and the hottest summer months even hotter.

for the other months of the year they probably aren&#039;t in use so it shouldn&#039;t affect the temp in the spring or fall.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i> Thus, the effect of these units is pretty unpredictable unless the nameplate data is recorded and the type identified.</i></p>
<p>Are they?  It seems like both in the summer and in the winter the AC/heaters give off heat, thus raising the nearby temperatures.  It should push the winter month&#8217;s lows up higher and the hottest summer months even hotter.</p>
<p>for the other months of the year they probably aren&#8217;t in use so it shouldn&#8217;t affect the temp in the spring or fall.</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-793</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evan Jones]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Jul 2007 15:02:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-793</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Just guessing, but probably they probably were well sited (or at least better sited than they are today): it was much easier to do so. (It seems obvious.) More open space, less concrete, and no asphalt at all.

But one must also consider that the US government--ALL governments, for that matter--from the 1880 era were so incredibly corrupt that it defies modern imagination. (Agnew, for example, is a paragon of virtue--by the 1880 standard.)

So the corruption factor may somehow have had an impact on the original sitings.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Just guessing, but probably they probably were well sited (or at least better sited than they are today): it was much easier to do so. (It seems obvious.) More open space, less concrete, and no asphalt at all.</p>
<p>But one must also consider that the US government&#8211;ALL governments, for that matter&#8211;from the 1880 era were so incredibly corrupt that it defies modern imagination. (Agnew, for example, is a paragon of virtue&#8211;by the 1880 standard.)</p>
<p>So the corruption factor may somehow have had an impact on the original sitings.</p>
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		<title>By: George M</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-792</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[George M]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Jul 2007 03:33:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-792</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There is a factor about these outside air conditioner units which I have not seen mentioned.  While probably not applicable to MN, some of these contain heat pumps, which are artifically heated in the winter to defrost the heat exchanger coils when they freeze over.  Thus, the effect of these units is pretty unpredictable unless the nameplate data is recorded and the type identified.

And, as far as value of these photographs and the ongoing data debate, I have the following logic exam:
1.  Can we assume (hope) that these stations were originally properly sited back in ancient history?
I submit there are only two possible answers, yes or no.

If yes, then these gross deviations from acceptable siting negates the value of current data, back to some undefinable previous time.

OTOH, if no is the answer, then NOAA, NWS, and all the apologists have no leg to stand on regarding any data credibility.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is a factor about these outside air conditioner units which I have not seen mentioned.  While probably not applicable to MN, some of these contain heat pumps, which are artifically heated in the winter to defrost the heat exchanger coils when they freeze over.  Thus, the effect of these units is pretty unpredictable unless the nameplate data is recorded and the type identified.</p>
<p>And, as far as value of these photographs and the ongoing data debate, I have the following logic exam:<br />
1.  Can we assume (hope) that these stations were originally properly sited back in ancient history?<br />
I submit there are only two possible answers, yes or no.</p>
<p>If yes, then these gross deviations from acceptable siting negates the value of current data, back to some undefinable previous time.</p>
<p>OTOH, if no is the answer, then NOAA, NWS, and all the apologists have no leg to stand on regarding any data credibility.</p>
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		<title>By: JackB</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-791</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[JackB]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Jul 2007 02:11:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-791</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Regardless of placement of the A/C units, the fact that the temp sensor is within the microclimate provided by the building seen in the photograph is sufficient to corrupt the readings.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Regardless of placement of the A/C units, the fact that the temp sensor is within the microclimate provided by the building seen in the photograph is sufficient to corrupt the readings.</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-790</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evan Jones]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 22:09:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-790</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&quot;it appears to me that the warm bias starts BEFORE the reported move of the air conditioners&quot;

Right. Of course it may not be a bias at all; it may have just been warmer. However your question about when the AC was installed on the roof seems relevant.

(I&#039;ve been running around like an idiot, placing my hands near handy street-level AC exhaust, and yes, I can feel the hot air very plainly.)
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;it appears to me that the warm bias starts BEFORE the reported move of the air conditioners&#8221;</p>
<p>Right. Of course it may not be a bias at all; it may have just been warmer. However your question about when the AC was installed on the roof seems relevant.</p>
<p>(I&#8217;ve been running around like an idiot, placing my hands near handy street-level AC exhaust, and yes, I can feel the hot air very plainly.)</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-789</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evan Jones]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 21:30:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-789</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ah. Sorry; I misread.

&quot;incompetence, indifference, or intentional&quot;

One wonders. I&#039;d like to think the former two. Yet one also wonders why anyone would have the nerve object to your survey. (And why, oh, why are the Spacehounds of the IPCC not falling all over themselves to correct for bad NOAA data?)

Anyone who would object to what you are doing immediately becomes an object of my suspicion.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ah. Sorry; I misread.</p>
<p>&#8220;incompetence, indifference, or intentional&#8221;</p>
<p>One wonders. I&#8217;d like to think the former two. Yet one also wonders why anyone would have the nerve object to your survey. (And why, oh, why are the Spacehounds of the IPCC not falling all over themselves to correct for bad NOAA data?)</p>
<p>Anyone who would object to what you are doing immediately becomes an object of my suspicion.</p>
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		<title>By: Anthony</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-788</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anthony]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 21:24:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-788</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I wasn&#039;t quibbling, just pointing an error (sensor not on roof) so that it was not seized upon by others.

The date given is anecdotal, based on a  person&#039;s memory. In absence of a document showing when the A/C were moved, that recollection provided to us may be faulty.

Again it illustrates the random nature of the observing environment.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I wasn&#8217;t quibbling, just pointing an error (sensor not on roof) so that it was not seized upon by others.</p>
<p>The date given is anecdotal, based on a  person&#8217;s memory. In absence of a document showing when the A/C were moved, that recollection provided to us may be faulty.</p>
<p>Again it illustrates the random nature of the observing environment.</p>
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		<title>By: goinggreen</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-787</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[goinggreen]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 21:13:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-787</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Anthony, you should know by now that I am of the opinion that siting is a serious issue, the lack of good metadata is serious, that more documentation is needed, and that the present grassroots effot to document these types of stations is wonderful.  I cannot answer for the COOP program manager, and I have the same questions you have, particularly regarding the MMTS siting, although perhaps with a bit less emotion.

Evan, we can quibble (I still like my estimate of 2C), but the net result is the same--spurious microclimate warming in the temperature data, I agree with you on that.

HOWEVER, when I look at the monthly data for Detroit Lakes, it appears to me that the warm bias starts BEFORE the reported move of the air conditioners.  That&#039;s all I am saying.

If you look at the Tucson site from Anthony&#039;s previous post, the station move and the series cooling line up pretty well with the station move.  That is not the case in the Detroit Lakes time series, for the change there appears to occur in the Fall-1998 time period.  I&#039;d look deeper for another explanation.  When, for instance, were the air conditioners put ON the roof?

]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Anthony, you should know by now that I am of the opinion that siting is a serious issue, the lack of good metadata is serious, that more documentation is needed, and that the present grassroots effot to document these types of stations is wonderful.  I cannot answer for the COOP program manager, and I have the same questions you have, particularly regarding the MMTS siting, although perhaps with a bit less emotion.</p>
<p>Evan, we can quibble (I still like my estimate of 2C), but the net result is the same&#8211;spurious microclimate warming in the temperature data, I agree with you on that.</p>
<p>HOWEVER, when I look at the monthly data for Detroit Lakes, it appears to me that the warm bias starts BEFORE the reported move of the air conditioners.  That&#8217;s all I am saying.</p>
<p>If you look at the Tucson site from Anthony&#8217;s previous post, the station move and the series cooling line up pretty well with the station move.  That is not the case in the Detroit Lakes time series, for the change there appears to occur in the Fall-1998 time period.  I&#8217;d look deeper for another explanation.  When, for instance, were the air conditioners put ON the roof?</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-786</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evan Jones]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 20:24:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-786</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Note that the temp jump comes after the sensor has been removed from the roof, and a rooftop alone would (if I&#039;m not mistaken) have biased the readings right off the bat.

So we may have to adjust for two significant biases, not merely one.

***REPLY FROM MODERATOR***

The SENSOR was NEVER on the roof, only the air conditioners. They were removed from the roof and made ground based on 5/5/99 according to management at the radio station.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Note that the temp jump comes after the sensor has been removed from the roof, and a rooftop alone would (if I&#8217;m not mistaken) have biased the readings right off the bat.</p>
<p>So we may have to adjust for two significant biases, not merely one.</p>
<p>***REPLY FROM MODERATOR***</p>
<p>The SENSOR was NEVER on the roof, only the air conditioners. They were removed from the roof and made ground based on 5/5/99 according to management at the radio station.</p>
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		<title>By: Evan Jones</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-785</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evan Jones]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 19:37:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-785</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&gt;A crude eyeball comparison to surrounding GISS stations suggests about a 2 C increase instead of 4-5 C as posited. The exact amount of change will take a little more effort to extract from the historical data.

Hmm. It seems closer to 3 than 2.

Also, if 1/4 of the land stations are showing a 2-degree bias, that means overall land temp is biased 0.5C above normal.

Here is the GHCN land data:

--------------------------

Time series: Temperature      January-December ,   1880 - 2006
GHCN Land Surface Data Set
Selected Region:   Longitude:  -170 to -20    Latitude:  87 to 18

Trend:  0.06°C/decade    Significance:  100.0%

---------------------------

Note that a -0.5C  adjustment would change everything.
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&gt;A crude eyeball comparison to surrounding GISS stations suggests about a 2 C increase instead of 4-5 C as posited. The exact amount of change will take a little more effort to extract from the historical data.</p>
<p>Hmm. It seems closer to 3 than 2.</p>
<p>Also, if 1/4 of the land stations are showing a 2-degree bias, that means overall land temp is biased 0.5C above normal.</p>
<p>Here is the GHCN land data:</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<p>Time series: Temperature      January-December ,   1880 &#8211; 2006<br />
GHCN Land Surface Data Set<br />
Selected Region:   Longitude:  -170 to -20    Latitude:  87 to 18</p>
<p>Trend:  0.06°C/decade    Significance:  100.0%</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p>Note that a -0.5C  adjustment would change everything.</p>
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		<title>By: Anthony Watts</title>
		<link>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-784</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anthony Watts]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 18:41:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/how-not-to-measure-temperature-part-25/#comment-784</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Goinggreen:

The answer lies in the site survey form taken by the volunteer, which can be read here (PDF):

&lt;a href=&quot;http://gallery.surfacestations.org/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&amp;g2_itemId=15458&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gallery.surfacestations.org/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&amp;g2_itemId=15458&lt;/a&gt;

According to the station manager, they moved the air conditioners off the roof and to the current location in 1999, and that clearly lines up with the graph. Even more disturbing, the NOAA MMS records indicate that the new MMTS electronic sensor (on the pole) was not placed until 2006. That is done by the local NWS COOP program manager. So that begs the question, how could they in good conscience place it next to A/C units? Is that incompetence, indifference, or intentional?
]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Goinggreen:</p>
<p>The answer lies in the site survey form taken by the volunteer, which can be read here (PDF):</p>
<p><a href="http://gallery.surfacestations.org/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&amp;g2_itemId=15458" rel="nofollow">http://gallery.surfacestations.org/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&#038;g2_itemId=15458</a></p>
<p>According to the station manager, they moved the air conditioners off the roof and to the current location in 1999, and that clearly lines up with the graph. Even more disturbing, the NOAA MMS records indicate that the new MMTS electronic sensor (on the pole) was not placed until 2006. That is done by the local NWS COOP program manager. So that begs the question, how could they in good conscience place it next to A/C units? Is that incompetence, indifference, or intentional?</p>
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